Kundin Binciken Neman Digirin Farko (B.A Hausa) Wanda Aka Gabatar A Sashen Harsuna Da Al’adu Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau.
Kirarin Fitattun Wasu Garuruwan Zamfara Jiya Da Yau (3)
Na
BILYA UMAR
BABI NA BIYU
KIRARI DA ASALINSA
2.0 SHINFIÆŠA
A wannan babi anyi tsokaci ne akan ma’anar kirar da asalinsa, wanda ya Æ™unshi bayani game da
yadda masana da É—alibai suka duba shi ta fuskoki
daban-daban suka kuma bashi ma’ana gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Kazalika an bayar da
haske game da yadda kashe-kashen ya gudana tsakanin masana.
2.1 MA’ANAR KIRARI
Masana da masu bincike akan harshen Hausa sun bada ma’anar kirari dangane
da yadda ya shafi Hausawa ko yanayin cuÉ—anya da shi.
A wannan bincike an lalleÆ™o wasu daga cikin waÉ—annan ma’anoni, aka zo da su domin akalli kirari.
A faÉ—ar G. P Bargery yana cewa “Kirari waÉ—ansu irin maganganu ne da ake wa sarakuna ko muhimman
mutane, ta hanyar kambamawa”.
Ibrahim Muhammad cewa yayi, “Kirari irin wasa da kalmomin hikima ne
kalmomin cicciɓawa da ake yiwa wani mutum don a
kambama shi ko wani abu don a fito da kyawonsa ko armashinsa ga idon jama’.
AbdulÆ™adir ÆŠangambo ya ce: “Kirari waÉ—ansu kalmomi ne na zuga ko yabon kai cikin hikima.
Kafin Hausa ma’anar da yake gani ta dace da kirari ita ce: “Kirari shi ne
waÉ—ansu maganganu ne masu tsari da
ake faÉ—arsu ana karya murya, awsu lokuta, don a kambama mutum ko
wani abu ko mutum ya yi don ya kambama kansa. Maƙasudin yin sa shi ne zuga da yabo
amma wani lokaci ya kan zamo muzantawa.
Zarruk da Habibu Alhassan sun faÉ—i cewa “A cikin adabin Hausa kirari nau’i ne na fasahar shirya taÆ™aitaccen kwatance wanda
ya Æ™unshi bayanin abubuwa ko halaye ko al’amurra.
Ibrahim Malunfashi cewa ya yi “Kirari magan ce da aka tsara mai É—an tsawo don a kambama wani ko kuma wasu”.
Shi kuma S. M Gusau cewa ya yi a taÆ™aice, ma’anar kirari ita
ce: “KuÉ—a da kirari acikin hikima da ishara
da isar baka da ruruwa da razanarwa da ruba da azanci magana da alfaharin mai
sana da (samar da) ruhin adabi da rumbum tara shi da ingancin saƙo da isar da shi, ko
taka, ko zuga. Kuma a kan yi nuni da hannunka mai sanda.
HaÆ™iÆ™a, waÉ—annan ma’anoni sun fito da kirari
sarari kuma suna nuna cewa, kirari wasu maganganu ne na hikima da azanci da
balaga da ake shiryawa don yin kwatance ko kamance.
2.2 ASALIN KIRARI
Kirari na ɗaya daga cikin daɗaɗɗen adabin da ya daɗe cikin adabin bakan Hausawa. Abu ne mai wuya a yanke hukunci ko yaƙinin iyakance Hausawa
suka fara yin sa domin har yanzu bana sami tabbataccen lokaci ko shekarar da
Bahaushe ya fara magana da harshen Hausa ba. Tun can asali rayuwar É—an Adam ciketake da yin kirari a koda yaushe. Mutum mai
son zuga da yabawa ne a lokacin da yayi wani abi na bajinta don waÉ—anda ba su sani ba su sani. Sannan kuma idan wani abu ya
burge mutum ko ya yi mamaki, ba abun da zai yi sai ya kece da yi masa kirari
yana mai yabawa kansa.
Idan aka waiwayi lokacin da kirari ya fara haɓaka a wajen Bahaushe za a ga cewa ya faro ne tun lokacin
da idan aka tafi yaƙi a kan sami wasu mutane su riƙa yiwa jarumawa da dakaru kirari idan kuma an dawo gida
bayan cin nasarar yaƙi, shi ma a kan yi wa waɗanda suka yio bajinta kirari don a gayawa waɗanda ba su halarta irin gwagwarmayar da suka yi da
jaruntakar da suka nuna. A wani gefe kuma ana É—aukaka darajar waÉ—annan jarumai ne a idon ‘yan uwan su, ana daÉ—a kwarzantasu cikin nuna yabawa kuma ana jin cew daga
wannan yanayi ne makaɗa da mawaƙa suka samo tushen tsarma kirari a cikin waƙoƙin su.
Daga baya, sai kirari ya É—auki duk wani wanda ya yi aikin bajinta kowane iri ne. Sai an yabe shi ta
hanyar zuga shi da kiÉ—a shi.
2.3 MUHALLIN KIRARI
Bisa yawanci, a cikin rayuwar Hausawa an fi aiwatar da kirari alokacin
tarukkan É—aurin aure ko naÉ—in sarauta da sauran bukukuwan al’ada ko yayin da ake karfi ko jaruntaka, kamar farauta ko
noma ko damla ko kakawa lokacin wani aikin gayya ko lokacin da aka aza wani
wasan kiɗa da dai makamantan su. A dunƙule dai an fi yin kirari
a wajen bukukuwa da wasanni da bushasha da fagen ayyukan jaruntaka. Da gani
kaika san wani aiki sai na kirari.
2.4 RABE – RABEN KIRARI
An rarraba kirari zuwa sassa daban-daban ba abu ne mai sauƙin yi ba, domin duk ta
inda É—alibi ko malami ya tinkari al’amarin
zai iske hanyoyin rabon daban ne da na wasu.
Idan mai nazari ya so yakan iya rabon kirari ta fuskar da aka haifar da shi
ya karkasa shi zuwa, kirarin ƙalu-bale da kirarin raha
ko sheƙe aya ko kirarin mamaki da sauransu.
In kuma an so a rarraba kirari dangane da yanayin saƙo da ke cikinsa ne, ana iya cewa akwai kirarin gargaɗi, da nasiha da
tsawatarwa, akwai kirarin yabo da zuga, da kirarin bayyana al’ajabi ko mamaki.
Akwai kuma wanda zai fi son rarraba kirari gida-gida dangane da fannonin da
suka dace, wato ya raba ya ce ga na adabi ga na al’adun gargajiya, ga na kimiya
d.s.
Zarruk da Habibu Al-Hassan sun karkasa kirari ta yanayin saƙo shi ne tafarkin da
suka zaÉ“a wajen karkasa kirari. Kuma ba’ayi
da’awar wannan hanyar tafi kowace cika ko inganci ko kyau ba.
An dai zaɓe ta ne, don ana zaton zata fi karɓar littafin da ƙoƙarin gabatarwa, wato kirarin duniya.
S. M Gusau, a takardar da ya gabatar ya zaɓi a karkasa kirari zuwa kashi biyu manya dangane da yadda
ake yin sa da mai yinsa kamar haka: kirarin kai da kirarin wani. Dangane da
la’akari da yadda masana suka rarraba kirari zamu ga cewa, kirarin gargaÉ—i da kirarin yabo da zuga, da kirarin bayyana al’ajabi
duk ana samun su a cikin kirarin kai da kirarin wani.
A wannan kundin an zaɓi a karkasa kirari zuwa gida biyu manya dangane da yadda ake yinsa da kuma
ta lura da mai yinsa, da kuma lura da saƙonnin da ke cikin kowane kashi.
2.4.1 KIRARIN KAI
Kirarin kai, shi ne wand a mutum zai ta shi bainar jama’a fagen wasa, bayan ya sha kiÉ—a sosai ya yiwa kansa yabo da zuga ta faÉ—ar wasu kalmomi na fifitawa ko gajiyawa wasu a kansa. Misali ‘yan tauri, a
lokacin kiÉ—an gangi ko na farauta, ko ‘yan
dambe ko iyam kokuwa ko lokacin kiÉ—an noma.
Masu yin irin wannan kirarin wasa
kai sune magori da É—an ma’abba ko babambaÉ—e da masu shirya maganganun hikima da sauran mutane da sukan shiryawa kansu
kirari, domin su koÉ—a kansu da kansu.
Yanzu zamu bada misalan kirarin kai tare da saÆ™onnin da ya ke isarwa kamar gargaÉ—i, yabo da zuga, da bayyana al’ajabi.
2.4.2 KIRARIN KAI NA GARGAÆŠI
Irin kirarin da ake son ayi bayani a nan shi ne, irin kirarin da ke yima
mutum hannunka mai sanda, don a kiyaye
wani mutum, ko kuma a san yadda za’a fuskanci wani lamari. Alal misali ga yadda
wani mawaƙi yake yiwa uban gidan nasa gargaɗi kamar haka:
“Su wane ‘yan taurin kai an Æ™i jin maganata
Kubar ganin ƙanƙanta, allura ƙarfe ce!
Kowa ya raina gajere bai taka kunama ba!”
Dubi wani misali yadda Sani Sabulu yake kirarin gargaÉ—i yana yima kansa kamar haka:
“Sani Sabulu, Sani Mamman,
Reza nike mai kaihin baki,
Kowa ya hau ni karkace ya taɓe,
Kahin ya farga rai nai ya É“aci,
Kama min ya Allah ya Zul jalali wal ikrami”
(Sani Sabulu: waƙar Dadiro)
2.4.3 KIRARIN KAI NA YABO DA ZUGA
Wannan wani kashi ne na kirarin kai shi ne irin kirarin da mutum ke yabon
kansa ko ya zuga kansa misali idan É—an dambe ya sha kalangu ko ganga, ko
É—an tauri ya sha ganga ko talle, ko
manomi ya sha ganga sai ya ware hannu ya kwara ihu yana faÉ—in:
Sai ni miskili na malam Idi
ÆŠa na gudu garana faÉ—i,
Ko na faÉ—i nafi yaro suna,
Haka nake kura mai rida daga zaune.
Dubi yadda mmman shata ke yiwa kansa kirarin yabo kamar haka:
Kowar rasa Shata ya yi asarra waƙa,
Kowar rasa ni bai sha waƙa ba,
Kowa ne na ko kuma É—an uwa,
Allah kau!
(Shata: Bakandamiya)
2.4.4 KIRARIN KAI NA BAYYANA AL’AJABI
Abayan kiran da ke cikin wannan
kashin sunansa ya amsa. Kirari ne wanda
mutane kanyi in wani abu ya burge su, ko ya gagare su, ko ya basu
mamaki. Alal misali ga wani kirarin al’ajabi: -
Sai ni duuna, baran Sarki,
Nii marga margan duutse,
Wanda yaa fi gaban tuurewa,
Nine da’u fataken dare, da rana nike barci,
Mai nema na a daji, ya same ni cikin É—akinsa,
Mai sona gabas, ya same ni a yamma,
Nazo na yi abiinda na yi zan tafi.
2.4.5 KIRARIN WANI
Kirarin wani shi ne inda wani mutum zai yabi wani mutum ta amfani da
kalmomin kambamawa ko cicciɓawa don ya zuga shi ko ya tsima shi ko ya ɗaukaka darajarsa . Sau da yawa yin wannan kirarin yakan ƙunshi siffantawa ko kamanta wani
mutum ko wata dabba ko wani wuri ko wani abu da wani.
A wannan kundin na karkasa kirari zuwa gida biyu wato kirarin kai da
kirarin wani, wanda zamu yi bayaninsa da bada misalansa ta la’akari da saÆ™wannin da yake isarwa ga
mutane, kamar gargaÉ—i, yabo, da zuga, da bayyana al’ajabi.
2.4.6 KIRARIN WANI NA GARGAÆŠI
Wannan kirari ne da wani zai yima wani domin ya yi wa wasu mutane hannunka
mai sanda don a kiyaye wannan mutum ko kuma a san yadda za a fuskanci wani
lamari.
Alal misali, dubi yadda Muhammadu Bawa É—an Anace ya ke wa ‘yan dambe gargaÉ—i na cewa su yi hankali da shago kamar haka:
“Yaro gafarakka ga sababi nan,
In ka ƙiya aradu ta kamma,
Halan baka san halin ƙenan sahabi ba,
Sannu da É—ibas sheÉ—a,
Mutuwa kin daÉ—e kina kashe bayi”
Misalin kirarin gargaÉ—i na biyu shi ne kirarin duniya
“Duniya matsugunna,
Kowa yace ga wurin zama a bar shi ya zauna”
2.4.7 KIRARIN WANI NA YABO DA ZUGA
Kirarin yabo da zuga, wannan nau’in kirari ne da ake yi wa wani mutum domin
a nuna bajintarsa ko a zuga shi.
Dubi waƙar Hasssan magajin rafi, za a ji inda ya yi ta mai maita wannan kirarin Sarkkin
Gobir na isa
“Ahmadu É—an giwa ya wuce gudu,
Ko can na sani gudu sai yara”
Ko kuma kirarin da Shata ya yiwa Alhaji Muhammadu Bashir Sarkin Daura a waƙarsa mai suna: kwana
lafiya mai Daura” in da yake cewa:
Ruwan zafi Bashar É—an Umaru,
Baka da gefe gwarzon Musa”
2.4.8 KIRARIN WANI NA BAYYANA AL’AJABI
Wannan kirari ne wanda mutane kan yi idan wani abu ya burgesu, ko ya
gagaresu, ko ya basu mamaki. Duba misalin mutanen da suka gagara a tarihi da
irin wannan kirarin ake yi musu ;aƙabi ana dai jin sunna Nagwamatse dodon Gwaro, ko Yakubu
bajimin Baushi. Laƙabin anna na dodon Gwari da bajimin
Baushi, duka kirairi ne na al’ajabi. Misali:
“Duniya yara wahalaje” inji É—an fulani da ya yi kwaÉ—o da nagge!.
Kirarin duniya al’ajabi
Dubi wani kirarin al’ajabi da sarkimn Kotso Abdurrahman yake wa Sarki
Muhammadu Sanusi kirari kamar haka:
“Giwa mai karya itace,
Gwamki mai cinye maharba,
Rani mai kada guzame,
Bacci mai taushe mutane,
(S. Kotso: Kirarin Sarki Sanusi)
WaÉ—annan sune misalan da aka kawo na
kirarin da akewa wani, kamar yadda aka
ga aka yi bayaninsu.
2.5 NAÆŠEWA
Idan akyi la’akari da irin waÉ—annan nau’o’in kirari da aka kawo waÉ—anda suka haÉ—a da kirarin wani na yabo da zuga da
kirarin wani na baiyyanar al’ajabi da kuma kirarin wani da dai matara kama da
hakan.
An kawo waÉ—annan misalai ne ga wanda zaiyi
bincike ko mai sha’awar nazari akan abinda ya shafi kirari ya san ina aka dosa.
Da fatan Allah ya sawa wannan bincike da aka gabatar ƙwarjini.
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HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.