Kundin Binciken Neman Digirin Farko (B.A Hausa) Wanda Aka Gabatar A Sashen Harsuna Da Al’adu, Jami’ar Tarayya Gusau.
Ingausar
Yarbawa Da Hausawa A Garin
Gusau, Jihar Zamfara (3)
NA
ADAMU SANI
BABI NA BIYU
WAIWAYE ADON
TAFIYA
2.0 SHIMFIƊA
Ina farawa da
sunan Allah mai rahama mai jinƙai ga
bayinsa, godiya ta tabbata gare ka mai mulki da iko na har abada. Salati maras
iyaka ga fiyayyen halittu Annabi Muhammad, tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a
gare shi da iyalansa da sahabbansa baki ɗaya. Wannan babi zai
yi tsokaci ne dangane da bitar ayukkan da suka gabata waɗanda suka haɗa da
rubutattun littattafai, da kuma maƙalu da aka
gabatar a wurare daban-daban masu alaƙa da wannan
aiki.
2.1 BITAR
AYUKAN DA SUKA GABATA
Masu azancin
magana kan ce “Waiwaye adon tafiya” haka yake domin masana da dama sun gudanar
da bincike mabambanta dangane da ingausa, amma ba a taɓa wani
bincike mai take irin wannan ba. Wannan ne ya tilasta a yi waiwayen
aikace-aikacen da masana suka yi domin samun ƙarin haske ga
wannan bincike, daga cikin aikace-aikacen da aka gudanar waɗanda aka yi
bitar su sun haɗa da:
bugaggun littattafai da kuma maƙalu wanda za
a ɗauke su ɗaya bayan ɗaya.
2.2
RUBUTATTUN LITTATTAFAI
Masana da
dama sun yi wallafe-wallafe ta fanin kimiyyar harshe, musmaman ɓangaren da ya
shafi walwalar harshe wanda yake kula da harshe da al’umma, wato yadda al’umma
ke sarrafa harshe ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar ingausa, tashi da harshe, aron
kalmomin harshe da sauransu, daga cikin malamai ko masanan da suka tofa
albarkacin bakinsu a wannan fanni akwai:
Yakasai S.A,
(2012); ya yi magana kan tsakanin harshe da al’umma, inda wasu baƙin
al’ummu kan zo cikin mazaunan asali, sai a samu kowace daga cikin al’ummun
sukan tasirantu da harsunan juna har su sarrafa su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Haka
kuma ya kalli tasirin addini, zuwan addinai musamman musulunci da Kiristanci
(addinin Masihya) sun kawo sauyi a harsunan mabiya addinan, da kuma tasirin
al’adu, da tasirin zamantakewa, haka kuma ya kalli yanayin magana da kuma
al’amurran jama’a duk waɗannan abubuwa da masanin ya kawo a
cikin wannan littafi suna cikin abubuwan da aka kalla wajen gano dalilan da
suka kawo ingausar da Yarbawan garin Gusau suke yi tsakaninsu.
Mukhtar A.B,
(2017), ya bayyana ma’anar harshe inda ya kawo ra’ayoyin masana game da ma’anar
harshe, shi ma ya taimaka wajen ci gaban wannan bincike domin ya shafi harshe
ne. Bugu da ƙari, masanin ya taɓo abin da ya
shafi ingausa a ƙarshen littafin, inda ya kira ta da gamin
gambizar harshe, ya kalli abin ta hanya biyu, wato surki na ciki wanda ake
gudanarwa cikin harshe guda wanda ake iya surka karin harshe biyu lokaci guda a
yayin wani zance, sai kuma surki na waje wanda ake iya surka harsuna biyu masu
zaman kansu lokaci guda a yayin wani zance. Wannan ma ya ƙara haske
game samun nasarar wannan bincike.
Holmes J.,
(2008). Masanin ya yi magana a kan ilimin walwalar harshe inda ya taɓo abubuwa da
dama da suka haɗu suka samar
da walwalar harshe, daga cikin ababen akwai; zaɓen kalmomi a
cikin al’umma mai magana da harsuna fiye da ɗaya, da kuma
yadda ake rayar da harshe, da nau’o’in kimiyar harshe, da kuma harshen ƙasa.
Bayan wannan
kuma masanin ya dubi ababe kamar yankuna da kare-karen harsuna da kuma jinsi da
shekaru da kuma yadda harshe ke canjawa.
Haka kuma
masanin ya kalli kwalliyar magana, da kuma sadarwar al’ummu masu bambancin
al’adu, da kuma yadda ake nazarin zantuka tare da duban halaye da ɗabi’un yadda
ake furta wasu kalmomi.
Wannan aiki
yana da alaƙa da aikin da ake gudanarwa domin ya taɓo abubuwa da
dama waɗanda dole ne
a kai hannu a kansu ko a yi la’akari da su domin samun nasarar wannan bincike
kamar yadda masanin ya ambata zaɓen harshe a cikin al’umma mai magana
da harshe fiye da ɗaya, wanda kan haifar da abin da ake bincike
a kansa wato ingausa. Iya harshen Hausa da Yarbawan Gusau suka yi shi ya sa
suke surka kalmomin Hausa cikin maganganunsu.
Pearson J.C
da wasu, (2003). Masanan sun yi magana a kan yadda ɗan-Adam yake
sadarwa (magana), tare da duba sadarwa ta magana da kuma wadda ba ta magana ba.
Haka kuma sun duba sadarwa tsakanin mutum biyu ko sassa biyu kamar ma’aurata,
abokai, da kuma masu al’adu daban-daban. Bayan wannan kuma masanan sun kalli
yadda maganar ƙananan harsuna ke canjawa domin tasirin
mamayewar da aka yi musu, saboda ba sa iya tsayuwa da kansu a wuraren da suke
zaune sai sun jingina ga mafi yawan al’ummar da ke wurin. Wannan kan sa harshe
da al’adu su yi naso ga ƙananan
harsuna, ko baƙi.
Duk waɗannan abubuwa
da masanan suka kalla suna cikin abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen samuwar
ingausar Yarbanci da Hausa a garin Gusau.
2.3 MUƘALU
Maƙalu
su ne takardu masu ɗauke da bincike na ilimi a wani fanni na
musamman, mafi akasari waɗanda a kan gabatar a wajen taron ƙarawa
juna sani. An gabatar da muƙalu game da
ingausa ta fuskoki daban-daban, amma babu mai taken wannan aiki sai dai alaƙa,
daga cikin muƙalun da aka yi bitar akwai:
Chamo,
(2012). Masanin ya bayyana harshe a matsayin katin shaida, inda a cikin
takardar ya yi nazarin, tasirin zamananci ga Hausar matasan arewacin Nijeriya.
Inda ya yi la’akari da ilimin boko da kuma tasirin mu’amula da baƙin
al’ummu da matasan ke yi.
Wannan
takardar ta taimaka wajen mayar da hankali tare da kula da yadda matasan
Yarbawan Gusau ke magana, inda nazari ya bayar da cewa suna ingausar Yarbanci
da Hausa saboda tasirin zamantakewa.
Alaƙar
wannan aiki da takardar ita ce, masanin ya kalli tasirin zamananci wurin hulɗar matasa,
inda wannan aiki ya kalli tasirin muhallin zama da ya kawo ingausar Yarbanci da
Hausa a garin Gusau.
Haruna A. da
wasu (2016). Masanan sun gabatar da takarda a kan muhimmiyar rawar da ingausa,
ke takawa a cikin wasu zaɓaɓɓun littafan
zube na Hausa, waɗanda
marubutan zamani kan wallafa, littattafan da suka nazarta sun haɗa da:
i.
Ingausa a cikin littafin “Mai ƙaunata”
ii.
Ingausa a cikin littafin “Rayuwar Gayya”
iii.
Ingausa a cikin littafin “Matan zamani”
Wannan
takarda ta yi shige da wannan bincike amma ba taken su guda ba, sai dai an samu
ƙarin haske game da yadda za a tsara aikin.
Ehsan da
Aziz, (2014). Muƙalar da suka gabatar a kan nazarin ingausa a
cikin labaran Pakistani na rediyo inda sakamakon bincken su ya bayyana cewa
masu labaran suna yin ingausar Ingilish da yaren Pakistani ne domin su isar da
saƙonnin da suke so su isar cikin sauƙi
musamman daga abubuwan da suka shafi kimiyya da ƙere-ƙere.
Alaƙar
aikin da wannan ita ce, tarayya a fagen nazarin ingusa inda masanan suka
nazarci ingausa a harshen Pakistani, wannan aikin kuma ya kalli Ingausar
Yarbanci da Hausa a garin Gusau.
Muysken P.
(2000). Masanin ya gabatar da muƙala game da
abubuwan da kan haifar da ingausa, ya bayyana cewa matsakaitan mutanen Najeriya
suna iya magana da wani harshe bayan harshen uwa. Wannan shi ya haifar da nazarin
ingausa, musamman ta harshen Ingilishi da harshen uwa (Yoruba).
Wannan
takarda ta ƙara muna haske game da wannan bincike, domin
masanin ya bayyana cewa fahimtar harshe fiye da ɗaya shi ya
haifar da nazarin ingausa, hada Ingilishi da Yarbanci, wannan ya sa aka yi
nazarin tuntuɓar Yarbawan
Gusau masu jin harshen Hausa da kuma nasu domin samun bayanai da misalai.
Ajibade A.C
da wasu, (2017). A muƙalar masanan sun
bayyana cewa fagen nazari na walwalar harshe ya shiga kowane irin fage na
rayuwar al’umma kuma fage ne wanda ya ɗauki hankalin mutane
a yanzu. Masanan sun yi nazari ne a kan ingausar Yarbanci da Ingilish da ake yi
a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, domin waɗanda suka iya
harsunan Yarbanci da Inglishi sukan yi amfani da bayun lokaci ɗaya a cikin
zantukansu. Wannan takarda ta ƙara share
hanya game da yadda wannan bincike zai kasance, domin za a kalli ingausar
Yarbanci da Hausa ne a garin Gusau.
Yusuf, C.I
(2012). Masanin ya nazarci ingausa ne a fina-finan Hausa na Kano (Kanny-Wood),
ya kalli, ingausar Hausa da Inglishi, amma mafi akasari mai zuwa daga ƙarshen
zance, yadda ‘yan wasan fina-finan Hausa na Kano kan ƙulla
zantukansu ta amfani da surka harshen Inglishi a ƙarshen
zantuka. Amma wannan binciken zai kalli ingausar Yarbanci da Hausa ne a garin
Gusau, kuma ta kowace hanya ko farko ko tsakiya ko ƙarshe.
Ibhawaegbele,
F.O. da Edokpayi J.N (2012). Waɗannan masanan sun yi nazarin ingausa a
matsayin wani salo na musamman da marubutan ƙagaggun
labarai na Nijeriya ke amfani da ita domin fito da halaye da ɗabi’un
taurarin da ke cikin littattafan marubutan. Waɗannan masanan
sun yi nazarin littattafai uku waɗanda wani shahararren masanin harshen
Igbo ya rubuta, littattafan an rubuta su da harshen Ingilishi ne amma
manazartan sun fitar da ingausa 38 daga cikin littattafan. Wannan ya nuna cewa
ingausa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga marubuta ƙagaggun
labarai ‘yan Afrika.
Waɗannan sun
kalli ingausar Igbo da Ingilishi amma a littattafan ƙagaggun
labarai, a wannan aikin za a kale ta a fannin zantawa ko fira tsakanin yarbawan
garin Gusau.
Sappapan
(2013). Wannan masanin ya yi nazarin ingausa ne a cikin waƙar wani ɗan ƙasar
Thailand mai suna POP, wadda ya yi da harshen Ingilishi da harshen Thailand,
inda kalmomin Ingilishi suka rinjayi na harshen Thailand. Musamman ma sunaye,
kalmomin sunaye na Ingilishi su ne masu babban kaso a cikin ingausar, sannan
kalmomin aiki a cikin waƙar ta POP.
Wannan
takarda ta ba mu haske a kan kula da irin kalmomin Hausa da Yarbawa suka fi
ambato ko amfani da su a wajen ingausar Yarbanci da Hausa da suke yi a garin
Gusau.
2.4 KUNDIN
BINCIKE
An gudanar da
bincike- bincike da dama, domin samun shaidar kammala wani karatu ta fannonin
nazarin harshe, amma ba a samu yawaitar masu binciken da ya shafi wannan ɓangare na
walwalar harshe na Ingausa ba, sai dai an samu kai hannu a kundin digiri na uku
na wani shahararren malami a fannin ilimin walwalar harshe, wanda ke da alaƙa
da wannan bincike ta wani fanni, kamar haka:
Yakasai,
(1999); Ya yi nazari a kan Hausar Illela da ta Ƙonni a
(Jamhuriyar Nijar). A wannan aiki ya nazarci yadda ɗaiɗaikun harsuna
da kare-karen harshe ke haɗuwa a kan iyaka ta Illela da Ƙonni,
su samar da wani Karin harshe na daban. A cikin nazarin ya yi maganar tasirin
wasu harsuna kan wasu sanadiyar haɗuwar su wuri ɗaya da kuma
abin da dangantakar tasu ta haifar na sauyi a cikin harsunan.
Wannan aikin
ya taɓo wani fanni
na wannan aiki domin ya yi magana a kan tasirin wasu harsuna a kan wasu, inda
ya haskaka game da duba tasirin harshen Hausa ga Yarbawan Gusau inda ya haifar
da yanayin magana na ingausa, haɗa Yarbanci da Hausa lokacin magana.
2.5 NAƊEWA
Wannan babi
ya fara ne da shimfiɗa tare da bayyana irin ayukkan da aka yi bita
na binciken da ya gabata domin waiwaye kan ayukka masu ƙarin haske ko
kuma shige da irin wannan aiki, an duba ayukka masu shige da irin wannan aiki
da suka haɗa da bugaggun
littattafai masu alaƙa da muƙalu
da kundin bincike, dukan waɗannan ayukka babu mai take guda da
wannan sai dai alaƙa.
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