Wannan
shi ne harshen da ya keɓanta ga rukunin
masu wani aiki ko kasuwanci. Misali, kamar aikin É—ansanda (police). Suna da kalmomi
da suke amfani da su a tsakaninsu. Su ne kamar: a jiƙa masa jiki (a
doki mai laifi), a yi gabas (a sallami mai laifi), akwai wuƙa (akwai kuɗi), ran ƙwai (masu
shaye-shaye), roja (cin hanci) da sauransu...
Kare-Karen Harshe
Abdul’aziz Sa’idu
07066557745
1.0 Gabatarwa
Karin
harshe wata hanya ce da ake iya ganin bambanci a cikin harshe É—aya.
Ana iya samun ‘yan bambance-bambance tsakanin masu magana da harshe É—aya.
Babban abin burgewa shi ne, bambancin da yake tsakani bai haifar da rashin
fahimta a tsakanin waÉ—annan rukunnan al’umma
ba.
2.0 Harshe
Masana
da dama sun bayar da ma’anar harshe. Kowanne daga cikinsu da yadda yake kallon
harshe. Bagari, 1986) ya kalli harshe a matsahin: “Hanya ce ta sadarwa, kuma
ana amfnai da shi wajen sadarwa ta hanyoyi guda biyu.” Sai kuma Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero (2006)
ya kalli harshe da cewa: “Harshe hanyar magana ce sakanin al’umma.”
2.1 Karin Harshe
Masana
sun bayar dagagarumin gudummuwa wajen bayar da ma’anar karin harshe. Greenberg
(1915) ya ce: “Kari harshe shi ne wanda ya saÉ“a
wa daidaitaccen harshen da ake rubutawa.” Sai kuma Skinner, (1977) da ya ce za
a iya kallon karin harshe “a matsayin wani nau’in magana a cikin harshe É—aya
wanda ba shi ne ainihin harshen ba.”
Karuruwan
harshen Hausa sun rabu gida goma sha huÉ—u
(14). Guda bakwai (7) a Nijeriya, sannan kuma guda bakwai (7) a jamhuriyar
Nijar. Misali, a cikin Nijeriya akwai Kananci, Kasinanci, Sakwkatanci,
Zazzaganci da sauransu. Sai kuma waÉ—anda
suke cikin Nijar akwai: Adaranci, Arwanci, Damagaranci da sauransu.
3.0 Amfani da Harshe (Use of
Language)
Wannan
fage yana bayani ne game da yadda ake amfani da harshe a cikin al’umma da kuma
tsari da ya wanzu a sakamakon sauyawar zamani da kuam samuwar sabbin sana’o’i.
3.1 Bambance-Bambance
Wannan
shi ne bambance-bambancen da ake samu a tsakanin rukunin al’umma masu amfani da
harshe É—aya.
Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ƙunshi:
i.
Sauti
ii.
Kalma
iii.
Jumla
3.1.1 Sauti
Bambanci
ne da yake gudana a sautuka a tsakanin rukunin al’umma masu amfani da harshe É—aya.
Wato, abin da ake nufi a nan shi ne, akan samu karuruwan harshen da suke amfani
da sautuka daban-daban. Amma kuma, ma’anar guda ce. Misali:
Garwaya
– gauraya
TaÆ™ama – tamaÆ™a
Aure
– amre
Ƙwabri – Æ™wauri da sauransu
3.1.2 Kalma
Kalma
lafazi ne mai dunƙulalliyar
ma’ana wadda ake nunawa a rubuce ta hanayr barin fili a tsakaninta da ‘yar
uwarta. Don haka, wannan bambancin yana faruwa a cikin kalmomi a tsakanin
al’mma masu harshe guda. Misali:
Ƙofa – garka
Wannan
– wanga
Ce
– ta
Ne
– na da sauransu
3.1.3 Jumla
Kamar
yadda aka zayyana a baya, shi wannan bambance-bambancen ya shafi jumla. Misali:
i.
Zai zo ya ba ka kuÉ—i
– Yana zuwa yana ba ka kuÉ—i.
ii.
Shi sarki ne – Shi sarki nah.
iii.
Wallahi ƙarya
ce – Wallahi Æ™arya ta.
3.2 Canje-Canje
Wannan
kuma canji ne da ake samu na lokuta dangane da kalmomi. Ferdinan da Saussure,
(Father of Modern Linguistics) (1916), wanda shi ne ya assasa ilimin kimiyyar
harsuna na zamani, ya raba wannan canje-canjen lokuta zuwa gdia biyu (2). Sun
haÉ—a
da dogon lokaci (diachronic change) da na yau da kullum (synchronic change).
3.2.1 Dogon Lokaci (Diachronic
Change)
Wannan
shi ne canje-canje da ake samu na kalmomi a sakamakon É—aukan
lokaci mai tsawo da aka samu (long time change), Fardinand da Saussure a cikin
aikinsa na Kimiyyar nazarin harsuna 116 (General Linguistics) ya bayyana cewa:
“Dogon lokaci (diachronic change) shi en, wuce lokaci ko kuma duk abin da ya
shafi harshe mai É—auke da É—aruruwan
lokaci ana shekaru (centuries). A wani ƙaulin
kuma, ana kiran shi da “Histocial Linguistics.” Misalin wannan shi ne kamar mu É—auki
lokacin zamanin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo. Yawancin kalmomin da suke yin amfani da
su na Hausa a yanzu sn ɓace. Wasu kuma suna nan.
Amma an bar amfani da su a Æ™a’idance.
3.2.2 Na Yau da Kullum (Synchronic
Change)
Wannan
nau’in canji ne na kalmomi a cikin harshe wanda yakan faru daga lokaci zuwa
lokaci ba tare da ya É—auki lokaci mai tsawo ba.
Fardinan da Saussure 1916 (Father of Modern Linguistics), ya kira shi da suna
“Synchronic Change” saboda shi canje-canje ne na yau da kullum (Synchoronic),
yana magana ne a kan harsunan da suka shuÉ—e
(endangered languages) kamar Latin da kuma haɓakar
harsuna lokaci zuwa lokaci. Misali idan muka É—auki
kamar nau’in kuÉ—in Æ™sar Nijeriya, za m ga cewa, da farko
an fara amfani ne da Wuri, sannan kuma daga baya Sule, Sisi da kuma Kwabo. To
yanzu kuma an dawo kan Nera.
Har
ila yau, yana magana a kan karin harshen da ke tsakanin al’umma mai amfani da
harshe guda.
3.3 Tashi da Harshe (Language Acƙuisition)
Tashi
da harshe wani yanayi ne da yaro yake tasowa da harshensa na uwa (mother
tongue). Wato abin da ake nufi a nan shi ne, yanayin da yaro yake tasowa da
harshen da ya ji ana yi a gidansu. Har ila yau, tashi da harshe yana É—auke
da nahawu, tsari da kuma dokokin harshe wajen sadarwa.
3.3 Koyon Harshe (Language Learning)
Wannan
nau’i ne na koyon harshe wanda yake sa É—an’adam
ya haɓaka
harshensa na biyu (second langauge) wajen sadarwa (communication). Wannan ya ƙunshi:
1.
Koyon harshe na musamman (for special
purpose): Wannan shi yake bayani dangane da al’adu da adabi da tasrihi da
siyasa a matakin digiri na farko (B.A.) ko na biyu (M.A.).
2.
Koyon harshe ba na musamman ba (language
learning for non specialist or serɓice language): Wannan
shi ne wanda ake koyon harshe a matsayin zaɓi
a wajen É—alibai
don karantawa. Misali harshen Hausa, Jamusanci, Faransanci da sauransu.
3.
Koyon harshe na umurni (Language for
Instruction): Wannan shi ne wanda ake koyon harshe don ita ce harshen da hukuma
take bayar da umurni a ciki. Misali, jami’o’I da ma’aikatu da kwaleji-kwaleji
na ilimi da sauransu.
4.
Koyon harshe na wata manufa (Language for
special purpose): Wannan shi ne ake koyon harshe don a cim ma wata manufa na
rayuwa daban. Misali, koyon harshen wata ƙasa
don kasuwanci ko zuwa karatu da sauransu.
3.5 Sadarwa ta Yau da Kullum (Social
Comuniation)
Wannan
ita ce nau’in sadarwa ta rukunin zaman jama’a. misali:
i.
Rukunin siyasa
ii.
Rukunin addini
iii.
Rukunin kasuwanci
Rukunin Siyasa
Wannan
nau’in magana ko kalma ce da ta keÉ“anta
ga ‘yan siyasa. Misali tazarce (continuity), sak (uniformity), a-kasa-a-tsare
(to cast
a ɓote and make sure ɓote is protected) da sauransu.
Rukunin Addini
Wannan
kuma shi ne wanda ya ƙunshi
addini. Misali, Musululmi Muhammadawa (Pious Person), Ahli Ɗariƙa
(brothers in ÆŠariÆ™a sect), Wahabiyawa (‘Yan Izala) da
sauransu.
Rukunin Ksuwanci/Aiki
Wannan
shi ne harshen da ya keɓanta ga rukunin masu wani
aiki ko kasuwanci. Misali, kamar aikin É—ansanda
(police). Suna da kalmomi da suke amfani da su a tsakaninsu. Su ne kamar: a jiƙa masa jiki (a doki mai laifi), a yi
gabas (a sallami mai laifi), akwai wuƙa
(akwai kuɗi), ran ƙwai (masu shaye-shaye), roja (cin
hanci) da sauransu.
Daga
ƙarshe, karin harshe yana ɗaya
daga cikin muhimman baututwa da ake nazarin su a cikin harshe. Wannan na faruwa
ne a dalilin rawar da yake takawa wajen kawo canje-canjen harshe da kuma bunƙasarsa.
1 Comments
Lallai ilimin karin harshe abu ne mai matukar amfani ga al'umma.
ReplyDeleteSani Adamu Faskari
Rubuta tsokaci.