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Kare-Karen Harshe

Wannan shi ne harshen da ya keɓanta ga rukunin masu wani aiki ko kasuwanci. Misali, kamar aikin ɗansanda (police). Suna da kalmomi da suke amfani da su a tsakaninsu. Su ne kamar: a jiƙa masa jiki (a doki mai laifi), a yi gabas (a sallami mai laifi), akwai wuƙa (akwai kuɗi), ran ƙwai (masu shaye-shaye), roja (cin hanci) da sauransu...


Kare-Karen Harshe

Abdul’aziz Sa’idu
07066557745

1.0 Gabatarwa
Karin harshe wata hanya ce da ake iya ganin bambanci a cikin harshe É—aya. Ana iya samun ‘yan bambance-bambance tsakanin masu magana da harshe É—aya. Babban abin burgewa shi ne, bambancin da yake tsakani bai haifar da rashin fahimta a tsakanin waÉ—annan rukunnan al’umma ba.
2.0 Harshe
Masana da dama sun bayar da ma’anar harshe. Kowanne daga cikinsu da yadda yake kallon harshe. Bagari, 1986) ya kalli harshe a matsahin: “Hanya ce ta sadarwa, kuma ana amfnai da shi wajen sadarwa ta hanyoyi guda biyu.” Sai kuma Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero (2006) ya kalli harshe da cewa: “Harshe hanyar magana ce sakanin al’umma.”
2.1 Karin Harshe
Masana sun bayar dagagarumin gudummuwa wajen bayar da ma’anar karin harshe. Greenberg (1915) ya ce: “Kari harshe shi ne wanda ya saÉ“a wa daidaitaccen harshen da ake rubutawa.” Sai kuma Skinner, (1977) da ya ce za a iya kallon karin harshe “a matsayin wani nau’in magana a cikin harshe É—aya wanda ba shi ne ainihin harshen ba.”
Karuruwan harshen Hausa sun rabu gida goma sha huÉ—u (14). Guda bakwai (7) a Nijeriya, sannan kuma guda bakwai (7) a jamhuriyar Nijar. Misali, a cikin Nijeriya akwai Kananci, Kasinanci, Sakwkatanci, Zazzaganci da sauransu. Sai kuma waÉ—anda suke cikin Nijar akwai: Adaranci, Arwanci, Damagaranci da sauransu.
3.0 Amfani da Harshe (Use of Language)
Wannan fage yana bayani ne game da yadda ake amfani da harshe a cikin al’umma da kuma tsari da ya wanzu a sakamakon sauyawar zamani da kuam samuwar sabbin sana’o’i.
3.1 Bambance-Bambance
Wannan shi ne bambance-bambancen da ake samu a tsakanin rukunin al’umma masu amfani da harshe É—aya. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya Æ™unshi:
i.                   Sauti
ii.                 Kalma
iii.              Jumla
3.1.1 Sauti
Bambanci ne da yake gudana a sautuka a tsakanin rukunin al’umma masu amfani da harshe É—aya. Wato, abin da ake nufi a nan shi ne, akan samu karuruwan harshen da suke amfani da sautuka daban-daban. Amma kuma, ma’anar guda ce. Misali:
Garwaya – gauraya
TaÆ™ama – tamaÆ™a
Aure – amre
Ƙwabri – Æ™wauri da sauransu
3.1.2 Kalma
Kalma lafazi ne mai dunÆ™ulalliyar ma’ana wadda ake nunawa a rubuce ta hanayr barin fili a tsakaninta da ‘yar uwarta. Don haka, wannan bambancin yana faruwa a cikin kalmomi a tsakanin al’mma masu harshe guda. Misali:
Ƙofa – garka
Wannan – wanga
Ce – ta
Ne – na da sauransu
3.1.3 Jumla
Kamar yadda aka zayyana a baya, shi wannan bambance-bambancen ya shafi jumla. Misali:
i.                   Zai zo ya ba ka kuÉ—i – Yana zuwa yana ba ka kuÉ—i.
ii.                 Shi sarki ne – Shi sarki nah.
iii.              Wallahi Æ™arya ce – Wallahi Æ™arya ta.
3.2 Canje-Canje
Wannan kuma canji ne da ake samu na lokuta dangane da kalmomi. Ferdinan da Saussure, (Father of Modern Linguistics) (1916), wanda shi ne ya assasa ilimin kimiyyar harsuna na zamani, ya raba wannan canje-canjen lokuta zuwa gdia biyu (2). Sun haÉ—a da dogon lokaci (diachronic change) da na yau da kullum (synchronic change).
3.2.1 Dogon Lokaci (Diachronic Change)
Wannan shi ne canje-canje da ake samu na kalmomi a sakamakon É—aukan lokaci mai tsawo da aka samu (long time change), Fardinand da Saussure a cikin aikinsa na Kimiyyar nazarin harsuna 116 (General Linguistics) ya bayyana cewa: “Dogon lokaci (diachronic change) shi en, wuce lokaci ko kuma duk abin da ya shafi harshe mai É—auke da É—aruruwan lokaci ana shekaru (centuries). A wani Æ™aulin kuma, ana kiran shi da “Histocial Linguistics.” Misalin wannan shi ne kamar mu É—auki lokacin zamanin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo. Yawancin kalmomin da suke yin amfani da su na Hausa a yanzu sn É“ace. Wasu kuma suna nan. Amma an bar amfani da su a Æ™a’idance.

3.2.2 Na Yau da Kullum (Synchronic Change)
Wannan nau’in canji ne na kalmomi a cikin harshe wanda yakan faru daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ba tare da ya É—auki lokaci mai tsawo ba. Fardinan da Saussure 1916 (Father of Modern Linguistics), ya kira shi da suna “Synchronic Change” saboda shi canje-canje ne na yau da kullum (Synchoronic), yana magana ne a kan harsunan da suka shuÉ—e (endangered languages) kamar Latin da kuma haÉ“akar harsuna lokaci zuwa lokaci. Misali idan muka É—auki kamar nau’in kuÉ—in Æ™sar Nijeriya, za m ga cewa, da farko an fara amfani ne da Wuri, sannan kuma daga baya Sule, Sisi da kuma Kwabo. To yanzu kuma an dawo kan Nera.
Har ila yau, yana magana a kan karin harshen da ke tsakanin al’umma mai amfani da harshe guda.
3.3 Tashi da Harshe (Language Acƙuisition)
Tashi da harshe wani yanayi ne da yaro yake tasowa da harshensa na uwa (mother tongue). Wato abin da ake nufi a nan shi ne, yanayin da yaro yake tasowa da harshen da ya ji ana yi a gidansu. Har ila yau, tashi da harshe yana É—auke da nahawu, tsari da kuma dokokin harshe wajen sadarwa.
3.3 Koyon Harshe (Language Learning)
Wannan nau’i ne na koyon harshe wanda yake sa É—an’adam ya haÉ“aka harshensa na biyu (second langauge) wajen sadarwa (communication). Wannan ya Æ™unshi:
1.     Koyon harshe na musamman (for special purpose): Wannan shi yake bayani dangane da al’adu da adabi da tasrihi da siyasa a matakin digiri na farko (B.A.) ko na biyu (M.A.).
2.     Koyon harshe ba na musamman ba (language learning for non specialist or serÉ“ice language): Wannan shi ne wanda ake koyon harshe a matsayin zaÉ“i a wajen É—alibai don karantawa. Misali harshen Hausa, Jamusanci, Faransanci da sauransu.
3.     Koyon harshe na umurni (Language for Instruction): Wannan shi ne wanda ake koyon harshe don ita ce harshen da hukuma take bayar da umurni a ciki. Misali, jami’o’I da ma’aikatu da kwaleji-kwaleji na ilimi da sauransu.
4.     Koyon harshe na wata manufa (Language for special purpose): Wannan shi ne ake koyon harshe don a cim ma wata manufa na rayuwa daban. Misali, koyon harshen wata Æ™asa don kasuwanci ko zuwa karatu da sauransu.
3.5 Sadarwa ta Yau da Kullum (Social Comuniation)
Wannan ita ce nau’in sadarwa ta rukunin zaman jama’a. misali:
i.                   Rukunin siyasa
ii.                 Rukunin addini
iii.              Rukunin kasuwanci
Rukunin Siyasa
Wannan nau’in magana ko kalma ce da ta keÉ“anta ga ‘yan siyasa. Misali tazarce (continuity), sak (uniformity), a-kasa-a-tsare (to cast a É“ote and make sure É“ote is protected) da sauransu.
Rukunin Addini
Wannan kuma shi ne wanda ya Æ™unshi addini. Misali, Musululmi Muhammadawa (Pious Person), Ahli ÆŠariÆ™a (brothers in ÆŠariÆ™a sect), Wahabiyawa (‘Yan Izala) da sauransu.
Rukunin Ksuwanci/Aiki
Wannan shi ne harshen da ya keɓanta ga rukunin masu wani aiki ko kasuwanci. Misali, kamar aikin ɗansanda (police). Suna da kalmomi da suke amfani da su a tsakaninsu. Su ne kamar: a jiƙa masa jiki (a doki mai laifi), a yi gabas (a sallami mai laifi), akwai wuƙa (akwai kuɗi), ran ƙwai (masu shaye-shaye), roja (cin hanci) da sauransu.
Daga ƙarshe, karin harshe yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman baututwa da ake nazarin su a cikin harshe. Wannan na faruwa ne a dalilin rawar da yake takawa wajen kawo canje-canjen harshe da kuma bunƙasarsa.

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1 Comments

  1. Lallai ilimin karin harshe abu ne mai matukar amfani ga al'umma.
    Sani Adamu Faskari

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