Hanyoyin Nazarin Jumla A Nahawun Hausa (1)

     Kundin digiri na farko wanda aka gabatar a Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato, Nijeriya

    NA 

    IBRAHIM HAMISU YUSUF

                                               BABI NAUKU

                      HANYOYIN NAZARIN JUMLA A TAKAICE

    3.0 Shimfid’a


    Babi na uku ya na dauke da muhimman abubuwa wad’anda suka shafi jumla ta hanyar azuzuwan kalmomin Hausa.  Wanda da ma taken  binciken shi ne hanyoyin nazarin jumla a nahawun Hausa, nazarin zai kawo kasha-kashen azuzuwan kalmomi da ra’ayin masana game da nahawun taciya har wa yau nazarin zai yi bayanin jumla ta hanyar yanki, Bayan nan sai nazarin jumla ta hanyar li’irabi inda za a kawo misalan bishiyoyin bisa ra’ayin masana sai nadewa ta biyo baya.

     

    3.1 NAZARIN JUMLA TA HANYARAZUZUWAN KALMOMI


    Bisa ga abin da Masana suka nuna cikin nazarin jumla ta hanyar azuzuwan kalmomi, wannan al’amari ya na da matukar mahimmanci ga mai nazarin harshe musamman harshen Hausa wajen gano azuzuwan kalmomi da kuma matsayi kowannensu a cikin jumla, domin masu nazari ko d’alibai ma’abota neman ilimin nahawun harshen Hausa domin ya zamo musu  ido wajen neman k’arin haske game da karatunsu, bayan haka a kawai wasu hanyoyi guda uku da Lamidi, (2000). A cikin wani littafi mai suna “Aspects of Chomskyan grammer”. Ya fito da wasu dokoki guda uku da ake amfani da su wajen nazarin jumla kamar haka:

    i- Dokar Tsarin Yankin Suna (Phrase Structure Rules).

    ii- Dokar Tsarin bar d’ai (Lebelled Brackets).

    iii- Dokar Tsarin bishiyar li’irabi (Phrase Markers).

    Duk wad’annan hanyoyin da masanin ya ambata a na amfani da su ne wajen nazarin jumla bisa k’a’ida.

    3.1.1 Dokar Tsarin Yankin Suna (Phrase structure).  Wata hanya ce ta lura da yadda tsarin yankin jumlar ko sasan jumla ke zuwa bisa k’a’ida, da kuma lura da wasu abubuwa da suka ketowa cikin jumlar irinsu, S----NP, VP (verb phrase), wanda ya yi daidai da YSn, YAikt, BYnau, YHrf, YSf.

    3.1.2 Dokar Tsarin bai d’aya (Leblled Brackets), wannan wata hanya ce ta bin tsari na musamman domin fito da jumla a cikin tsari da ya da ce,  a duk lokocin da aka bud’e ta tom dole sai an rufeta. Masali: “‘Dysn Ado/yaa na noma da karamar  fartanya hrfd’,” bayan haka yawancin jumlolim da ke zuwa da yankin suna da yankin bayanau (ybyn) da ko kuma yankin abin da aka yi Magana game da suna (YAkgsn).

    3.1.3 Dokar Tsarin bishiyar li’irabi (Phrase markers) hanya ta uku da masanin ya bayyana da za a yi amfani da su wajen nazarin jumla watau bishiyar li’irabi. Li’irabi wata hanya ce ta yin amfani da zane bishiya li’irabi (diagram), wajen fito ma’anar jumla domin gane abubuwan da jumlar ta kunsa. Bayan haka wannan fannin yana bayyana yadda bishiyar li’irabin ya kamata ta zo bisa kan k’a’ida.

     

         3.2 NAZARIN JUMLA TA HANYAR YANKI


    Bisa la’akari da yankunan jumla da kuma aikinnsu a cikin jumla, ba karamin al’’amari ba ne domin kuwa, da taimakonsu ne jumla ke ginuwa saboda yankunan ne ke kara fitowa da ma’anar abinda jumla ta kunsa. Bayan haka Akwai yankuna da Masana suka bayyana a wajen nazarin yankuna Kaman haka;

    Masana da dama sun bayar da gud’ammuwa wajen fito da yanayin tsarin yankin  jumlar Hausa. A nan za a kawo gud’ummawar masana don nuna irin yadda suka fito da tsarin yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Ga yadda suka yi bayani game da yankin suna:

    1. Amfani (1996:p80) ya bayyana mafayyaciya a matsayin d’aya daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo sauyi a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Kuma ya yi bayanin cewa manyan azuzuwan kalmomin mafayyaciya a bayyane suke. Amfani ya yi bayani kan d’anyatau koma baya (PRM), wanda yake nuna jinsi (gender) da kuma adadi (number) a lokacin rakiyarsa.


    A lura cewa ita wannan Kalmar ta d’anyatau koma baya, (PRM), wadda kuma mafayyaciya ce tana zuwa ne kawai bayan suna. Ga yadda ya yi bayanin zuwan nasu:

    wannan nazarin zai bayyana yadda tsarin yankin suna da sauran yakuna yake kasancewa a jumlar Hausa. Yankin suna yana k’unshe da wasu muhimman kalmomi da ake kira ‘yan rakiya. ‘yan rakiyar  da kan zo tare da suna da dama, kad’an daga cikinsu sun had’a da: mafayyaciya da ajin sifa da k’irgau da manuni da wasu da dama.

    ‘Yan rakiyar da kan zo tare da suna, a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa, don nuna yadda fasalin tsarin suna yake kasancewa a jumlar Hausa.

    A ciki an nuna yanayin rakiyar kowane d’an rakiya a lokacin da suke raka suna. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka maida hankali a kansu shi ne fasalin rakiyar mafayyaci da ajin sifa kan fito a bagire biyu a lokacin rakiyar da take yi wa suna. Abin da yake nuna fasalin rakiyar shi ne, manunin bagire. Nazarin ya fito da bayanin yadda manunin bagire kan kasance a lokutan rakiyar, idan ajin sifa ya zo kafin suna shi manunin bagire ya kasance na k’wayoyin ma’anar su -n da -r. idan kuma ta zo ne bayan suna sai k’wayoyin ma’anar su d’auki sigar wasalin k’arshe na ajin sifar da suka zo tare.

     

    Yaaro                           n

     

    N                             PRM

     

    Haka kuma mafayyaciya da adadi suna zuwa bayan suna kamar yadda misali na (ii) da (iii) za su nuna:

     

    1.   Yaro                       n                      nan


     

     

     

    N                      Agr                    Jinsi

    iii.   Mutane                             kad’an

     

    Suna                            Adadi

    Wasu ayukkan da masana suka yi kan yankin suna na jumlar Hausa su ne na Tuller (1986) da Yusuf (1991). Nazarin Tuller ya bada muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen warware matsalar fahimta game da matsayin k’wayar ma’anar manunin bagire da Galadanci (1976) ya kira tada mahad’i (linker element).

     

     

    Yankin Suna

    A wannan ‘bangare za a yi nazarin yankin suna  (YSn). Yankin suna (YSn) shi ma wani mahimmin yanki ne a cikin jumla. Kowace jumla tilas ne ta k’unshi suna aikau wanda yake a ko da yaushe yakan zo ne a matsayin yankin suna a cikin jumla. Wani abin lura kuma shi ne, yankin suna yakan zo  a matsayin kar’bau (K’b).  Ga misali:

     

    (i) ‘DYSnAikauAudud’  ya  a  sayi  ‘DYSnk’bgidad’.

    (ii) ‘DYSnAikauAudu fariid’ ya a sayi ‘DYSnk’bk’aramin gidad’.

    Ga yadda abin yake a bisa bishiyar li’irabi:

     

    J

     

     

     

    YSn                                YAfgSn

     

     

    KN                       YA

     

     

    Sn              maf        Lokt   Aik          YSn

     

    Sn

    Audu              ya           -a     sayi          gida

    A wannan misalin yankin suna yana d’auke da wasu kalmomi, wato ‘Audu’ da ‘gida’. Ana kiran inda suna ‘Audu’ ya fito da yankin suna aikau. sannan kuma yankin da sunan ‘gida’ ya fito shi ne yankin suna kar’bau. Kalmar aikatau a  cikin jumlar ita ce ‘sayi’. Zuwan kalmar aikatau da kalmar suna kar’bau a yanki d’aya shi ya hana a kira yankin da yankin aiki ko yankin aikatau. Saboda kowanne d’aya daga cikin su yana cin gashin kansa ne.

    Masana irinsu, Kraft da Kirk–Greene (1973) da Galadanci (1976), da Skinner (1977) da Bagari (1986) da Jinju (1986) da Yusuf (1991) da Yalwa (1995) da Amfani (1996) da Sani (1999) da Newman (2000) da Jaggar (2001), duk sun yarda da wannan bayani da a ka yi game da tsarin yankin suna (YSn) da abin da ya kunsa.

    Yankin Harafi

    Yankin harafi (YHrf), yana tafiya tare da yankin suna (YSn) kafad’a – da - kafad’a (wani lokaci ma har ‘yan rakiya kan shigo cikin yankin). Wato yankin ya k’unshi harafi (Hrf) da kuma yankin suna (YSn). Haka kuma ana samun zuwan yankin harafi (YHrf) ya zo tare da bayanau (YByn). Ga Misali:

    YHrf         Hrf    +                   YSn + YByn

    YHrf

     

     

    Hrf                                                            YSn

     

     

    Sn

     

    a                                                                  k’asa

    Ga misali: Yankin harafi a cikin jumla, domin fito da bayanin fili.

     

    Adamu / ya       na         noma   ‘D da babbar fartanyad’YHrfd’.

     

    Hrf      Sf            Sn

    YSn                        YAfgSn

     

    Yankin harafi a cikin wannan jumla shi ne:

    da / babbar fartanya.

     

    Hrf                    Ysn

     

     

    Yankin Sifa

    Yankin sifa (YSf) ya k’unshi sifa ita kad’ai, ko tare da d’anrakiya. Ga yadda abin yake kasancewa.

     

     

     

     

    (a)     YSf                  (b)                           YSf

     

     

    Sf                                             YSf             YSn

    Sn

     

    Ga misalin yankin sifa a cikin jumla:-

    (a)  Yakubu / ya a sayoo sabuwar mootaa.

     

    YSn                    YAfgSn

    Yankin sifa a cikin wannan jumla shi ne;

    sabuwa  r          mootaa.

     

    Sf       Mb   Sn

    Ga yadda yankin sifa yake a bishiyar li’irabi:

     

    YSf

     

    Sf                                    YSn

     

    Mb                                    Sn

     

    Sàbùwá      r                      Mótà

     

    Yankin Bayanau

    Yankin bayanau (YByn), yanki ne da yake fitowa a cikin yankin aikatau na jumla. Yana yin k’arin bayani ne ga aikatau, domin a fahimce shi da kyau. Kamar sauran sassan jumla, shi ma yankin bayanau (YByn), kalmar bayanau ke jagorantar yankin. Misali:

    Musa  ya  a wuce d’azu

    |angaren bayanau a cikin wannan jumlar shi ne, ‘Dd’azud’.

     

     

    Yankin Aikatau

    Yankin aikatau (YA) wani mahimmin yanki ne a jumlar Hausa. Aikatau (Aik) shi ne ginshik’i a yankin aikatau (YA). A k’alla akwai aikatau iri biyu a Hausa. Akwai aikatau so – kar’bau (Aik. SK), da kuma aikatau k’i – kar’bau (Aik. K’k). Idan yankin aikatau ya k’unshi aikatau so – kar’bau (Aik. SK), to yankin kan d’auki yankin suna (YSn), a matsayin kar’bau (Sn K’b). Misali:

    Ali /  ya   a  ‘DYA’DAik.SKsayid’’D YSn ‘D  gidad’Snk’bd’.

    YSn     YAfgSn

    A wannan jumlar yankin aikatau (YA), shi ne “sayi gida”. Yankin aikatau  ya k’unshi aikatau so - kar’bau “sayi” da yankin suna “gida”. Idan kuma jumla ta k’unshi aikatau k’i - kar’bau ne, yankin aikatau zai kasance da aikatau ne kawai, ba tare da wani d’anrakiya ba. Misali:

    Ali  /   ya   a ‘DYA’D  tafid’AikK’Kd’.

    YSn     YAfgSn

    A wannan jumlar yankin aikatau shi ne, “tafi”. A nan yankin aikatau ya k’unshi kalmar aikatau “tafi” kad’ai. Tafi aikatau ne k’i - kar’bau. Don haka a jumlar ba suna kar’bau.

    YA

     

     

    YA

    AikSk                                                         YSn

    AikK’k                                                                                                                                Sn

     

    tafi                                                        Sayi                                                         gida

     

     

     

     

     

    3.3 NAZARIN JUMLA TA HANYAR BISHIYAR LI’IRABI


    Nazarin jumla ta hanyar bishiyar li’irabi ta la’akari da abin da ke faruwa a li’irabin da kuma yadda ake fasalta bishiyar li’irabi tare da nuna kowane kalma da ke tattare a cikin jumla da irin yankunan da suka keto a cikin li’irabi, bayan haka anan kawo su  daga kowane bangare na azuzuwan kalmomin hausa da ake dasu da kuma misali daga kowane bangare xa ya zo a cikin azuzuwan kalmomin domin a ga yadda suke a cikin jumla da li’irabi.

     

    YANKIN HARAFI:                  YHrf                    Hrf + YSA + YByn

    A sama

    YHrf            Hrf +   Ysn

    YSn                                Sn

    Sn                                   Sama

    Hrf                                  a

    YHrf

    Hrf         Ysn

    a             sn

    Sama

    Da k’aramar fartanya

    YHrf            Hrf + Ysn

    Ysn            Sf + Sn

    Sf             k’arama

    Sn             fartanya

    Hrf             da

    YHrf

    Hrf             Ysn

    Sf     Dik      Sn

    da     k’arama    (r)   fartanya

     

    YANKIN SIFA: Ysf                Sf +Ysn                          sabuwar huulaa

    Ysn             Sn

    Sn             hula

    Sf           sabuwa

    Ysf                                                                                           Ysf

    Sf                     Ysn                                                                        Sf        Ysn

    Sabuwa  mb         sn                                                                                       sn

    r    huulaa                                                             Sabuwar    Huulaa

     

     

    YANKIN BAYANAU: YByN          BYN

    Kande ta a wuce xazu.

    YByn              Byn

    Byn             d’azu

     

     

    YByn

     

    Byn

    d’azu

    Ladidi ta na daka a hankali

    YByn              Byn

    Byn             a hankali

    Ybyn

    Byn

    A hankali

    Aisha ta a je makaranta jiya

    YByn              Byn

    Byn             jiya

    YByn

    Byn

    Jiya

    YANKIN AIKATAU  YA           AK + Ysn

    Ya a sayi gida

    Ya         aik + Ysn

    Ysn           sn

    Sn           gida

    Aik            sayi

     

    YA

    Aik sk’                  Ysn

    sn

    Sayi          gida

     

    Buba ya a tafi

    YA           AIK

    AIK         tafi

    Ya

    AIK kq

    Tafi

    Yasir ya a wanke kaya

    YA             Aik+Ysn

    Ysn            SN

    Sn             kaya

    Aik             wanke

    Ya

    Aik       Ysn

    Sn

    Wanke      Kaya

     

     

    YANKIN SUNA

    Tanko ya a sayi gida                                                                      J

    Ysn              YAfgsn                                                               Ysn     Yafgsn

    YAfgsn          KN+YA                                                              Sn         KN            YA

    KN           mal+Lokt                                                                         maf   Lokt  Aik     Ysn2

    Maf            ya                                                          Audu        ya      -a      Sayi             gida

    Lokt            a

    YA            Aik +Ysn

    Aik             Sayi

    Ysn2         Sn

    Sn             gida

    Ysn2           Sn

    Sn             Audu

    Audu ya a sayi babban gida

    YSN             TAfgsn

    YAfgsn             KN+YA

    KN              maf + Lokt

    Maf            ya

    Lokt            a

    Aik            Aik + Ysn2

    Aik            sayi

    Ysn2           Sf + Sn

    Sf           babbba

    Sn             gida

    J

    Ysn      YAfgsn

    Sn          KN             YA

    maf       Lokt   Aik     Ysn2

    Sf         Sn

    Audu          ya            -a       sayi    Babba     gida

     

    Audu ya a nome wata ‘yar gona

    Ysn              YAfgsn

    YAfgsn-KN+YA
    KN              maf + lokt

    Maf            ya

    Lokt             a

    YA            Aik+YSn

    AIK            Nome

    YSn            KN +Sn

    Kn             maf +isgl

    Maf            wata

    Tsgl            ’yar                               J

    Sn            gona

    Ysn              sn              Ysn                          YAfgs

    Sn                    KN                   YA

    maf          Lokt   Aik                    YSn

    KN              sn

    maf                   Tsgl

    Audu   ya    -a    nome   wata         ‘yar        gona

    Sn           Audu

    Audu ya na wanke kaayaa

    Ysn           YAfgsn

    YAfgsn            KN + YA

    KN              maf + lokt

    Ysn            Sn

    Sn             Audu

     

     

    J

    Ysn                  YAfgsn

    sn              KN                               YA

    maf                 Lokt    Aik                    Ysn

    Ysf      Dkb       sn

    Audu         ya                   -a       sayi          babba    (n)        gida

    Wannan katangan ta a rushe

    YSN             YAfgsn

    YAfgsn              KN+YA

    KN            maf+Lokt

    Maf            ta

    Lokt             a

    Ya             Aik

    Aik              rushe

    Ysn             mafmn +Sn

    Maf            wannan                           J

    Sn             Katanga

    Ysn                                                             YAfgsn

    Maf mn                        Sn           Dkb               Kn                             Ya

    maf                        Lokt        Aik

    Wannan               Katanga      -n      ta                             -a         rushe

     

     

    3.4 Nad’ewa


    Wannan babin na uku, ya fara ne da shimfad’a a mtsayin gabatarwa daga baya sai kuma nazarin jumla ta hanyar azuzuwan kalmomi ya biyu baya. Sai kuma nazarin jumla ta hanyar yanki  da kuma nazarin jumla ta hanyar bishiyar li’irabi suka zo a jere wanda daga nan nad’ewa ta zo a matsayin marufin babin.

     

     

     

     

     

     

    2 comments:

    1. Wani yaro yamari yarinya Afede Arataye shi a bishiyar mi’irabi

      ReplyDelete
    2. Wani yaro yamari yarinya

      ReplyDelete

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