Daga
Sama’ila Umar
Department of Nigerian Languages
Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies
Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University, Sokoto.
E-MAIL: samzariya@gmail.com, samzariya@outlook.com
Phone No. 07031948326 & 08022857551
TSAKURE
Yankin suna a fagen nazarin jumla wani babban yanki ne da
masana suka gudanar da bincike na ilmi a kansa. Masana da dama sun nuna yadda
matsayin suna da ‘yan rakiyarsa suke a yankin suna na jumla. Haka kuma sun nuna
ire-iren kalmomin da sukan zo tare da suna a matsayin ‘yan rakiyar suna, a ciki
har da ƙirgau.
Galadanci, (1976) da ‘Yar’Aduwa, (1984) da Bagari, (1986) da Zarruƙ da wasu, (1987) da Amfani, (1996), Sani da wasu, (1997) da
Sani, (1999) da Newman, (2000) da Jaggar, (2001) da Amfani, (2010) da Umar,
(2012) duk sun gudanar da bincike kan ‘yan rakiyar suna da kan zo domin su raka
suna don ya faɗaɗa ya zama yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Sannan sun nuna yadda
rabe-rabensu yake. Burin wannan takarda shi ne, ta sake waiwayar ɗaya daga
cikin nau’o’in ɗan rakiyar suna ƙirgau da yakan zo a yankin suna, wanda yake fito da adadin
suna a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. ƙirgau ɗan rakiya ne mai nau’o’i da
dama, don haka wannan aikin ya ƙuduri
niyyar gabatar da wani nau’i nasa da ake kira ƙirgau kadina. Ƙirgau kadina nau’i ne na ƙirgau mai sauƙin fahimta. Wannan ba shi ne aiki na farko a kan ƙirgau ba, za a waiwayi ayyukan da aka gudanar ne, don a
warware matsalar fahimta da ake samu ta fuskar yanayin rakiyarsa a yankin suna.
ABSTRACT
Noun phrase consist of a head noun and optional modifiers. The modifier can be
premodifier or postmodifier. Many scholar gives contribution for the analysis
of Hausa noun phrase. And they try to point out the types of modifiers and the
lexicon used as modifiers in Hausa language. Noun phrase in syntactics analysis
of Hausa language is wide area, where many scholars give their contribution to
bring out the clear structure of nominal system in Hausa syntax. Such scholars
are as follow; Galadanci, (1976), ‘Yar’aduwa, (1984), Bagari, (1986), Zarruƙ at
el, (1987), Yusuf, (1991), Amfani, (1996), Sani at el, (1997), Sani, (1999),
Newman, (2000), Jaggar, (2001), Amfani, (2010) and Umar, (2012). All those
scholars have been done alot of reasearch on Hausa nominal system. And they
discussed on Hausa modifiers and their classification. The main purpose of this
research is to review and highlight on one of the Hausa postmodifier called
cardinal quantifier. Quantifier is one of the postmodifier in Hausa Language
with difficult understanding. In this paper an attempt was made to show the
agreement between the head noun and the cardinal quantifier in Hausa nominal
phrase, where an examine have been made to show how cardinal number qualify
noun in times of number. And also to point out about the agreement between noun
and cardinal quantifier during the modification in times of number. This is not
the first research about the cardinal quantifier, many work have being done.
1.0
GABATARWA
A Hausa akwai nau’o’in ƙirgau da dama, ɗaya daga cikin nau’o’insa shi ne ƙirgau
kadina. Ƙirgau kadina nau’in ɗan rakiya ƙirgau ne, kuma yana iya cin gashin
kansa. Wato yana iya zuwa shi kaɗai ya ba da ma’ana, haka kuma yana iya zuwa
tare da suna, ba tare da taimakon wata kalmar nahawu ba a lokacin rakiyar tasa.
Aikin ƙirgau kadina shi ne ya fito da adadin sunan da yake rakawa, don a san
sunan tilo ne ko jam’i. Burin wannan muƙalar shi ne, bin sawun yanayin rakiyar
da ƙirgau kadina kan yi wa suna a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Sannan kuma a
nuna yadda yarjejeniyar zamantakewa take aukuwa a lokacin rakiyar.
Yin hakan ba wani sabon abu ba ne a fagen nazarin ‘yan rakiyar suna da kan zo
tare da suna a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Idan aka waiwayi ayyukan masana
irin su; Kraft da Kirk-Green, (1973) da Galadanci, (1976) da ‘Yar’aduwa, (1984)
da Bagari, (1986) da Newman, (2000) da Jaggar, (2001) da Amfani, (2010) da
Umar, (2012), duk sun yi bayanai kan abin da ya shafi ƙirgau.
2.0 Ra’i
Aikin ‘Yar’aduwa, (1984) nazari ne da aka gudanar kan ɗan rakiya ƙirgau, a
wannan binciken ‘Yar’aduwa ya bi sawun nau’o’in wannan ɗan rakiyar da kyau.
Kuma ya yi bayaninsa daidai gwargwado, sai dai ƙirgau ɗan rakiya ne mai wuyar
fahimta ga ɗalibai, don haka wannan muƙalar take ganin ya dace a sake yin ƙarin
haske kan wasu wurare da ‘Yar’duwa ya taƙaita bayanin su. Don haka wannan
muƙalar take son yin dogara da ra’in ‘Yar’aduwa (1984) wajen gudanar da wannan
binciken.
3.0
Waiwaye Kan Ayyukan Magabata Da Suka Shafi Ƙirga
Masana ilimin ginin jumla sun gudanar da bincike kan yankin su, tare da ‘yan
rakiyar suna da kan zo tare da suna domin su raka shi ya faɗaɗa ya zama yankin
suna. Duk da cewa suna kaɗai ba tare da wata kalma ta biyo shi ba yana iya zama
yankin suna. Haka nan kuma masanan sun gudanar da bincike kan ‘yan rakiyar
sunan. Ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan rakiyar da masanan suka nazarta shi ne ƙirgau.
Masanan da suka gudanar da ayyuka a kansa su ne; Kraft, C.H. and Kirk-Greene,
A.H.M. (1973) da Galadanci, M.K.M. (1976) da ‘Yar’aduwa, T.M. (1984) da Bagari,
D. M. (1986) da Newman, P. (2000) da Jaggar, J.P. (2001) da Amfani, A.H. (2010)
da Umar, S. (2012). Duk waɗannan ayyuka ne da aka yi game da ƙirgau, wasu
kai-tsaye wasu kuma misalai kaɗai aka bayar kan ƙirgau. Ayyukan da aka yi
kai-tsaye game da ƙirgau su ne ‘yar’aduwa (1984) da ‘Yar’aduwa, (2008) Umar,
(2012). Sai dai a wannan muƙalar za a daddagi nau’in na ƙirgau kadina ne don a
yi cikakken bayani kansa, ganin cewa ba kowa ya san ko me ake nufi da wannan ɗan
rakiyar ba.
4.0
Hanyoyin Gudanar Da Bincike
Wannan muƙalar ta yi amfani da kundaye da muƙalu da mujallu da aka gabatar a
jami’o’i da wuraren tarurukan ƙarawa juna sani, wajen tattaro bayanan da suka
shafi ƙigau. Sannan kuma an yi amfani da yanar gizo (internet), don samo
bayanan da masana suka gudanar a kan wannan ɗan rakiyar, wato ƙirgau. Muƙalar
ta bi diddigin fitattun ayyukan da masana suka yi ne don samo madogara kan
manufar wannan muƙalar. Sannan an tattauna da masana ilimin ginin jumla kan
daidaito tsakanin suna da ƙirgau. Wanda aka tattauna da shi kuwa shi ne Amfani
A. H. don samun cikakken bayani game da tsarin yankin suna da kuma yanayin
zuwan ‘ya rakiya tare da suna. Ayyukan da aka duba su ne; Kraft, C.H. and
Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. (1973) da Galadanci, M.K.M. (1976) da ‘Yar’aduwa, T.M.
(1984) da Bagari, D. M. (1986) da Newman, P. (2000) da Jaggar, J.P. (2001) da
Amfani, A.H. (2010) da Umar, S. (2012).
5.0
Ƙirgau Kadina
A Hausa akwai kalmomin lissafi irin su; ɗaya, biyu, shida, tara, goma, Goma sha
bakwai, gomiya, hauya, ashirin, ashirin da biyar, talatin, talatin da ɗaya, ɗari,
ɗari da goma sha huɗu, dubu, dubu uku da ɗari biyu da hamsin da ɗaya da
makamantan su. Waɗannan su ake kira da kalmomin lissafi na Hausa, kuma su ake
kira ƙirgau kadina idan suka fito a yankin suna na jumla, a fagen nazarin adadi
na yankin suna a jumlar Hausa.
Akwai yarjejeniyar zamantakewa tsakanin ƙirgau kadina da sunan da yake rakawa a
yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Wannan matsayin na ƙirgau kadina na harshen Hausa
ya yi daidai da na sauran harsunan duniya kamar yadda Crystal (1980:65) ya nuna
a inda yake cewa “ƙirgau kadina ajin lambobi ne da ake lissafa suna da su;
kamar ɗaya, biyu, goma, ɗari, dubu da sauran su”.
Waɗannan kalmomin na adadin ƙirga ne tsurarsu a fagen lissafi, ba tare da an
nuna yadda suke rakiyar suna a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa ba. Kalmomin na
ƙirga waɗanda suka shafi lissafi, suna iya zama masu cin gashin kansu ba tare
da an jingina su da suna ba kafin su ba da ma’ana kamar yadda aka gani a misali
na sama. Waɗannan jerin kalmomin da aka samu na lissafi su ke komawa kalmomin
ƙirgau, idan suka zo tare da suna a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Misali
(i) Gidaje bakwai/ suka ƙone.
(ii) Mootoocii biyar/ sun yi karo
(iii) Buhu ɗaya/ aka ba Audu.
(iv) Hula biyar / aka raba wa ɗalibai.
(v) Yara shida / suka dawo gida.
Wannan shi ne matsayin kalmomin ƙirgau daga ra’ayin masana kamar yadda
‘Yar’aduwa (1984) ya kawo, tare da misalan da aka bayar don ƙarin haske kan
ma’anar ta ƙirga da aka samar da kalmar nahawu ta ƙirgau daga gare ta.
6.0 Yanayi Da Yarjejeniyar Rakiyar ƙirgau Kadina A Yankin Suna Na Jumlar Hausa
Masanan da suka nazarci ƙirgau na Hausa da nau’o’insa a yankin suna na jumlar
Hausa; irin su Kraft da Kirk-Greene (1973) da Galadanci (1976) da ‘Yar’aduwa
(1984) da Bagari (1986) da Newman (2000) da Jaggar (2001) da Amfani (2010) da
Umar (2012) duk sun amince da cewa ƙirgau kadina ya kan zo ne a bayan suna a
lokacin rakiyar da yake yi wa suna don fito da adadinsa. Misali
Tebura biyar suka karye.
Sn ƙgkdn
A wannan misalin kalmar ‘tebura’ ita ce kalmar suna kuma jam’i, kalmar ‘biyar’
kuwa ita ce kalmar ƙirgau kadina wadda ta wuce adadin tilo (wato ɗaya). Masana
nahawun harshen Hausa da suka nazarci ƙirgau a harshen Hausa sun yi bayanai
daban-daban kan al’amurran da suka shafi zamantakewar ‘suna’ da ‘ƙirgau kadina’
a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Alalmisali sun dubi yanayin zuwan suna da ƙirgau
kadina a yankin suna, kuma sun amince da cewa tilas ne suna ya gabaci ƙirgau
kadina a yayin rakiyar da ƙirgau ɗin yake yi wa suna. Kamar yadda aka nuna a
misalai na sama.
Masanan sun nuna cewa Hausa ba ta yarda da ‘ƙirgau kadina’ ya gabaci suna ba.
Kamar yadda za a gani a wannan misalin
* Hamsin awaki suka ɓata.
Sn ƙgkdn
Yanayin muhallin zuwan ƙirgau kadina a lokacin rakiyarsa a yankin suna ya fi
dacewa da ya zo a bayan suna ba a gabanin suna ba. Saboda idan har ya zo kafin
suna ma’anar yankin sunan ba za ta fito ba. Abin nufi a nan shi ne, dole ne
ƙirgau kadina ya biyo bayan sunan da yake rakawa, don ta haka ne zai iya ba da
ma’ana ingantacciya, wato ta haka ne za a iya fahimtar adadin sunan da aka
raka.
Wani mahimmin abu da wannan muƙalar take gani ya dace ta waiwaya shi ne,
matsayar daidaito na adadi tsakanin suna da ƙirgau kadina a lokacin rakiya.
Wasu masanan na ganin idan ƙirgau kadina adadinsa ya wuce ɗaya, to dole shi ma
suna ya wuce tilo. Misali:
gidaje talatin
Sn ƙgkdn
(jam’i) (fiye da ɗaya)
Wasu masanan irin su, Kraft da Kirk-Greene (1973) da Bagari (11986) suna ganin
wannan daidaiton na adadi ba dole ba, kamar yadda cancantar wannan yankin sunan
ya nuna;
* gida talatin
Sn ƙgkdn
Abin lura a nan shi ne, shin ‘gida talatin’ da ‘gidaje talatin’ ma’anarsu ɗaya
ce? Daga binciken da aka gudanar an fahimci cewar akwai ɗan bambanci ma’ana
tsakanin su. Da alama a ko da yaushe harshen Hausa ya fi son ‘suna’ da ‘ƙirgau
na kadina’ su yi tarayya a adadi a lokacin da ƙirgau kadina ke ƙoƙarin raka
suna a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Wato ke nan Hausa ta fi son a ce
gidaje goma
Wannan ya fi sauƙin fahimta, kuma ya fi ɗaukar ma’ana ta kai waye. Inda ake
amfani da rashin daidaito tsakanin suna da ƙirgau kamar haka:
gida goma
Wuri ne na musamman, kuma sai Bahaushe sosai zai iya amfani da irin wannan
tsari na ‘suna’ da ‘ƙirgau kadina’ domin sun bambanta a adadi.
A duk lokacin da aka yi amfani da wannan tsarin na rashin daidaiton adadi
tsakanin suna da ƙirgau kadina, za a tarar yankin suna yana da wata ma’ana
dunƙulalliya ta musamman. Alal misali;
Ƙato bakwai
A wannan misalin za a tarar da cewa ‘ƙato’ kalmar suna ce mai nuni da namiji
babba kuma tilo, inda kalmar ‘bakwai’ adadin ne da ya fi ɗaya, cewa ‘ƙato
bakwai’ ya nuna ke nan mutum ɗaya har sau bakwai. Wannan yankin suna yana da
wata ma’ana ta daban da ta wannan misalin:
Ƙarti bakwai
A wannan misalin yankin sunan ya nuna cewa mutane ne manya har guda bakwai.
Inda a misali na samansa yake nuna cewa ma’anar adadin ƙirgau ba na rakiya ba
ne, da wuya a ce suna tilo ya ɗauki adadi fiye da ɗaya. Wato sai dai kawai mai
saurare ya yi hasashe, ya gane cewa ‘ƙarti bakwai’ ake nufi ko kuma akasin
hakan. Irin wannan bayani na dunƙulalliyar ma’ana shi ake samu a irin waɗannan
misalan:
(i) unguwa uku ( sunan wata unguwa a Kano)
(i) mutum biyu ( sunan wani gari a Jihar Taraba)
(ii) gada biyu (sunan wata unguwa a Gusau)
(iii) magama huɗu (sunan wata unguwa a Sakkwato)
(iv) baki biyu (yin magana da sake ta)
(v) hannu biyu (zuwa wani wuri ba tare da mutum ya riƙe wani abu da zai kai
wurin ba)
Sanin cikakkiyar ma’anar ire-iren waɗannan yankunan sunan sai cikakken Bahaushe
ko wanda ya ƙware kan harkar magana da harshen Hausa. Waɗannan yankunan sunan
suna da wasu ma’anoni na musamman da suke a dunƙule.
7.0
KAMMALAWA
Duk da cewa ra’ayoyin masana sun bambanta kan daidaiton adadi tsakanin kalmar
suna da ta ƙirgau kadina a lokacin da suka bayyana a yankin suna na jumla tare.
Wannan wani abu ne da ya kamata a lura da shi dangane da daidaiton adadin.
Wannan daidaito na adadi tsakanin suna da ƙirgau shi ke samar da tsayayyiyar
ma’anar da ake buƙatar samu na adadin sunan da ake yi wa rakiya. Domin in har
daidaiton adadin ya saɓa, to lallai adadin sunan da ake yi wa rakiyar ba zai
bayyana ba, ta yadda za a fahimci cikakken adadin da suna ya ƙunsa kai-tsaye.
Kusan duk inda aka sami saɓanin daidaiton za a tarar maganar adadin sunan bai
bayyana ba. Wato yankin sunan ya kan sami wata sabuwar ma’ana da ta saɓa wa
tsarin rakiyar. Abin nufi a nan shi ne, yankin sunan kan ɗauki sabuwar ma’ana
wadda ta saɓa wa maganar adadi da ake nazarta a lokacin zamantakewar suna da
ƙirgau a yankin suna na jumlar Hausa. Inda yankin sunan kan koma suna cikakke
wanda ba a buƙatar kula da adadi a lokacin da ake amfani da shi don gina jumla.
MANAZARTA
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Crystal, D.1980. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.U.S.A:
Blackwell Publishing.
Galadanci, M. K. M. 1976. An Introduction to Hausa Grammar. Zaria: Longman
Nigeria Limited.
Jaggar, J. P. 2001. Hausa. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Publishing Company.
Kraft, C. H. and Kirk- Greene, A.H.M. 1973. Hausa: A complete course for
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Have: Yale University Press.
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plc.
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Kundin Digiri Na Biyu. Sakkwato: Sashen Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar
Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo.
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University, Department of Nigerian and African Languages.
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Quantifiers. The Ph.D Thesis modified to a book. Kano. Clear Impressions
Limited.
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