Cigaba da Bunkasar Intanet

Daga

Abu-Ubaida Sani
Jibril Yusuf
Muhammad Sulaiman Abdullahi

Intanet ba a rana ɗaya ya samu ba kamar yadda ake ganin sa a yau. Ya biyo wasu matakan bunƙasa, sannu a hankali har ya kai matakin da yake a yanzu. Haka kuma, a kullum ƙara fito da sababbin abubuwan mamaki ake yi dangane da shi. A binciken da Romualdo & Alessandro (2007 p. 2) suka gudanar, sun tabbatar da cewa intanet a wancan lokaci ta shafi haɗaka ta kai-tsaye ne daga kwamfuta zuwa kwamfuta. A farko-farkon al’amarin intanet, akwai manyan matakai huɗu na cigaba da aka samu kamar haka:

a. Sambai (Linear)

Wannan shi ne tsarin intanet na farko. Dukkanin kwamfutocin da suke haɗe da intanet ɗin suna kan layi guda ne. Saƙo yana tashi daga kwamfuta ta farko zuwa ta biyu sannan ta uku, har zuwa ta ƙarshe. Misali, saƙon da ya tashi daga “A” sai ya je “B”, ya je “C”, ya je “D” sannan ya isa “E.” A irin wannan tsari, yayin da aka katse kwamfuta guda daga kan layi, to tamkar an katse sauran da suka biyo bayanta. Misali, idan aka katse “C”, to “D” da “E” ba za su iya karɓar saƙo ba. Ga misali cikin hoton da yake ƙasa:

Hoto Na 1.1: Tsarin Intanet Mai Bin Sambai

Madogara: Romualdo & Alessandro (2007 p. 3)

b. Zobe (Ring)

Bayan an ɗau lokaci ana amfani da intanet mai bin tsarin sambai, cigaba da aka samu ya sa aka fito da tsarin intanet Maizobe. A wannan tsari, saƙo yana zagayawa ne cikin wani tsari na da’ira. Saƙo daga kowace kwamfuta na iya zuwa sauran kwamfutoci. Duk da haka, idan kwamfutar ba ita take gefen wadda ta tura saƙo ba a kan intanet, to sai saƙon ya bi cikin kwamfutocin da suke tsakani a cikin jerinsu kafin ya isa zuwa wadda da za ta karɓi saƙon. Ga misali cikin hoton da yake ƙasa:

Hoto Na 1.2: Tsarin Intanet Maizobe

Madogara: Pedamkar (2019 para. 47)

c. Tauraro (Star)

Bunƙasar al’amuran intanet ya kai ga samun cigaba zuwa tsarin haɗakar kwamfutoci cikin sigar tauraro. A wannan tsari, babbar kwamfutar da ta haɗa sauran kwamfutoci takan kasance a tsakiya. Saƙon da ya tashi daga gare ta yana isa ga dukkanin sauran kwamfutoci. Idan wata kwamfuta za ta tura saƙo ga ‘yar uwarta, dole sai saƙon ya bi ta cikin wannan babbar kwamfutar kafin ya iya isa ga kwamfutar da aka tura shi. A nan, ke nan an taƙaita zanguna da saƙo yake yi cikin kwamfutoci kafin ya kai kwamfutar da ake buƙatar tura shi. Aikin Basu (2019) ya kawo hoton wannan tsari kamar haka:

Hoto Na 1.3: Tsarin Intanet Mai Zubin Tauraro

Madogara: Basu (2019 p. 1)

d. Jigida (Mesh)

Cigaba da aka sake samu a sha’anin intanet ya samar da sabon salon haɗakar kwamfutoci. A wannan tsari, kwamfutoci sukan kasance a sarƙe. Kwamfuta guda tana da damar isar da saƙo kai-tsaye zuwa kwamfutoci biyu ko ma sama da haka. Abin lura a nan shi ne, kwamfuta tana da damar isar da saƙo ne kawai ga kwamfutocin da aka riga da aka samar da hanyar isar da saƙo tsakaninsu. Hoton da yake ƙasa yana ɗauke da ƙarin bayani dangane da wannan tsari.

Hoto na 1.4: Tsarin Intanet Mai Zubin Jigida

Madogara: Keary (2024 para. 52)

Lura da duk waɗannan, lallai Hausawa sun yi gaskiya da suka ce: “Sannu ba ta hana zuwa, sai dai a daɗe ba a je ba.” A zuwa yau, tsarin intanet ya samu bunƙasa da ta wuce dukkanin waɗannan matakai da suka gabata. A yau, kwamfutoci suna haɗe ne cikin wani tsari mai sarƙaƙiyar gaske. Kowace kwamfuta tana iya haɗuwa da ‘yar uwarta tare da tura mata saƙo kai-tsaye. Misali, “A” na haɗe da “B” da “C.” “B” na haɗe da “A” da “C.” “C” na haɗe da “A” da “B.” A taƙaice, ba a buƙatar saƙo ya bi ta cikin wata kwamfuta kafin ya kai ga wata. Duk da haka, akan yi wannan tsari (na sanya wata kwamfuta a matsayin mai karɓar saƙo da tura shi zuwa kwamfutar da aka nufata) musamman yayin da ake buƙatar tara saƙonni da tace su a wani mataki kafin a wuce da su zuwa sauran kwamfutoci.

Manazarta: 

Sani, A-U.,  Yusuf, J. & Abdullahi, M.S. (2025). Damfara a duniyar intanet. SAS Publishers. ISBN: 978-978-695-575-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19513307