Turke A Ilimin Kirar Kalma: Karin Haske

Citation: Isah Abdullahi MUHAMMAD (Ph.D) (2018). ‘Turke’ A Ilimin Ƙirar Kalma: Ƙarin Haske. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 6. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

‘TURKE’ A ILIMIN ƘIRAR KALMA: ƘARIN HASKE

Isah Abdullahi MUHAMMAD (Ph.D)

Abstract

Morphology is the branch of linguistics that systematically studies the properties of words of language. Words are built with two morphological objects: ‘Bases’ and ‘affixes’. This paper concentrates more on ‘Bases’ particularly in Hausa, because most of the writings on Hausa morphology pay more attention on affixes in Hausa than Bases. It was observed that in Hausa, bases are either ‘roots’ or ‘stems’. Roots are simplex bases without any remaining affix. But stems are complex consisting at least one root and affix (Booij, 2005). In another opinion, when an inflectional affix comes immediately after root, that is ‘stem’. But when root preceded derivational affix, that base ‘is root’ (Bauer 1988). This paper investigates the distinction between ‘root-base’ and ‘stem-base’ with relevant data from Hausa. Finally, this confirms the assumption postulated in Arad (2003, 2005) and Marantz (2001, 2007) that word either be formed from root (inner morphology) or word formed from word (outer morphology).

Tsakure

Ilimin ƙirar kalma ɓangare ne na ilimin kimiyyar harshe mai bayani dalla-dalla bisa tsari a kan kalmomin harshe. Kalmomin harshe ana gina su ne, bisa tubalai biyu. Waɗannan tubalai sun ƙunshi: Tubalin ‘Turke’ da na ‘Ɗofanai’. Wannan maƙala, ta manyar da hankali ne ga ‘turke’ musamman a harshen Hausa. Dalili kuwa, mafi yawan rubuce-rubucen nazarin ƙirar kalma a Hausa sun fi mayar da hankali ne ga ‘Ɗofanai’ fiye da turaku. Wannan ya sa a nan aka tattauna a kan ‘turke’. Haka ma, maƙalar ta gano cewa turke a Hausa ya kasu gida biyu: Akwai ‘turken saiwa’ da ‘turken tushe’. Sayyu a ko’ina turaku ne na kalma masu sauƙi, waɗanda babu ragowar wani ɗofane a jikinsu. Amma, turakun tushe, turaku ne masu sarƙaƙiya masu ƙunshe da a ƙalla ‘saiwa’ da ‘ɗofane’ (Booij, 2005). A wani ra’ayi, saiwa ita ce wadda aka ɗafa wa ɗofanen tsirau, shi ko tushe wanda aka ɗofanen kumbura. Bayan haka, an yi nazarin bambancin da yake a tsakanin turken saiwa da turken tushe tare da kawo misalai daga Hausa. A ƙarshe, waɗannan bayanai suna ƙara tabbatar muna da sahihancin iƙirarin da aka yi a Arad (2003, 2005) da kuma a Maratz (2001, 2007) cewa ana iya ƙera kalma turken saiwa (wanda shi ne ƙira ta ciki) ko kuma a ƙera kalma daga kalma (wato ƙirar kalma ta waje).

1.0 Gabatarwa

Harshen Hausa yana da a ƙalla masu sadarwa da shi fiye da miliyan arba’in. Hausa tana da kaso mai tsoka na masu magana da shi a Nijeriya da Ghana da Kamaru da Sudan da Libiya da kuma Nijar. Hausa tana cikin kason harsuna da ke cikin iyalan Chadi a ƙarqashin babban kaso na iyalan ‘afroasiatic’. (Amfani, 2011, 2016).

Ilimin ƙirar kalma fage ne daga rassan ilimin kimiyyar harshe, mai bayani dalla-dalla bisa tsari a kan ƙirar kalmomin harshe. A cikin harshe akan sami nau’o’in kalmomi biyu: Masu saiwa da marasa saiwa. Masu saiwa suke da kaso mai tsoka. Sannan an gina su ne da tubalai biyu: Tubalin turke da tubalain ɗofanai. Malaman ƙirar kalma a Hausa sun yi rubuce-rubuce da dama ( kamar Skinner 1977, Jinju 1980, Bagari 1986, Fagge 1993, 2004, 2013, Abubakar 2001, Sani 2002, 2011) a kan ɗofanai fiye da turaku ginin kalma. Haƙiƙa ‘turke ( base)’ muhimmin tubali ne na ginin kalmomi a Hausa, kuma majingina ce ta ɗofanai.Turke ya kasu gida biyu: Turken ‘Saiwa’ ( root base) da turken ‘tushe’ ( stem base). Kuma kowannensu za a yi bayaninsa.Sannan turken saiwa ya sha bamban da turken tushe ko ta fuskar suna da ma’ana. Duk waɗannan batutuwa za a tattauna a kan su.

2.0 Ma’anar Ilimin Ƙirar Kalma

Masana ilimin ƙirar kalma suna ba da ma’anar ƙirar kalma bisa ga abin da suke ganin shi ne ginshiƙin ƙirar kalma.Wannan ya sa aka sami fahinta biyu da ɓangaren masu ganin kalma a matsayin ginshiƙin nazarin ƙirar kalma (word-based) da kuma masu ganin ƙwayar kalma a matsayin ginshiƙi (morpheme-based). Sannan ma’anonin da suke bayarwa suna nuna abin da suke ganin shi ne ƙunshiyar ilimin ƙirar kalma. Misali Nida (1949, p1) tana cewa:‘Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words’ Fassara:‘Ilimin ƙirar kalma nazari ne a kan ƙwayoyin kalma da kuma yadda ake jeranta su wajen gina kalma’Wannan ya yi daidai da ma’anar da Amfani (2007, p139) ya bayar, inda yake cewa:‘Morphology is defined as that branch of grammar which studies the structure of forms of words, primarily through the use of the morpheme’Fassara:‘Ilimin ƙirar kalma reshe ne na nahawu wanda yake nazarin fasali na sigar kalmomi ta la’akari da ƙwayar kalma’Haka ma, Matthews (1991, p. 1) ya ce:‘Morphology is briefly, the branch of grammar that deals with the internal structure of words’Fassara:‘Ilimin ƙirar kalma a taƙaice wani reshe ne na nahawu wanda ya ƙunshi fashin nazarin ciki da wajen kalma.’Wannan ma’anar ta yi kama da abin da Abubakar (2001, p. 1) yake cewa: ‘Morphology deals with word formation and inflection’Fassara:‘Ilimin ƙirar kalma ya ƙunshi yin bayani a kan gina kalma da kumburar kalma’

3.0 Turke Da Nau’o’insa

‘Turke’ a nan fassara ce da ake yi wa ‘Base’ wadda kalma ce ta Ingilishi. Ga ta bakin malaman ƙirar kalma dangane da ma’anarta:

Bauer (1988, p. 238) ya ce:‘Base: A base is any item to which affixes may be added’

Fassara:‘Turke : Turke shi ne duk wani tubali da ake da damar ƙara masa ɗofanai’

Haka ma, Crystal (2008, p. 50) shi ma ya ce:

‘Base: It refers to any part of a WORD seen as a UNIT to which an operation can be applied , as when one adds any affix to a root or stem’

Fassara:

‘Turke: Yana nuni ne ga wani ɓangare na KALMA wanda za a ɗora wa wani aiki na ginin kalma, wato kamar ɗafa ɗofane ga jikin saiwa ko tushe’

Haspelmath (2010, p. 20-24) yana cewa:

‘The part of the word that affix is attached to is called the ‘base’

Fassara:

Wani ɓangare na kalma da ake ƙara ɗofane, shi ne ‘turke’

Wannan ya nuna cewa, duk wani tubali da ake da damar ƙara masa ɗofane ko wani aiki na ƙirar kalma, shi ne ‘turke’.

Misali:

a- káámàà

b- káámààwáá

Waɗannan kalmomi (wato kaamaa da kaamaawaa) an gina su da tubali biyu-biyu wato turken ‘saiwa’ da turken ‘tushe’. Kalmar farko, (a) ‘kaamaa’ an gina ta ne bisa turken saiwa wato ‘kaam-‘ daaka ɗafa mata ɗofanen ‘-aa’ , sai aka sami kalmar ‘kaamaa’. Amma ita ko kalma ta biyu , (b) ‘kaamaawaa’ kalma ce da aka gina bisa turken tushe na ‘kaamaa’. Da aka ƙara mata ɗofanen ‘-waa’ sai aka sami kalmar ‘kaamaawaa’. Turkey a kasu gida biyu:

3.1 Turken Saiwa (Root base)

Dangane da ma’anar ‘saiwa’ an sami bayanai daban-daban na magabata. Ga kaɗan daga cikinsu. Abubakar (2001, p. 1) ya ce:

‘Majority of Hausaists would not call ‘gínàà’ as root but rather the stem (cf Jinju, 1980, Zaria, 1981, and Bagari 1986). The root according to them is without the terminal vowel so that the structure ‘gin-‘will be the root’

Fassara:

‘Mafi yawan malaman Hausa ba za su kira kalmar ‘ginaa’ a matsayin saiwa ba, sai dai tushe ( kamar yadda yake a Jinju, 1980 da Zaria, 1981 da Bagari, 1986). Saiwa a fahintarsu ɓangare ne na kalma da shi da wasali ƙarshe’

Fabregas & Scalise (2012, p. 36) sun ce:

The segment that remains once we have eliminated all inflectional and derivational affixes, plus the category markers of a word, is the ‘root’.

Fassara:

‘Sashe na kalma wanda ya rage bayan an cire duk wani ɗofane na kumbura da na tsira, tare da masu nuna ajin kalma, wannan ita ce ‘saiwa’.

Haka ma, Harley (2014, p. 225) tana cewa:

‘Lexical items are typically built around a core element, identifiable by linguists, though not always by speakers, as a root.’

Fassara:

Tubalan kalmomi ana gina su ne bisa wani muhimmin abu, wanda idon malaman harshe yake iya hangowa ba idon masu da harshe ba, wannan saiwa.

Daga waɗannan bayanai na ilimi a kan saiwa, wannan maƙala tana ganin saiwa a idon nazari shi ne:

‘Muhimmin ɓangare na kalma wanda ba shi da ragowar ɗofane a jikinsa a bayyane ko a ɓoye, sannan bai da wani takamaiman aji na nahawu’

Misali:

a. káámàà

b. kààmámmèè

c. kààmé

Idan aka duba waɗannan misalai da kyau, za a tarar cewa kalmar (a) ‘kaamaa’ aikatau ce. Kalmar (b) ‘kaamammee’, sifa ce. Ita ko, (c) ‘kaame’ bayanau ce. Sannan dukkansu sun yi tarayya a kan saiwa ɗaya wato ‘kaam-‘. Ke nan dukkansu kalmomi ne da ake ginawa bisa tubalin saiwa, Sannan akwai kalmomi masu tsoka da aka gina bisa wannan tsari a Hausa. Haka ma, idan aka ce ‘kaam-‘ aka yi shiru, ba a san wace irin kalma ba ce. Shin suna ce? Ko aikatau ce? Ko bayanau ce? Duk ba a sani ba. Amma idan aka ɗafaɗofanen ‘-aa’, za a sami kalmar aikatau ta ‘kaamaa’. Haka ma, idan sifa ce ake son samarwa sai a ɗafaɗafin ‘-ammee’, sai a samar da ‘kaamamme’. Idan bayanau ake so, sai a liƙaɗofanen ‘-e’ ga saiwar ‘kaam-‘sai a samar da ‘kaame’. Wannan ya ƙara jaddada cewa a Hausa, saiwa ba ta da cikakkiyar ma’ana balle aji na nahawu, sai an ɗafa mata ɗofane(Mamman 2012, Embick, 2015)[1].

3.2 Turken ‘Tushe’( Stem Base)

A mafi yawan ayyuka kan ilimin ƙirar kalma, ba su cika bambantawa ba tsakanin ‘saiwa’ (Root) da ‘tushe’ (stem) ba. Duk da kasancewarsu mabambanta. Abubakar (2001:1) ya bayyana tushen kalma kamar haka:

‘The structure ‘gin-‘ will be the root, ‘gìnáá’, is the stem’

Fassara:

‘Fasalin ‘gin-‘, zai kasance saiwa , ‘gìnáá’ kuma shi ne tushe’

Bauer (1988:253) ya ce :

A stem is a base to which inflectional affixes can be added’

Fassara:

‘Tushe turke ne wanda ake ɗafa wa ɗofanen kumburau’

Booij (2005,:280 ya ce:

‘The stem of a word is the word form minus its inflectional affixes’

Fassara:

‘Tushe na kalma shi ne sigar kalma wadda aka cire ɗofane kumburau’

Crystal (2008:452) ya ce;

‘The notion that is to the stem that inflectional affixes are attached’

Fassara:

‘Abin da ake kira tushe, shi ne inda aka ɗafa ɗofanen kumburau’

Haspelmath (2010:20) sun ce:

‘A base is also sometimes called a ‘stem’ especially if an inflectional ( as opposed to derivational) affixes attaches to it’

Fassara:

‘Turke, a wasu lokuta yakan kasance tushe, idan aka ɗafa ɗofanen kumbura ( ba na tsira ba)’

Fabregas & Scalise (2012, 37) sun ce:

Minimal words are combination of roots and formal markers of category. These combinations are known as ‘STEMS’.

Fassara;

‘Mafi ƙarancin abin da kalmomi suke ƙunsa, shi ne saiwa da tsararren bayanta na nahawau wato na ajinta. Waɗannan kalmomi da ka gina ta wannan hanya, kowannansu ‘TUSHE’ ne’

Misali:

a- káámàà

b. gídáá

c. fáríí

d. tsàyé

Waɗannan misalai da aka kawo a sama, dukkansu cikakkun kalmomi ne da aka gina ta amfani da tubalai biyu-biyu. Wato turken saiwa da tubalin ɗofane. Turken saiwar ita ce ‘kaam-‘ da gid- da far- da tsay-. Sai ɗofanen da aka liƙa musu wato: ‘-àà’ da ‘–áá’ da ‘-íí’ da ‘–é’. Sannan a dalilin ɗofanen ‘-àà’ da aka ɗafa wa saiwar ‘kaam-‘ ta zama aikatau ‘kaamaa’. A dalilin ɗafa wa saiwar ‘gid-‘ ɗofanen ‘-áá’ aka sami kalmar suna ta ‘gidaa’. An sami kalmar sifa ta ‘fáríí’ ta hanyar ɗafa ɗofanen ‘-íí’ ga saiwar ‘far-‘ ne. Sai kalmar bayanau ta ‘tsàyé’ ta samu ta hanyar ɗafa ɗofanen mai aikin nuna bayanau ga saiwar ‘’tsay-‘ ne. Wannan ya nuna ɗanɗanon ajin waɗannan tushen kalmomi yana ga ɗofanensu ne. Sannan dukkaninsu tushe ne na kalmomin ne, waɗanda aka gina da tubalin saiwa da a ƙalla ɗofanai ɗaya-ɗaya ga kowace saiwa.

Daga waɗannan bayanai, ana iya kasa tushe gida biyu: (a) buɗaɗɗe (Open stem) (b) rufaffe ( Close stem). Buɗaɗɗen tushe, tushe ne da yake ba da damar ƙara masa wani ɗofane. Alal misali, kalmar ‘kaamaa’, ana iya cewa ‘kaamaawaa’ da ‘kaamaawar’ da kuma ‘kaamaawarsu’. Haka ma, akwai ‘gidaa’ da ‘gidan’ da ‘gidansu’. Sannan ita ko kalma ‘farii’, ana iya cewa ‘farin’ da kuma ‘farinsu’. Wannan ya nuna cewa kalmar ‘kaamaa’ da ‘gidaa’ da ‘farii’ tushe ne amma buɗaɗɗu. Amma ‘tsaye’ tushe ne rufaffe domin babu damar ƙara masa wani ɗofane. Wannan kuma ya faru ne saboda a tsarin irin waɗannan kalmomi na bayanau, ba a cika samun suna haifar da sababbin kalmomi ba, kamar yadda kalmar suna take nunawa ko aikatau.

3.3 Kamancin Turken Saiwa Da TurkenTushe

1. Da saiwa da tushe duk turaku ne na ginin kalma a Hausa.

2. Hausa tana amfani saiwa da kuma turke wajen gina adadin kalmomi masu yawa. Wato dai, dukkansu hanyoyi na samar da kamomi ne, masu matuƙar yalwa (Productive).

3. Dukkansu da a ƙarshe suna samar da kalmomi ne masu buɗaɗɗen tsari ( open set).

3.4 Bambancin Turken Saiwa Da Turken Tushe

1. Tushe yakan zo da ɗofane a ƙalla ɗaya, saɓanin saiwa wadda babu ragowar ɗofane a jikinta.

2. Daga cikin hanyoyin gane saiwa, akwai idan ba ta da ɗofane gaba ɗaya, ko kuma ya kasance ɗofanen ya zo gaba gare ta tsirau ne. Shi ko tushe, ana gane shi idan ya zo da wani ɗofane, ko kuma aka sami ɗofanen da ya zo gaba gare shi, to ya zama kumburau.( Bauer 19

Misali:

a) Saiwa b) Tushe

i. kààfìrtáá     gidaa

ii. farantaa      faraa

3. Saiwa ba ta da wani takamaimn aji saɓanin tushe yana da aji . Misali

kaam- -aa (aikatau) = kaamaa

-ammee (sifa) = kaamammee

-e (bayanau) = kaame

4. Saiwar takan samar da gini na ciki wato ginin kalma mai ƙunshe da saiwa da ɗofane. Wato kamar saiwar ‘gid-‘ idan aka haɗa ta da ɗofanen ‘–aa’, za a sami kalmar ‘gidaa’. Wannan ne gin na ciki. Amma ‘kaamaawaa’ da ‘bugeewaa’, kalmomi ne da aka gina bisa tushen kalma ‘kamaawaa’ daga ‘kaamaa’, sai ‘bugeewaa’ daga ‘bugee’.

3.5 Muhimmacin ‘Turke’ A Ilimin Ƙirar Kalma

1. Yana daga cikin muhimmancin ‘turke’ cewa duk kalmomi masu buɗaɗɗen tsari ( kamar suna da sifa da aikatau da bayanau) ana gina su ne da turken saiwa ko na tushe.

2. Sannan ga saiwa ko tushe ake samun ma’ana ta wajen nahawu ( Extra grammatical information). Misali, kalmar ‘gidaa’ ɗofanen ‘-aa’ yake bayanin saiwar cewa ‘yar ajin suna ce, kuma tilo, mai jinsin namiji. Da waɗannan bayanai, ɗofanen ya gama aikinsa na nahawu, saura saiwar. Ita ko saiwa ita ce za ta ba mu cikakken hoton gida a matsayin wani abun da ake ginawa a jera ɗakuna cikinsa (Harley, 2014).

4.0 Kammalawa

Daga cikin abubuwan da wannan nazari ya gano akwai: Maganar cewa alƙalamin malaman ƙirar kalma ya fi karkata ga bayanin ‘ɗofane’ fiye da saiwa (kamar yadda ake iya gani a Fagge 2004, 2013, da Abubakar 2001). A taƙaice, wannan takarda kamar yin wata matashiya ce a kan zurfafa bincike a kan ɓangaren da ya shafi ‘turke’. An kuma gano cewa, turke dai ya kasu gida biyu: Akwai turken saiwa da turken tushe. Sannan tushe shi ma ya kasu gida biyu: Buɗaɗɗe da rufaffe. Saiwa da tushe suna da kamanci a wasu wurare, sun kuma bambanta a wasu wurare. Haka ma ba yadda za a gina kalmar ajin ‘suna’ ko ‘sifa’ ko ‘aikatau’ ko ‘bayanau’, sai da gummuwar turken saiwa ko kuma na tushe. Bugu da ƙari, a wurinsu na ake samun sauran cikakkun bayanai na wajen nahawau.

Manazarta

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Ratayen Fassarar Muhimman Kalmomi

English Hausa

Affix   Ɗofane

Morphogy     Ƙirar Kalma

Item    Tubali

Root    Saiwa

Tushe Stem

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[1]Wannan takarda ta fi mayar da hankali ne a kan saiwa ba ‘Ɗofane’ ba. Saboda haka, ba zurfafa a kan ɗofanan ba. Sannan ana kallon nazarin ta fuskar kai tsaye ‘syncronic’ ba ta mayar da hankali a kan abin da ya shafi nazari cikin tarihi ba ‘diacronic’ ( Historical Linguistics).