Sasantawa a Bahaushen Tunani: Nazari Daga Rikicin Boko Haram

Citation: Musa Shehu & Muhammad Mustapha Umar (2017). Sasantawa a Bahaushen Tunani: Nazari Daga Rikicin Boko Haram. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 5. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

SASANTAWA A BAHAUSHEN TUNANI: NAZARI DAGA RIKICIN BOKO HARAM

Na

Musa Shehu

Da

Muhammad Mustapha Umar

GABATARWA

Sasantawa kalma ce da ke nuni da sulhu wanda akan gudanar tsakanin mutum da mutum ko tsakanin ƙabila da ƙabila ko tsakanin mabiya addinai mabambanta ko tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa domin kawo ƙarshen wata fitina da ke yi wa zaman lafiya barazana. Ƙasar Hausa ta jima cikin gumurzun tashe-tashen hankula, kama daga rigingimun addini da ƙabilanci da siyasa da ɓangaranci da sauransu. A duk lokacin da irin wannan matsala ta taso akan yi ɗauki-ba-daɗi domin huce haushi ko ganin bayan abokin husuma ko kawo ƙarshen matsalar, amma yunƙurin ya faskara. A ƙarshe, tilas a zauna tabarmar sasantawa domin a ga bayan matsalar. Babban tashin hankalin da ke damun ƙasarmu Nijeriya a yau shi ne rikicin Boko Haram wanda ya kwashe shekaru kusan bakwai ana artabu. An yi amfani da ƙarfin soje da dabarun Yahudu da Nasara na taron dangi amma har yau ba a kai ƙarshensa. Manufar wannan takarda ita ce, fito da tunanin Bahaushe na dabarun da yake amfani da su wajen sasanta rikici musamman irin na Boko Haram, wataƙila a yi gamo da katar na shawo kan rikicin da ya ƙi ci ya ƙi canyewa. Ban ce ita kaɗai ce mafita ba, amma na so a yi taron dangin tunani a ga ko za a samu madafa. Don haka, tattaunawar takardar zai kasance kamar haka:

2.0 MENE NE BOKO HARAM

Boko Haram ƙungiya ce mai iƙirarin fafutikar kafa gwamnatin Musulunci musamman a Arewacin Nijeriya. Sunan ƙungiyar ta asali shi ne Jama’atu Ahlus Sunnah Lid-Da’awati Wal Jihad. Sun samu wannan suna ne na Boko Haram daga mutane saboda irin ƙyama da haramta karatun boko da wasu abubuwa da ƙasashen Yamma suka zo da shi a duk lokacin da suke wa’azinsu saboda ya saɓa wa tafarkin Musulunci.[1] A cewar shugaban ƙungiyar, duniya ba ta bisa turbar addinin Musulunci, don haka dole a barranta da abubuwan da masu shugabantanta suka taho da shi musamman waɗanda suka saɓa wa koyarwar Musulunci.[2] Ƙungiyar ta fara kafuwa ne a wajajen shekarar 2001, amma ta fito sarari ne a shekarar 2009 lokacin da ta fara ƙaddamar da hare-hare a Arewacin Nijeriya musamman a yankin Maiduguri. Shugaban ƙungiyar na farko shi ne Muhammad Yusuf wanda aka zargi jami’an ‘yan sanda da kashewa a shekarar 2009. Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu Yusuf ne ƙungiyar ta naɗa Abubakar Shekau a matsayin sabon shugaba.

A farko, ƙungiyar ta fara neman ‘yan boko su aje aiki su kama sanaa idan gwamnati ba za ta sauya akala zuwa ga shariar Musulunci ba. Daga nan ta fara takin saƙa da dokokin gwamnatin Ɗagutu. Fitinar ta faro ne lokacin da ɗaya daga cikinsu ya rasu wasu suka tafi maƙabarta bisa babura ba tare da hular kwano ba. Tilasta sa hular kwano ne tushen rikicin , inda ‘yan’sanda suka fara kashe su, su kuwa suka ɗauki fansa. Tun a wannan lokaci ne al’amurra suka ci gaba dagulewa har zuwa halin da ake ciki yau.

3.0 HARE-HAREN ƘUNGIYAR BOKO HARAM A KAFOFIN YAɗA LABARAI   

Haƙiƙa ‘yan jarida sun taka rawa wajen ƙara rura wutar rikicin Boko Haram a Nijeriya ganin yadda suke rura rahotanninsu a kan rikicin. A shekarar 2013 ‘yan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram sun kai wani mummunar hari a garin Baga da ke jihar Barno, inda aka kashe aƙalla mutum 185 tare da banka wa garin wuta. A wani ƙididdiga da Jaridar Aminiya ta wallafa a watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2014, tsakanin farkon watan Janairu zuwa watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2014, sun kasance makonnin laƙume rayuka a yankin Arewa maso gabashin Nijeriya, inda hare-haren da ake jingina su ga ƙungiyar Boko Haram suka jawo mutuwar dubban mutane da ƙone garuruwa da dama, tare da sanya dubban jama’a yin hijira zuwa garuruwa daban-daban.[3] ‘Yan ta’addan da ake zargin ‘yan Boko Haram ne sun ƙaddamar da miyagun hare-hare da fara karya kumallo da wani Coci a jihar Adamawa a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2014, mutum 30 suka halaka. A wannan rana cikin dare ƙungiyar ta kai wani hari a ƙauyen Kawuri da ke ƙaramar hukumar Konduga a jihar Barno, rahotanni suka nuna cewa, an hallaka mutum 83, yayin da aka raunata wasu, aka kuma banka wa gidajen ƙauyen baki ɗaya wuta da masallatai suka ƙone ƙurmus. Ana cikin jimamin wannan hari ne, sai maharan suka faɗa garin Konduga a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, nan ma suka kashe mutum 34 tare da jikkata da dama da kuma ƙona gidaje masu yawa.

A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun, sai ‘yan bindigar da ake zaton ‘yan Boko Haram ne suka auka wa garin Izge da ke jihar Barno suka kashe sama da mutum 106. Haka ma, a ranar laraba 19 ga watan Fabrairun, maharan suka kashe mutum 60 a garin Bama da ke jihar Barno, suka kuma banka wa gidajensu wuta. Daga bisani shugaban ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya fitar da sanarwar cewa, su ne suka kashe Sheikh Muhammad Auwal Albani na Zariya.[4] A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun kuma, ‘yan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram suka kai wani harin a garin Michika da Shuwa suka kashe mutum 28. Wani harin da ya ɗaga hankalin jama’a har da ƙasashen waje shi ne, wanda ‘yan ƙungiyar ta kai ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2014 a wata makaranta a garin Buni Yadi da ke jihar Yobe aka kashe ɗalibai 59. A ranar asabar 1 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2014, an kashe mutum 25 a yankin Askira a wani harin bamabamai ta sama da dakarun Nijeriya suka kai a garin Daglun. A ranar lahadin makon, ‘yan ƙungiyar suka kai hari a garin Mainok da ke jihar Barno suka kashe ƙimanin mutum 97 tare da ƙone gidaje da dama. Haka kuma, a ranar ne aka samu fashewar bamabamai a unguwar Binta Suga a Ngomari cikin birnin Maiduguri waɗanda suka yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fiye da mutum 50. Bayan kwana ɗaya kuma, aka kashe mutum 35 a garin Mafa da ke jihar Barno.

A shekarar 2015 aka bayyana cewa, ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai wani ƙazamin hari mafi muni a tarihin rikicin da ke ci gaba da wakana a Arewa maso gabashin Nijeriya a garin Baga da ke jihar Borno aka bayyana cewa, an rasa rayukan mutane ƙimanin dubu biyu (2000) da kuma ƙone garin ƙurmus haɗi da wasu ƙauyuka16.[5]

4.0 TUNANIN MUTANE A KAN RIKICIN ƘUNGIYAR BOKO HARAM

Boko Haram ƙungiya ce da ke iƙirarin da’awar Musulunci, sai dai masana da malaman addini da sauran jama’a sun musanta hakan. Masana addinin Musulunci sun bayyana cewa, babu inda Musulunci ya yi umurni da kashe rayukan mutane ba tare da haƙƙin shari’a ba. Babu inda aka ce a kai wa Musulmi farmaki suna cikin Sallah a tayar musu da bamabamai a bi su ana harbi da bindiga. Ko a kai wa Musulmi hari suna cin kasuwa a buɗe musu wuta a kwashe dukiyoyinsu da sunan jihadi. Ƙari ga tabbacin cewa, babu Musulunci a cikin da’awarsu shi ne, an sha kawo rahoto a gidan rediyon BBC Hausa da Faransa da Jamus na kama ‘ya’yan ƙungiyar a lokacin kai hari a wasu wurare waɗanda aka tabbatar ba Musulmai ba ne, Kirista ne. Jama’a da dama na kallon rikicin Boko Haram shiri ne kawai na gwamnatin Nijeriya (2011-2015) domin a gurgunta wani yanki na ƙasar. Fitacciyar ‘yar siyasar nan wato Naja’atu Muhammad ta bayyana cewa: “Da dama daga cikin tashe-tashen hankulan da ke faruwa a Arewacin Nijeriya gwamnati ke haddasa su”.[6]

Shi kuma wani malamin addinin Musulunci Sheikh Umar Farouk cewa ya yi, rigingimun Boko Haram shiri ne kawai na tarwatsa Arewa da siyasarta. A fahimtar malamin, tashe-tashen hankulan da suke ci gaba da faruwa ana laɓawa ne kawai a cikin rigar Boko Haram ta Yusufiyya ana aikata aika-aika. Amma a mizanin hankali da tunani an san ba ainihin mabiya Boko Haram ne ke wannan ta’addanci ba. A kan haka malamin yake bayyana cewa, akwai wata maƙarƙashiya a ciki, ya Allah ta siyasa a buƙatar ɗorewar mulki ko wani abin daban. Babbar manufar ita ce, wani gawurtaccen shiri ne na tarwatsa da wargaza tattalin arziki da siyasar al’ummar Arewa.[7] Waɗannan ra’ayoyi suna da ƙamshin gaskiya musamman idan aka yi la’akari da irin riƙon sakainar kashi da gwamnatin da ta gabata (2011-2015) ta yi wa rikicin a wancan lokaci. Ƙara tabbatuwar hakan kuma shi ne, bayan da gwamnatin 2011 ta sha kaye a zaɓen 2015 aka kafa sabuwar gwamnati, sai ga shi ana ta bankaɗo almundahana da yasoso da kuɗaɗen da aka ware domin yaƙi da ta’addancin Boko Haram wanda ya hana al’ummar ƙasar sakewa da walwala da ci bayan tattalin arziki. Masu sharhi a kan al’amurran yau da kullum suna ganin zaluncin gwamnatin Nijeriya ya haifar da ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Bayan ɗimbin arzikin da Allah ya albarkaci ƙasar da shi, amma kusan kashi tamanin cikin ɗari na ‘yan ƙasar suna fama da talaucin gaske, ga rashin aiki da ya yi wa matasa katutu. Wasu ‘yan tsirarun mutane sun mamaye arzikin ƙasar sun kai ajiya wasu ƙasashe sun bar mutane cikin wahalan rayuwa. A tunanina, Boko Haram ƙungiya ce kawai ta ta’addanci da aka kafa da ɗaurin gindin ƙasashen Yamma da ‘yan barandarsu daga ciki da wajen Nijeriya domin cim ma wata manufa maras alfanu.

MENE NE RIKICI

Ƙamusun Hausa (2006:372) ya bayyana ma’anar rikici da hargitsi. Godwin Onu (2009:84) cewa ya yi, rikici shi ne wanzuwar taƙaddama tsakanin mutane ko ƙungiyoyi. Rikici dai wani abu ne da ɗan Adam ba zai iya hana aukuwarsa a rayuwa ba, domin matuƙar ana haɗuwa ko a samu wata alaƙa tsakanin mutane, dole wata rana a samiu saɓani komai tsananin ƙauna da ke tsakani. Sanin haka ya sa Hausawa ke da karin maganar da ke cewa, “Zo mu zauna, zo mu saɓa”.

Tarihin ƙasar Hausa cike ya ke da ƙuran yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice tun zamanin zamunna har zuwa wannan lokaci. Ta fuskar yaƙe-yaƙe, ƙasar Hausa ta fuskanci yaƙi iri uku. Akwai yaƙe-yaƙen duhun kai wanda aka gudanar kafin shigowar Musulunci. Akwai yaƙe-yaƙen jihadi wanda Mujaddadi Ɗanfodiyo ya ƙaddamar domin jaddada addinin Musulunci. Sai kuma yaƙe-yaƙen Turawa da aka fafata domin mulkin mallaka. Ta fuskar rikice-rikice kuwa, a yau ƙasar Hausa na fama da rikice-rikice masu nasaba da dalilai mabambanta. Akwai rikicin mai nasaba da addini, akwai na siyasa, akwai na ƙabilanci, akwai na sarauta, akwai na makiyaya da manoma, akwai na zamantakewa, ga su nan dai. To sai dai kuma, babban rikicin da ke ci gaba da tayar da hankalin jama’armu da ma ƙasa baki ɗaya shi ne na Boko Haram wanda ake dangantawa da addini ko siyasa. A kan wannan ne wannan takarda za ta fito da tanadin Hausawa na sasanta rikici makamancin wannan domin a jaraba amfani su ga rikicin Boko Haram wataƙila a samu maslaha domin Hausawa na cewa, “magani sai da gwaji”.  

MENE NE SASANTAWA

Sasantawa (Conflict Resolution) al’amari ne mai muhimmancin a rayuwar kowace al’umma. A duk lokacin da rigingimu ko tashe-tashen hankula ko ta da zaune tsaye suka wanzu a tsakanin al’umma, hanya mafi dacewa don warware su cikin ruwan sanyi ita ce sasantawa. Dangane da ma’anarta kuwa, masana sun yi tsokaci a rubuce-rubucensu da suka shafi rikici da sasantawa. Sasantawa wata hanya ce ta samar da maslaha a kan wani rikici tsakanin ɓangarori biyu. Rikicin kuwa na iya kasancewa wanda ya shafi mutum ko kuɗi ko kuma siyasa. Duk lokacin da wani rikici ya taso, hanya mafi dacewa na warware shi shi ne sasantawa.[8]

A Ƙamusun Hausa (2006), sasantawa shi ne: “Shiga tsakanin masu husuma biyu, ko kuma sulhu.”[9] A cikin Ƙamusun Oɗford (bugu na bakwai) an kawo ma’anar sasantawa da cewa: “Yanayi ne na warware ko daidaita matsala, jayayya, da sauransu.”[10] Balarabe (2013) ya kawo ma’anar sasantawa da cewa, sasanta jayayya ko taƙaddama, ko kuma yayyafa ruwa, ko daƙushe kowane irin nau’in rikici.[11] Sasantawa shi ne shiga tsakani da nufin kawar da ko kawo ƙarshen husuma ta hanyar tattaunawa.[12] Gulbi (2016) ya kira sasantawa da sulhu, wanda ya ƙunshi duk wata hanyar tattaunawa da za a yi amfani da ita domin shawo kan wata matsalar yaƙi ko tarzoma ko bijirewa ko tawaye tsakanin masu jayayya da nufin samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗoewa.[13]

Idan aka rairaye waɗannan ma’anoni sarai, za a ga dukkansu bori ɗaya suke yi wa tsafi, wato kowanensu ya kalli sasantawa da warware rikici ta hanyar siyasa ba tare da kai ruwa rana ba. A nawa tunani, sasantawa wata dabara ce ta warware ko kawo ƙarshen wani rikici, ko kawo ƙarshen duk wata matsala da ta shiga tsakanin wasu mutane ko ƙabilu ko addinai ko ƙasa da ƙasa cikin ruwan sanyi ba tare da an ɗauki artabu ba.

7.0 DALILAN SASANTAWA A TUNANIN BAHAUSHE

Al’ada muhimmin al’amari ne a kowace irin al’umma. Bunza (2013) yana cewa,

Ci gaban al’umma yakan dogara ne ga riƙon al’adunta na gado. A tsarin dokokin al’adu na Nijeriya an ce, al’ada ita ce tarsashin hanyoyin rayuwar mutane na yunƙure-yunƙurensu wajen tunkarar abubuwan da ke yi wa rayuwarsu barazana, wanda zai fassara rayuwar jin daɗinsu, siyasarsu, zamantakewarsu, tattalin arzikinsu, sha’awarsu, addininsu, da ɗabi’u ko halayensu, tsare-tsarensu da shirye-shiryensu waɗanda za su bambanta su da wasu ba su ba.[14]

Babu shakka, duk wani abu da aka gudanar ko ake gudanarwa a rayuwa akwai dalilin gudanar da shi, ko an san shi, ko ba a sani ba. A duk lokacin da maganar sasantawa ta taso, akwai wani al’amari da ya auku tsakanin ɓangarori biyu na rashin jituwa da ke ƙoƙarin hana ruwa gudu tsakaninsu. Dalilan da ke kawo maganar sasantawa a tunanin Hausawa suna da yawa: Ga bayanin wasu daga ciki:

7.1 HANA AUKUWAN RIKICI/KAWO ƘARSHEN RIKICI

Sau da yawa idan aka hango rikici na ƙoƙarin kunno kai tsakanin wasu mutane ko tsakanin ƙabilu ko addinai ko ɗasa da ƙasa, akan yi ƙoƙarin daƙile shi ta hanyar hawa teburin sasantawa tun bai kai ga munana ba. Masana da dama suna da ra’ayin cewa, sasantawa ita ce hanya mafi dacewa a yi amfani da ita domin kawo ƙarshen kowane irin rikici. Idan aka hangi rikici na kunno kai ba a samu nasarar daƙile shi ba har ya kai ga bayyana, al’amurra suka cakuɗe, aka rasa gaba da baya, daga nan ne za a fara tunanin a zauna sasantawa domin warware matsalar. A lokuta da dama, rikici kan auku har a kai ga zubar da jini da hasaran dukiya domin huce haushi ko ƙwato ‘yanci, amma hakan ya kasa samuwa, a ƙarshe sai ka ga an fara kira zuwa ga teburin sasantawa. Saboda haka, maganar sasantawa kan taso ne a duk lokacin da aka hango rikici na son ɓallewa ko kuma idan ya riga ya auku.

7.2 SAɓANIN FAHIMTA

Da yawa daga cikin rikice-rikicen da ke aukuwa a ƙasar Hausa musamman rikicin addini (Musulunci) da ke yawan aukuwa tsakanin mabiyansa (Hausawa), saɓanin fahimta ke kawo su. A nassi ɗaya sai wani ɓangare ya kalle shi ta wata fuska, a yayin da wani ɓangare zai fassara shi da wata fahimta ta daban. Fahimtar “Boko Haram” a kan nassoshin da suka ambaci jihadi da hijira da kafa hukumar Musulunci dole a sake bitar su. A gurguwar fahimtarsu, karatun Boko bai halatta ga Musulmi ba, don haka tilas a jingine shi, wanda suna da tabbacin ba abu ne mai yiyuwa ba, kuma bai ci karo da karantarwar Addinin Musulunci ba kamar yadda Malamai suke bayyanawa. Rikicin ƙungiyoyin Izala da Ɗariƙa da Shi’a da ke yawan faruwa a ƙasar Hausa babban misali ne da ke aukuwa a sakamakon saɓanin fahimta tsakaninsu. Irin wannan yanayi kan haifar da cece-ku-ce da haddasa husuma tsakanin ɓangarorin, har wani lokaci a kai ga yin artabu. Saboda haka, a duk lokacin da aka ga irin wannan matsala ta kunno kai gadan-gadan, daga nan buƙatar sasantawa za ta taso domin warware matsalar.

Baya ga saɓanin fahimta, akwai wani saɓani da kan auku tsakanin mutane kamar tsakanin aboki da aboki ko tsakanin mata da miji ko tsakanin ɗa da mahaifi ko tsakanin maigida da yaro ko tsakanin talakawa da masu mulki, wanda a lokuta da dama kan lalata dangantakar da aka jima da ginawa. Saɓani kan haifar da mutuwar aure, ko raba abokantakar tun yaranta zuwa girma, ko kawo ƙarshen hulɗar zamantakewar maigida da yaronsa, ko yanke zumunta tsakanin ‘yan’uwa. Idan irin haka ya auku, akwai buƙatar sasantawa domin dawo da dangantakar da ta salwanta, a ci gaba da rayuwa kamar yadda aka saba.

7.3 RASHIN CIKA ALKAWALI/KARYA YARJEJENIYA

“Kyawon alkawali cikawa” kuma “Dattijo ba ya magana biyu”. A addinance, an yi horo da cika alkawali, rashin cika shi alama ce ta munafunci. Rashin cika alkawali/yarjejeniya babbar musiba ce da ke haddasa fitina da lalata zamantakewa. Duk lokacin da ɓangarori biyu suka ƙulla wata yarjejeniya ko alkawali, fitina na iya ɓarkewa idan ɓangare ɗaya ya saɓa, dangantakar da ke tsakani na iya lalacewa. Rikicin Boko Haram da ya ƙi ƙarewa a yau, rashin cika alkawali da rashin mutunta yarjejeniyar da aka ƙulla na daga cikin dalilan faruwar hakan. Yana da kyau a sake duba yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da aka ƙulla tsakanin Boko Haram da Hukuma. Kwamitocin da aka naɗa, waɗanne alkawulla suka yi da Boko Haram? A sake duba wa ya saɓa? Me ya sa ya saɓa? Yaya za a yi a cika alkawullan da aka ƙulla? Madalla da musayar fursunoni da aka fara yi tsakanin Boko Haram da Hukuma domin zai taimaka wajen warware taƙaddamar da ke tsakani. A ƙasashen duniya ma akan gudanar da musayar fursunoni a ƙoƙarin warware husuma. Saboda haka, kamata ya yi Hukuma da Boko Haram a zauna a sake bitar sauran alkawulla da yarjejeniyoyin da aka ƙulla, a mutunta su don kawo ƙarshen matsalar.

7.4 YAUDARA/HA’INCI

Yaudara ko ha’inci ɗabi’u ne marasa kyau da sukan gudana tsakanin mutane ko ƙasashe. Galibi yaudara ko ha’inci nau’o’i ne na cin amanar zamantakewa. Ɗabi’u ne masu haddasa ruɗani da raba kawunan mutane. Mutane da dama ba su cika bar wa Allah ba yayin da aka yaudare su, sukan ɗauki alwashin ɗaukar fansa ko ta halin ƙaƙa domin ramuwar gayya. Idan aka fahimci irin haka na son faruwa, akan yi ruwa da tsaki na ganin an sasanta masu husumar kafin a kai ga ɗanyen aiki.

8.0 DABARUN SASANTAWA A TUNANIN BAHAUSHE

Wasu masana na ganin hanyoyin sasantawa kan bambanta sakamakon nau’in husuma ko ƙumshiyarta ko tarihinta ko al’adun masu husumar.[15] Godwin 2009 ya ƙara da cewa, ana amfani da tanadin al’ada da koyarwar addini wajen sasantawa. Ya bayyana cewa, a addinin Musulunci, duk husumar da ta faru tsakanin ɓangarori biyu akan sasanta ta bisa tanadin Addinin Musulunci. Haka ma yake a addinin Kirista. Hanyoyin sasantawa na gama gari da Malamin ya kawo sun haɗa da yin yarjejeniya, da samun mai sasantawa, da samun wakilan masu husuma, da sa hannun masu shari’a da masu ruwa da tsaki a kan sasanta husuma. Hausawa na cewa: “Zo mu zauna zo mu saɓa”. Babu wata al’umma da ke rayuwa a doron ƙasa da ba a samun matsala a zamantakewar yau da kullum. To sai dai idan matsala ta auku, akan yi ƙoƙarin sasantawa domin ci gaba da rayuwa cikin lumana. Al’adar Hausawa ba ta rage komai dangane da wani abu da ya shafi rayuwarta ba. Akwai tanadi na musamman da al’da ta yi domin sasanta duk wata fitina da ta kunno kai take ƙoƙarin kawar da zaman lafiya daga shimfiɗar da aka yi mata. Daga cikin dabaru ko hanyoyin sasanta husuma sun haɗa da:

8.1 SAMAR DA MASU SASANTAWA

Abu na farko da ya zama wajibi a samu domin sasanta husuma shi ne masu sasantawa, wato waɗanda za su shiga tsakanin masu husuma su daidaita al’amurra. Al’adar Hausawa ta yi tanadin mutane na musamman da ta ɗora wa alhakin sasanta duk wata husuma da ta taso a cikin al’ummarta. A irin fitina ta Boko Haram, malaman addini na kowane ɓangare na kowace aƙida sai sun sa baki. Tilas a nemo wasu malamansu a yi zama da su. Matuƙar babu malamansu ciki, komai aka ƙulla dole ya kwance. Kure ne babba malaman gwamnati su yi ale-ale a ciki a samu nasara. A da, da gwamnati suke yaƙi, malamin gwamnati kuwa ɗan gwamnati ne. Don haka, dole a samu malamai ‘yan ba ruwanmu su shiga tsakanin sasantawar.

8.2 SAURAREN MASU HUSUMA

Saurare ba zai yiwu ba sai an zauna da kowa da kowa. Ba za a yi saurare yau a yi sulhu yau ba, domin ba a fafe gora ranar tafiya. Bayan an saurara sai a tsayar da yaƙi je a yi tunanin ranar mayar da gami. Bahaushe ya yi imani da cewa, karen duk da ya yi kora shi ke gwajin hanya. Wanda ya tayar da ƙayar baya shi zai amayo ƙorafe-ƙorafensa, wanda ake yi wa tawaye ya kare kansa. Idan aka saurara da kunnen basira, dole a ga wurin da salka ka tsatsa. A sake tunanin yin haka da Boko Haram dare bai yi ba.

8.3 YARJEJENIYA

Bayan an yi saurare, sai maganar yarjejeniya. A lokacin da za a yi yarjejeniya tsakanin masu husuma babu wanda zai samu yadda yake so ɗari bisa ɗari. Dole kowane ɓangare ya sassauto da buƙatunsa a haɗu tsakiya domin a samu maslaha. Bayan an yi yarjejeniya an samu haɗin kan masu husuma, abu na gaba shi ne sa ido wajen ganin an mutunta yarjejeniyar ba tare da karya shi ba. Samun haka shi zai sa a ga bayan husumar. Wannan ya tabbata a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu Rufa’i wanda ya kawo ƙarshen hare-haren da ake kai wa juna tsakanin Sakkwato da Kabi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sulhu da Sarkin Kabi Toga (1860-1863). Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu ya kuma ƙulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Sarkin Gobir Ibrahim ɗan Ali. Shi ma wanda ya gadi Ibrahim ɗan Ali ya sake ƙulla kyakkywar hulɗa ta zaman lafiya da Sarkin Musulmi Umaru da Abdurrahman.[16]

8.4 TSAGAITA WUTA

Bayan an samar da yarjejeniya, sai a tsagaita wuta. Idan aka samu tsagaitawar wuta, zaman lafiya ne zai biyo baya. Sasantawa ba zai yiwu cikin ruwan harsasai da bamabamai ba. Dole sai an sarara amon wuta domin mutunta yarjejeniyar da aka cim ma. Duk wani rikici da ke aukuwa, tun daga rikicin auratayya da na addini da na ƙabilanci da na kasuwanci ko sarauta ko na makiyaya da manoma a ƙasar Hausa, ana buƙatar jingine makamai a yayin da ake shirin sasantawa. Hakan zai sa a samu nasarar sasantawar, domin a lokacin zukata sun fara sanyi, alwashin ɗaukar fansa ya yi rauni, ƙurar da ta rufe zuciya ta fara yayewa. Dubi yadda tsagaita wutar yaƙi tsakanin daular Usmaniyya a lokacin Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu Rufa’i da daular Kabi a lokacin Sarkin Kabi Toga wanda aka kira “Lafiyar Toga” wanda ya ba da kyakkyawar yanayi, da ƙulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin daulolin biyu.[17]

9.0 SASANTA RIKICIN BOKO HARAM A BAHAUSHEN TUNANI

Kowace al’umma ta duniya da irin matsalar da ke ci mata tuwo a ƙwarya, sai dai ba za a ce an kasa shawo kanta ba sai dai idan ba a yi amfani da dabarun da suka dace wajen warware ta ba. A tarihin rikicin duniya, an yi yaƙin duniya na farko da na biyu kuma an wayi gari sai dai a ba da tarihinsu. A gida Nijeriya an yi fama da yaƙin Biyafara da rikicin Maitatsine, amma duk an ga bayansu. Rikicin Boko Haram da ya zama ƙadangaren bakin tulu a yau za a iya ganin bayansa matuƙar an jaraba amfani da waɗannan matakai:

9.1 SULHU

Sulhu shi ne tattaunawa cikin hikima tsakanin ɓangarori biyu ko ƙasashe biyu musamman domin warware matsala ko kawo ƙarshen rikici.[18] Sulhu shi ne sasantawa ko shirya tsakanin wani da wani.[19] Sulhu wata hanya ce ta tattaunawa domin warware wata matsala tsakanin mutum da mutum. Misali, akan sasanta tsakanin mata da miji idan wata matsala ta faru, ko tsakanin aboki da aboki ko maigida da yaronsa ko maƙwabci da maƙwabci ko al’umma da al’umma.[20] Saboda haka ana iya cewa, sulhu shi ne sasanta husuma da ta wanzu tsakanin wasu mutane ko ƙasashe domin warware husumar. Sulhu wani babban makami ne da ya kamata a yi amfani da shi wajen shawo kan rikicin Boko Haram a Nijeriya. Kamata ya yi a nemi wakilan wannan ƙungiya da wakilan gwamnati a zauna teburin sasantawa a ji cikakken manufofin ƙungiyar da buƙatocinsu, sa’annan a nemi mafita.

Bayanai sun nuna an sha yin farfagandar zaunawa sulhu amma ba a ba shi muhimmancin da ya dace ba. A cikin shekarar 2016 ƙungiyar ta sako wasu daga cikin ‘yan matan Chibok da ta kama fiye da shekara biyu wanda mutane ke ganin musayar fursunoni ne aka yi da ‘yan ƙungiyar aka saki wasu kwamandodinsu. Sai dai gwamnati ta ƙaryata cewa ta saki wasu ‘ya’yan ƙungiyar a madadin ‘yan matan na Chibok. Rashin yin sulhu da Boko Haram tun lokacin da suka kunno kai aka so a yi amfani da ƙarfin bindiga don murƙushe su, shi ya kawo halin da muke ciki a yau. Babu tsananin bala’in yaƙi da hasaran rayuwa da dukiya da za ta hana a hau kujerar sulhu da abokan fafatawa. Dole mu jingine bambance-bambancen kowane irin addini mu zauna da abokan yaƙi mu kai ƙarshen wannan musiba. Rashin ba sulhu muhimmanci takkwalci ne ga shugaba, daƙiƙanci ne ga hukuma, dambala ce ga abokan yaƙi, hauka ce ga mutanen ƙasa, jahilci ne ga ma’ilmanta. Babu ƙasar da ba a yi yaƙi ba, babu ƙasar da ba a yi sulhu ba. A duk duniyar da ake yaƙi, idan an zauna sulhu ba a karanto ƙazantaccen tarihin da ya gabata.[21] Masu ganin rikicin Boko Haram ba ya buƙatar sulhu marasa tunani ne, maƙiya ne masu son ganin Arewa ta durƙushe. Dubi tarihin gabar da ke tsakanin Sakkwato da Kabi wanda aka sha ɗauki-ba-daɗi, daga bisani aka ƙulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka kira “Lafiyar Toga” a lokacin Sarkin Kabi Toga. Wannan mataki ya taimaka wajen samun zaman lafiya tsakaninsu.[22]

9.2 AMFANI DA MALAMAN ADDINI

A duk lokacin da al’amurra suka dagule, Malaman addini ne kan gaba wajen daidaita su. A al’adar Hausawa, duk lokacin da wata matsala ta kunno kai mai nasaba da addini, malamai ake sawa gaba don shawo kansa. Malaman addinin Musulunci na da rawar da za su taka wajen shawo kan matsalar Boko Haram, ganin cewa ‘yan ƙungiyar suna farfagandar kafa daular Musulunci ne. Saboda haka, dole gwamnati ta sanya su cikin waɗanda za su jagoranci tattaunawar sulhu da ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram. Haka ma, akwai buƙatar Malaman su riƙa wayar da kan mutane dangane da illolin ƙungiyar, da kuma yadda da’awar ƙungiyar ta yi hannun riga da koyarwar addinin Musulunci.

9.3 SAMAR WA ‘YAN ƘUNGIYAR BOKO HARAM MUHALLI A CIKIN HUKUMA

A duk lokacin da wani ke ƙoƙarin hamɓarewa daga cikin jama’a saboda wata fahimta tasa, kamata ya yi a sa hikima a jawo shi a tafi tare da shi. Idan ma akwai shugabanci, a sa shi cikin ‘yan majalisa. Abin nufi shi ne, duk ‘ya’yan ƙungiyar da suka ajiye makamai a yi ƙoƙarin samar musu aikin yi a cikin gwamnati, sauran waɗanda ba su aje makaman ba a yi musu alkawalin ba su aiki a cikin hukuma. Dalili kuwa shi ne, da yawa daga cikin ‘yan ƙungiyar sun shige ta ne saboda talauci da rashin aikin yi da za su iya dogara da kansu, sai aka yi amfani da kuɗin da ba su taka kara ba aka ja ra’ayinsu. Da gwamnatin 2015 za ta yi wa Boko Haram kamar yadda gwamnatin ‘Yar’adua ta yi wa tsagerun Neja Delta na yi musu afuwa da samar musu ayyukan yi, wataƙila a kawo ƙarshen rikicin. Rashin aikin yi babbar musiba ce a cikin al’umma, domin zai iya jefa mutane hanya mara ɓullewa, su shiga fashi da makami ko ƙungiyoyin aisiri ko na tsafi ko ta’addanci irin Boko Haram.

A duk inda ɗan adawa ko tawaye yake, jawo shi kusa ake yi a tafi tare. Dubi yadda Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu ɗan Atiku ya yi da Sulluɓawa na kawo ƙarshen gabar da ke tsakaninsu, ya jawo su a jiki kusa da mulkinsa har ya shawo kansu suka riƙa bin doka da umurni, shi kuma yana kula da rayuka da dukiyoyinsu a kowane lokaci.[23] A siyasar ƙasar nan ma, bayan an ci zaɓe akan nemi ‘yan adawa su taho a haɗa kai domin ciyar da ƙasa gaba kamar dai yadda ya faru a siyasar NPN da GNPP a wancan lokaci da dai sauransu.

9.4 AURATAYYA TSAKANIN BOKO HARAM DA WASU

Aure na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da da ke ƙulla zumunta da mayar da mutane abu ɗaya da ƙulla hulɗa ta arziki tsakanin wannan ƙabila da waccan. Ƙulla auratayya tsakanin ’yan ƙungiyar Boko Haram da wasu ko da zauna gari banza ne (mata masu zaman kansu), zai sa a sami kyakkyawar dangantaka, za a iya samun asirransu, da maɓoyarsu, da waɗanda ke ba su gudunmuwa da ɗaure musu gindi. Wannan ya tabbata a lokacin da wasu daga cikin ‘yan matan Chibok suka kuɓuta daga hannun Boko Haram, inda ake samun bayanan sirrin ƙungiyar a wajensu. Sarkin Gulbi 2016 ya bayyana cewa, auratayya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawar da gaba da wutar rikici tsakanin Fulani da Kabawa. Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu ɗan Atiku ya yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen gabar da ke tsakanin Sulluɓawa da daular Usmaniyya ta hanyar auratayya, inda ya ba da auren wata ƙanwarsa ga Arɗon Sulluɓawa Muhammadu Inna. A sakamakon wannan aure ne ɗan da suka haifa ya zama Arɗo. Shi ma Sarkin Gobir ɗan Halima ya ba Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu ƙanwarsa aure, don dai a sami sulhun zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa.[24]

9.5 TSAGAITA WUTAR YAƙI

A duk lokacin da ake son kawo ƙarshen wata fitina ko yaƙi tsakanin ɓangarori biyu, dole a tsagaita wuta a daina kai wa juna farmaki. Yin haka zai sa a sami damar zaunawa teburin sulhu domin magance matsalar. Bunza 2015 ya bayyana cewa, tsagaita wuta hanya ce ta kawo ƙarshen yaƙi tsakanin masu husuma, domin daular Usmaniyya ta aminta da tsagaita wuta tsakaninta da daular Kabi a zamanin Sarkin Kabi Toga 1860-1863 shekaru biyu bayan da Sarki Toga ya hau kujerar mulkin Kabi. Saboda haka, idan ana son ganin bayan matsalar Boko Haram dole a kafa yarjejeniyar tsagaita ruwan wuta tskanin ‘yan ƙungiyar da gwamnati, kowa ya mayar da wuƙarsa a kube, a zauna a yi sulhu ba na cin amana da yaudarar juna ba. Kada ana cikin sulhu ana yaƙi. Kada a kira sulhu a kashe ko a kama abokan sulhu. Kada abokan sulhu su zo da yaƙi a duƙunce matuƙar ana son cin gajiyar sulhun.

9.6 SAMAR DA NAGARTACCEN TSARO

A duk lokacin da aka hangi zaman lafiya a gudane, yana neman ceto ko mafaka, to rashin tsaro ya koro shi.[25] Tsaro shi ne tabbatar da abubuwan da ke wanzar da zaman lafiya, a dinga kiwonsu, da kula da su, da ba su muhimmanci a hukumance da ɗaiɗaice. Asalin kalmar tsaro daga “tsari” ne. Abin da aka tsare yana ɗaukar ma’ana biyu. Na farko a hana masa motsi da zuwa ko’ina; Na biyu a kiyaye shi da hana duk wani abin da ake ƙyama kar ya same shi. Idan ana buƙatar kawo ƙarshen ƙungiyar Boko Haram, tilas a yi tankaɗe da rairaya ga jami’an tsaron ƙasar nan, a zubar da ɓara-gurbi, sannan a ƙara yawansu, a ba su makamai isassu. Waɗannan matakai na amfani da isassun barade, da isassun kayan artabu, da baza barade masu kula da muhimman wurare, da kuma amfani da siddabaru, da su ne daular Kabi ta yi amfani domin samar da tsaro a zamanin yaƙe-yaƙe don kare kanta daga maƙiya.[26] Saboda haka, ya kamata a jarraba dabarun Kabawa da ma na sauran ƙasashen Hausa domin shawo kan matsalar Boko Haram.

9.7 MAYAR DA ‘’YAYAN ƘUNGIYAR A MUHALLINSU

A cikin shekarar 2016 ne aka sami wasu ‘ya’yan ƙungiyar Boko Haram da suka aje makamai, suka ba da kai bori ya hau. Idan so samu ne sai a yi musu afuwa a yafe musu tun da sun yi nadama, kamar dai yadda aka yi wa tsagerun Neja Delta a can baya. Idan aka samu haka, sai a kwashe su a mayar da su garuruwansu a kyautata shi, a saki tubabbinsu, a ba su ayyukan yi domin sake sabon rayuwa mai tsafta. Ba mamaki wannan gatanci ya jawo hankalin sauran da ba su tuba ba, su ma su jingine nasu makaman su bi sahun ‘yan’uwansu.

10.0 SAKAMAKON BINCIKE

Wannan bincike ya gano cewa, Boko Haram ba ƙungiya ce ta addinin Musulunci ba kamar yadda take iƙirari, ko yadda wasu ke kallon ta. Wannan ya tabbata idan aka yi la’akari da yadda suke kai wa Musulmi hari a Masallatai da wuraren ibada. Haka ma an sha kama ‘ya’yan ƙungiyar waɗanda masu bincike suka tabbatar da Kirista ne ba Musulmi ba. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa, rashin ba sulhu muhimmancin da ya kamata ya sa har yau aka kasa kawo ƙarshen rikicin, domin a shekarar 2012 an kafa kwamitin sasantawa a ɓangaren gwamnati da suka haɗa da shugaban ƙasan yanzu wato Muhammadu Buhari da Shatima Ali Monguno da Sanata Bukar Abba Ibrahim da Jakada Gaji Galtimari da Barista A’isha Alƙali Wakili da mijinta Alƙali wakili. Ɓangaren ‘yan Boko Haram akwai Abdul’azeez da Abu Abbas da sheikh Ibrahim Yusuf da sheikh Sani Kontagora da kuma Mamman Nur wanda ake zargi da dasa bam a ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke Abuja, amma aka kasa aiwatar da komai.

Binciken ya fahimci azabar da jami’an tsaro na sojoji da ‘yansanda da na farin kaya suke gwada wa kamammu waɗanda ake tuhuma (‘yan Boko Haram) shi ke hana wa abokan arangama amincewa da sulhu. Shi ke sa su fito su yi ƙunar baƙin wake a mutu har liman. Shi ke sa ‘yan’uwansu na jini su tausaya musu har su shiga tunanin shigar musu komi taka zama ta zama. Shi ke sa su ɗaura wa kansu bam ko su ɗaura wa ‘ya’yansu domin sun san in aka kama su ba adalci da tausayawa za a yi ba. Shi ke haifar da bi-ta-da-ƙulli ko wakilin tsaro ya yi ritaya ba za su yafe masa ba. Shi ke sa su kama yaranmu su yi garkuwa da su. Shi ke sa ba su da ranar ajiye makamai har sai an ƙare su ko sun ƙare mu. Kamata ya yi idan an kama su a hannunta su ga shari’a don bincike da hukunta su daidai da laifin da suka aikata. Har wa yau, binciken ya tabbatar da cewa, ƙungiyar Boko Haram ƙungiya ce kawai ta ta’addanci kamar yadda binciken ya kalato ra’ayoyin masana daban-daban. Ba shakka ƙungiyar na da ɗaurin gindin wasu mutane idan aka yi la’akari da yadda suke samun makamai da abinci da sauran abubuwan buƙatan rayuwa, shi ya sa har yanzu ba su lafa ba. A ƙarshe, binciken ya fito da tunanin Bahaushe na warware husuma domin a jarraba amfani da su ga rikicin Boko Haram, domin Hausawa sun ce: “Magani sai da gwaji”.

11.0 NAƊEWA

Duk wata hanya ko dabarar ci gaban rayuwar ɗan Adam sharaɗinta samun zaman lafiya. Sasantawa babban al’amari ne da ya kamata mutane su ɗauka a matsayin makamin warware kowane irin rikici. Rashin ba sulhu muhimmanci ga kowace irin matsala babban kuskure ne ga mahukunta da talakawa. Rikicin Boko Haram matsala ce da ya kamata gwamnati ta yi amfanin da makamin sasantawa domin kawo ƙarshensa. Lokuta da dama ƙungiyar kan ba da ƙofar zaunawa teburin sasantawa, sai dai ba a ɗauki lamarin da muhimmanci ba. A watan Agustan shekarar 2016 ne ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ta sake buɗe kafar sasantawa ta musayar fursunoni na ‘ya’yan ƙungiyarsu da ke hannun gwamnatin Nijeriya da ‘yan matan Chibok da ke hannunsu tun a shekarar 2014. A kwanakin baya ne kakakin shugaban Nijeriya Garba Shehu ya ce, ƙungiyarta ce shirye take ta tattauna da gwamnati idan tana so don sake sako ‘yan matan na Cibok 83. To sai dai ministan yaɗa labarai Lai Mohammed ya musanta labarin da ke cewa musayar fursunoni gwamnati ta yi da Boko Haram. Ya ce, Boko Haram sun sako ‘yan matan ne don nuna wa gwamnati cewa shirye suke su tattauna da ita don sako sauran ‘yan matan da ke hannunsu. Wannan ya nuna idan aka zauna teburin sulhu za a iya warware rikicin.

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[1] Daga shafin Intanet na www.naijajist.com

[2] Tattaunawar da gidan rediyon BBC Ingilishi ya yi da shugaban ƙungiyar Boko Haram na farko, Muhammadu Yusuf kafin a kashe shi a shekarar 2009 a watan Agustan shekarar 2008, daga shafin www.nairaland.com

[3] Domin ƙarin bayani, a dubi Jaridar Aminiya ta ranar 7 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2013, shafi na 2.

[4] Bayanin kafar yaɗa labarai na BBC Hausa a kan faifan bidiyon da ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta fitar na tsawon minti biyar a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2014.

[5] Rahoton da kafar yaɗa labarai na BBC Hausa ta bayyana a kan ci gaba da rikicin Boko Haram a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015.

[6] Hirar da Jaridar Aminiya ta yi da Naja’atu Muhammad a kan rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a Arewacin Nijeriya musamman rikicin Boko Haram, a ranar 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2013, shafi na 18.

[7] Hirar da Jaridar Aminiya ta yi da Sheikh Umar Farouk a ranar 28 ga Agustan shekarar 2013, shafi na 32.

[8] https:/en.m.wikipedia.org

[9] Ƙamusun Hausa, wallafar Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Bayero, Kano, shafi na 393.

[10] Oɗford Adɓanced Leaners’ Dictionary, Seɓenth Edition, shafi na 1244.

[11]Balarabe, I. 2013 “Third party mediation in conflict management and resolution” a cikin Kanta Journal of General Studies Maiden Edition.

[12] www.businessdictionary.com

[13] Gulbi, A.S. 2016, “Sulhu a Gargajiyance: Darasi daga Daular Sakkwato da Kabi” Takardar da aka gabatar a taron ƙara wa juna sani na ƙasa da Tsangayar Fasaha da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci ta Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo Sakkwato ta shirya.

[14] Aliyu Muhammad Bunza 2013, “Makamin Dimokuraɗiyya a Falsafar Al’ada” Takardar da aka gabatar a taron ƙara wa juna sani na ƙasa na farko a kan Harshe, Adabi da Al’adun Hausawa da Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Bayero Kano ta shirya.

[15] Onu, G. 2009:89, “The Methods of Conflict Resolution and Transformation” in Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: A Reader. Edited by Miriam Ikejiani-Clark. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.

[16] Last, M. 2009:179. Daular Sakkwato. Fassarar A.M. Bunza da wasu, wallafar Hukumar Fassara, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

[17] Dubi lamba ta 9 na wannan takarda, shafi na 180.

[18] Dubi lamba ta 3 na wannan takarda, shafi na 403.

[19] Dubi lamba ta 2 na wannan takarda, shafi na 400.

[20] Onuoha, J. 2009, “Negotiation and Mediation Process” in Peace Studies and Conflict Reoslution in Nigeria: A Reader. University of Nigeria Nssuka. A cikin Abdullahi Sarkin Gulbi 2016.

[21] Bunza, A.M. 2015, “Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro a Daular Musulunci ta Sakkwato: Abin Koyi ga Shugabannin Zamaninmu”. Takardar da aka gabatar a taron yini ɗaya da Centre for Intellectual Serɓices on Sokoto Caliphate ta shirya na faɗakarwa a kan muhimmancin tsaro da zaman lafiya.

[22] Dubi lamba ta 21 na wannan takarda don ƙarin bayani.

[23] Dubi lamba ta 9 na wannan takarda don ƙarin bayani.

[24] Dubi lamba ta 6 na wannan takarda don ƙarin bayani.

[25] Dubi lamba ta 3 na wannan takarda don ƙarin bayani.

[26] Aminu, N. 2016. “Tanadin Tsaro a Tunanin Kabawa: Gudummawa ga Nijeriyarmu ta Yau”. Takardar da aka gabatar a taron ƙara wa juna sani na ƙasa karo na farko da Tsangayar Fasaha da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci ta Jami’ar Usamnu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato ta shirya.