Nazarin Salon Hoton Gurbi Da Aiwatarwa a Labarin Bakin Kishina Muhammad Lawan Barista

Citation: Abubakar Barde Kukuri & Adamu Ago Saleh (2017). Nazarin Salon Hoton Gurbi Da Aiwatarwa A Labarin Baƙin Kishina Muhammad Lawan Barista. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 5. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

NAZARIN SALON HOTON GURBI DA AIWATARWA A LABARIN BAƘIN KISHINA MUHAMMAD LAWAN BARISTA

Daga

Abubakar Barde Kukuri

Da

Adamu Ago Saleh

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to examine how the author of Baƙin Kishi employs the stylistic devices of scene description and performance and how the characters were used to achieve the aim of the book. The paper begins with brief explanation on the theme of the book, thereafter; the theoretical framework (Mukhtar, 2004) was applied. The paper conludes with the analsysis on the occurances of the two stylistic devices where it was found that, the writer uses scene description and action simultaneously in some instances while in other places seperates them.

TSAKURE

Manufar wannan takarda ce ta nazarci yadda marubucin labarin Baƙin Kishi ya yi amfani da salo da dabarar ƙulla zance ta hanyar zayyana hoton gurbi a cikin labarin da kuma yadda ake amfani da taurari su aiwatar da ita wajen isar da saƙon labarin. Takardar ta fara da yin taƙaitaccen tsokaci kan labarin Baƙin Kishi, sannan ta waiwaici ra’in Dabarun Bayar da Labarin na Mukhar (2004). An fito da hoton gurbi da kuma aiwatarwa da ke cikin labarin, kana aka ƙalailaice su inda aka gano cewa, marubucin labarin kan kawo hoton gurbi da aiwatarwa a lokaci guda, a wusu lokuta kuma yakan raba su.

1.0 GABATARWA

Mukhtar (2004: 34-43) ya bayyana hanyoyin ruwaita labari a cikin littattafan ƙagaggun labarai na Hausa. Kamar yadda ya nuna, marubuci kan iya bayar da labari kai tsaye ko kuma ya yi amfani da wasu daga cikin taurarin labarin, ko ma ya sami wani daga bayan fage. A irin bayar da waɗannan labarai ne, ake samun bayyanar wuraren da wasu abubuwa suke aukowa; ko ma bayyana yanayinwuri, wanda yin haka yana taimakawa wajen zaburar da mai karatu jin shauƙi da annashuwa yayin karantawa.Wannan takarda za a nazarci yadda marubucin labarin Baƙin Kishi ya yi amfani da hoton gurbi da aiwatarwa ya isar da saƙon littafinsa. Za a fara da yin bayani a kan hoton gurbi da aiwatarwa, sannan taƙaitaccen sharhi kan labarin, daga ƙarshe a zaƙulowaɗannan dabaru a cikin labarin.

1.1 HOTON GURBI

Mukhtar (2001:152)ya bayyana Hoton Gurbi da cewa:

“Hoton gurbi na nufin wuri da wani abu ya faru ko zai faru cikin labari. Misali a gindin wata bishiya marubucin ya yi ta kawo bayanin hoton yadda gindin bishiyar yake ko kuma bayanin hoton ƙofar wani gida a cikin labari ko kuma cikin gidan da dai sauransu”.

Shi kuwa Yahaya (2004:84) cewa ya yi:

“Hoton gurbi kuwa yana bayyana taswirar wurin da wani abu ya faru ko zi faru a cikin littattafan ƙagaggun labarai na Hausa”

Wannan ya nuna cewa hoton gurbi kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, ƙoƙarin nuna shatice ta wani wuri da wani abu ya faru ko kuma ake tsammanin faruwarsa. Haka zalika shi ma hoton gurbi a cikin littattafan ƙagaggun labarai yana nufin dukkan wurare da aka bayyana faruwa ko kuma tsammanin faruwar wani abu a wani kafaffen wuri.

1.2 MA’ANAR AIWATARWA

Kamar dai hoton gurbi, aiwatarwa ma Mukhtar(2001:152) ya bayyana fahimtarsa da cewa:

“Ita ce ainihin yadda tauraro ya aikata wani abu, misali inda Ganɗoki yake bayyana yadda yake aiwatar da yaƙi a cikin labarin. Misali ya ce na buɗe takobi, na zaburi dokina na ce maza bisa kanku”.

Yahaya (2014:69) kuwa, ƙarawa ya yi da cewa, “..., aiwatarwa hanya ce ta yin wani abu ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi ko tasiri”.

Bisa bayanan da suka gabata za a iya cewa, aiwatarwa a cikin ƙagaggun labarai na Hausa na nufin yadda taurarin cikin labari suka aikata wani abu. Shi kuma Hoton gurbi a iya cewa duk wani wuri ko wata da’irar da wani abu ya wakana ko zai wakana cikin ƙagaggun labaran Hausa. Wannan dabara ta ƙulla zance cikin labari da mawallafa ƙagaggun labarai suke amfani da ita tana da tasiri ƙwarai da gaske, domin tana ƙara wa mai karatu azamar sanin abubuwan da za su faru a shafuka na gaba na littafin da yake karantawa.

1.3 LABARIN BAƘIN KISHI

Baƙin Kishi labari ne a kan wani magidanci mai suna Alhaji Basiru da matarsa Hajiya Ruƙayya. Sun kasance suna rayuwa ta jindaɗi ba tare da ana jin kansu ba. Kwatsam wata rana sai mai gidan ya sanar da matarsa cewa zai ƙara aure. Wannan zance ya haifar da rashin jituwa a tsakaninsu matuƙagaya. Yai ta mata nasiha amma ba ta gamsu ba.Shi kuwa Alh.Basiru ya auro amaryarsa mai suna Zainab. Wannan abu ya baƙantawa Haj. Ruƙayya rai. Ana cikin wannan hali, sai ƙawarta Baraka ta ziyarce ta, ta kuma fahimci halin da take ci. Da yake masu iya magana kan ce, “Abokin kuka ake faɗa mutuwa”, sai Haj. Ruƙaiya ta kwashe labari ta faɗawaƙawarta. Baraka kuwa, sai ta ba ta shawarar su je gun boka don samun mafita. Haka kuma aka yi. Boka ya ba da magani cewa ta haɗa da alewa ta bai waɗan Zainab Mujahid. Amma kash! Sai reshe ya juye da mujiya, domin kuwa bai sha alewar da ta ba shi ba, ya manta a aljihun wandonsa na makaranta. Ko da mahaifiyarsa Zainab ta gani sai ta kawo wa mahaifinsa. Shi kuwa Alhaji Basiru ya raba musu shi da yayunsa, ‘ya’yan Haj.Ruƙaiya, wato Hauwa da Sailuba. Nan fa ya yi fushi, ya jefar da tasa, saboda cewa sun sha nasu a makaranta, kuma nasa a raba musu. Shan alewar da su Hauwa da Sulaiba suka yi, nan take suka faɗi suna shure-shure har suka mutu. Shi kuwa, Alh.ya yi ta fama da jinya, kana daga bisani ya warke. Haj.Ruƙaiya ta kai ƙara kotu, amma dai gaskiya ta yi halinta, aka fahimci cewa ita ta sanya gubar. Alƙali ya yanke mata hukuncin rai-da-rai.Shi kuma, Alh. Basiru da Zainab suka ci gaba da zamansu na aure lafiya.

2.1 HOTON GURBI DA AIWATARWA A LABARIN

Dabara ta ƙulla zance cikin labari ta hanyar amfani da Hoton Gurbi da Aiwatarwa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa, musamman wajen ƙarawa mai karatu fahimtar labarin, kamar yadda aka fara cin karo da hoton gurbi a shafi na 7 cikin labarin:

“Ta sunkuyar da kanta da sauri kana ta sa tafukan hannunta ta rufe idanunta, “Alhaji da gaske ka ke Allah” Ta buƙata da muryar kunya”

(shf na 7).

Wannan Hoton Gurbi da shi aka buɗe labarin cikin littafin, a inda mawallafin yake ƙoƙarin kawo hoton tattaunawa da take faruwa tsakanin Alhaji Bashiru da budurwar da yake nema zai aura Zainab. Daganan kuma sai aiwatarwa ta biyo baya kamar haka:

“Ta yi gaggawar girgiza kai,” Wallahi baHaka ba ne Alhaji. Ta faɗa da saurin baki,A lokaci guda kuma tana mai ci gaba da girgiza kai.”

(shf na 7)

Haka kuma, bayan wannan akwai wata aiwatarwar ma da ta biyo baya duk dai hira ce da take gudana tsakanin Zainab da Alhaji Basiru a kan jaddada ƙaunarsu da juna, wannan ta zo ne a lokacin da:

“Ta ɗaga kai ta dube shi fuskarta ƙunshe da alamar tambaya.”

(shf na 8)

Haka dai aiwatarwa ta ci gaba, mawallafin ya kawo wani gurbi lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin kawo tattaunawar da take gudana tsakanin shi Alhaji Basiru da uwargidansa lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin shawo kanta a kan ta yi haƙuri game da ƙarin aure da zai yi, amma kuma ta ƙi ta fahimce shi, kamar haka:

“Alhaji Bashiru ya yi murmushi a karona farko tun tsawon kusan mintuna talatin da suka shafe suna musayar yawu da maiɗakinsa Hajiya Ruƙayya.”    (shf na 10).

Daga nan kuma sai mawallafin ya yi amfani da aiwatarwa inda ta biyo baya kamar haka:

“Hakan shi ya haifar da shirunwucin gadi a tangameman falon”.

(shf na 10).

A nan ma mawallafin Baƙin Kishi ya sakekawoHoton Gurbi a lokacin da ya nuna Hajiya Ruƙayya a cikin ɗakinta kamar haka:

“Kamar kowace safiya yau ma ita kaɗaice zaune cikin ɗakin nata, ta yi tagumi tana ta saƙe-saƙen hanyar da za ta bi don ganin bayan kishiyar tat     (shf na 14).

Aiwatarwa ta biyo wannan hoton gurbin lokacin da tana cikin saƙe-saƙen sai ga wata baƙuwaƙawarta ta yi sallama, ganin ƙawarta ke da wuya sai ta karɓe ta da cewa:

“A, a ah! Baraka………. Yaushe a gari in ji maƙi baƙo.Saukar yaushe? Ta ce cikin fara’a bayan ta kawar da alamun tunani da damuwar da suke kan fuskarta, sannan da gaggawa ta miƙe ta tari ‘yar siririyar matar da take ƙoƙarin shigowa ɗakin”.                   (shf na 15)

Haka kuma mawallafin ya kawo wani hoton gurbi lokacin da baƙuwar ta nemi zama, tana cewa:

“Wayyo Allah makashin kakana!Baraka ta ce daidai lokacin da taZauna a ɗaya daga cikin manya-manyan kujerun laushin da ke cikin ɗakin”

(shf na 16).

Haka suka ci gaba da maganganu har ta fahimci cewa ai kishiya aka yi wa ƙawar tata, daga nan kuma ta saka ta a hanyar neman magana, domin kashe ɗan kishiyar tata, wanda ya jawo abubuwa da dama cikin labarin. Mawallafin ya kawo Aiwatarwa kamar haka:

“Ba ta yi tunanin komai ba ta amsa, “Allah ya kai mu goben lafiya. Amma fa kin san ba na son a fara ta kanta, na fi son a fara ta kan wannan shegen ɗan musamman ma illar rayuwarsa da ki ka fito mini da ita”

(shf na 23).

Wannan ya nuna irin halaye na rashin imani da mata suke shiga, musamman ma idan idonsu ya rufe wajen kishi, wanda rashin tsoron Allah yake kawowa. Mawallafin ya kawo wani hoton gurbin da ba mamaki wani abu zai faru; domin ya zo ne a lokacin da Hajiya Ruƙayya take tattauna yadda za su fito wa lamarin kishiyarta da baƙuwarta Baraka, kwatsam, sai ga amaryar tata Zainab cikin ɗakin, kamar yadda aka kawo:

“To, a daidai lokacin ne Zainab taɗaga labulen ɗakin ta shigo gamida sallama, shigowar da ta zamar mata da-na-sani”

(shf na 23).

Wannan yanayi ya haifar da amfani da wannan dabara ta ƙulla zance, a lokacin da Baraka ta nemi amsa sallamar Zainab, amma kuma Hajiya Ruƙayya ta jawo hankalinta da wannan aiwatarwar:

“Yunƙurin amsawar da Baraka ta yi ya gaza kai gaci saboda zungurarta da Hajiya Ruƙayya ta yi gami da cewa, “ke ita ce fa!”

(shf na 23).

Mawallafin ya ci gaba da kawo hoton gurbi, wato lokacin da wata mata ta shigo gidan Alhaji Basiru, daga nan kuma sai aiwatarwa ta biyo baya kamar haka:

“Wata dalleliyar mota ƙirarkia picanto shuɗiya, ta cusa kai cikin tafkekiyar harabar makeken gidan bayan buɗe babbar ƙofar da mai gadi ya yi”

(shf na 26).

Mawallafin ya kawo aiwatarwa, domin ya nuna cewa gidan Alhaji Basiru motar ta shigo, tare da mai gidan.

“Alhaji Basiru, baƙi, kakkaura mai Matsakaicin tsawo ya fito. Kallo ɗaya za ka yi masa ka laƙanci ya na da fara’a sosai duk da wadatattun kumatun da yake dasu”

(shf na 26).

Daga wannan kuma wata aiwatarwar ta biyo lokacin da Alhaji Basiru ya yi sallama, domin shiga falo inda mawallafin ya kawo hoton gurbi na Zainab zaune a falo:

“Zainab kyakkyawa fara da ke zaune kanɗaya daga cikin tausasan kujerun da ke kewaye da falon ta amsa sallamar da tuni ta gane muryar da ta yi ta, cikin fara’a ta miƙe ta tare shi, ta karɓi ƙaramar jakar da ke riƙe a hannunsa”

(shf na 27).

Mawallafin ya kawo wani hoton gurbi na Hajiya Ruƙayya tana gyara kwalliyarta a gaban wani madubi da ta saba amfani da shi duk lokacin da ta yi wanka, wanda ba mamaki wani abu ya biyo baya:

“Ta isa ga wani tafkeken madubi da ke kafe a jikin bango wanda a shi ne take yin kwalliya a duk sa’ar da ta yi wanka. Ta ƙarewa kanta kallo tsaf a cikin madubin kana ta yi murmushi”

(shf na 34).

Bayan ta gama kwalliya sai ta nufi wajen mijinta domin neman izinin zuwa unguwa wato za ta je gaisuwar mutuwa. Ko da yake ƙarya ta shirya, wurin boka za su je ita da ƙawarta Baraka. Ta nemi Alhaji Basiru mijinta da ya ba ta damar tuƙa mota da kanta, domin kar su je da direba asirinta ya tonu. Ga abin da ya biyo baya:

“Ta langwaɓar da kai a kan majinginar kujerar kana tana kuma fari da fararen idanunta, waɗanda sau da yawa ta san fari da sukan yi tasiri wajen jan hankalinsa. Sannan da sababbiyar muryarta ta yaudara ta ce, Alhaji, ina so na je unguwa ne idan an jima.

(shf na 39).

Daga baya da kyar da ta sha kan Alhaji Basiru ya yarda, amma ba domin yana so ba, a inda mawallafin ya yi amfani da wannan aiwatarwan domin ƙarin haske lokacin da:

“Ta mayar da kanta ta jingina jikin majinginar kujerar saboda daɗin da ya mamaye ta. A hankali ta shiga furta, “Na gode Alhaji, Allah ya ƙaradanƙon soyayya tsakaninmu”

(shf na 43).

Mawallafin ya kawo wannan dabara ta hoton gurbi domin ya nuna cewa wani abu zai faru, wato anan Hajiya Ruƙayya za ta tsaya da mota domin ƙarasawa wajen bokan, lokacin da Baraka:

“Ta ɗaga yatsanta manuni, ta yi nuni da wata ‘yar karkatacciyar bishiya da ke gabansu kaɗan, idan kin isa ga bishiyar can sai ki tsaya, mun iso gidan”   

(shf na 45).

Bayan sun sauka daga mota sun nufi ɗandurƙusasshen gidan cikin fargaba da tsoro sai suka ji wata murya mai ban tsoro ta ratsa su tana ce da su:

“Ku tsaya nan, karku kuskura ku kuma takawa, idan ba haka ba fuskokinku za su komo ƙeya, mutanen banza,”

(shf na 46)

Daga nan sai kuma aka sami aiwatarwa kamar haka:

“Karfe takwas dai dai agogon dake rataye jikin bango cikin makeken falon ya saki wani daddaɗanƙara, ƙaran da ya ja hankalin Zainab da yaran uku da ke cikin falon zuwa gare shi”

(shf na 52).

A nan, ana bayyana wani hoton gurbi ne da wani abu zai wakana. Wato lokacin da Zainab da ‘ya ‘yan Alhaji uku wato Mujahid ɗanita Zainab ɗin da kuma Hauwa’u da Sailuba ‘ya’yan Hajiya Ruƙayya suna jiran zuwan direba, domin ya kai su makaranta.

A “cikin wannan hali na damuwa da Zainab take ciki Hajiya Ruƙayya ta shigo falon da sauri kamar wadda aka biyo a guje”                                (shf na 53)

“Lokacin da suka isa makaranta tuni ɗalibai Sun jima da shiga azuzuwa, wasu ma har sun fara karatu. Amma duk da haka wannan bai hana Hajiya Ruƙayya tsayawa a wani ɗan madaidaicin shagon sayar da kayan tsotse-tsotse, dangin su alewa da ke cikin makarantar ba.”

(shf na 55).

A nan mawallafin ya kawo hoton gurbin shagon da Hajiya Ruƙayya ta tsaya ta saya wa yaran biskit da alewa, amma maimakon ta bai wa Mujahid daga cikin alewar da ta saya, sai kawai ta ɗauko alewar da ta sa wa gubar da Boka ya ba ta ta ba shi. Sauran yaran kuma ta ba su wadda ta saya a shagon. Kamar yadda bayanin aiwatarwa ya zo kamar haka:

“Yi haƙuri Mujahid, kai bari na ba ka taka alewar mai daɗi ka ji. Ta ce tana yin wani irin murmushi, sannan ta buɗe ‘yar ƙaramar Jakarta da ke ajiye gaban mota, ta ɗauko alewa. Riƙe da kyau, kar ka kuskura ka ba kowa. Kowa ya sha tasa, kun ji ko? Ta gargaɗe su.”

(shf na 57).

“Tafiyar ruwa ta so ta yi da su ba don sun ba ta hanya ba. Shakka babu ta tsorata su ganin shigar ta falon kamar kibiya”

(shf na 70).

Wannan hoton gurbi an kawo shi, domin a nuna aiwatarwar da ta biyo bayansa, kamar yadda mawallafin ya kawo.

“A ka ta ɗora hannunta biyu ta ƙwalla wani irin ihu mai gauraye da kuka. Lokaci guda ta nufe su, ta dire gwuiwoyinta biyu a kan kilishin da ke shimfiɗe a falon, ta tallafo kan Sailuba, ta girgiza ta, kana da sauri ta mayar da ita ta tallafo Hauwa’u ta girgizata, a yanzu sun daina motsi, Jikin su ya saki kamar matattu,”

(shf na 70).

Wannan lamari ya faru ne lokacin da reshe ya juye da mujiya, domin maimakon Mujahid ɗan amaryar tata ya sha alewar da ta ba shi mai guba, sai ‘ya’yan ta suka sha. Ganin haka ne ta shiga wannan hali nakiɗimewa, ba ta san ma lokacin da ta aiwatar da waɗannan kalamai ba:

“Take ta kuma kurma wani uban ihucure da wani kuka mai tsuma zuciya.wayyo Allahna……….. yan biyu sunmutu.”

                            (shf na 71).

Waɗannan su ne wuraren da mawallafin ya yi amfani da wannan dabara cikin littafinsa, domin ƙulla zance. Ga bayanin sakamakon binciken a jadawali nan ƙasa., kamar haka:

2.2 JADAWALIN BAYANIN AMFANI DA DABARAR ƘULLA ZANCE A WASU SHAFUKA: LITTAFIN BAƘIN KISHI (BK)

Lambar shafi	Hoton Gurbi (Adadi)	Aiwatarwa (Adadi)
7	1	1
10	1	1
14	1	0
15	0	1
16	1	1
23	1	2
26	1	1
27	1	0
34	1	0
39	1	0
43	1	0
45	1	0
46	0	1
52	1	0
53	0	1
55	1	0
57	0	1
70	1	1
71	0	1

 Wannan jadawali ya yi ƙoƙarin kawo bayanin yawan amfani da wannan dabara ta ƙulla zance ta Hoton Gurbi da Aiwatarwa a cikin samfurin wasu shafuka na littafin BaƙinKishi.

An kawo samfurin shafuka goma sha tara (19) daga cikin littafin. Hoton gurbi ya zo cikin shafuka goma sha huɗu (14),,aiwatarwa kuma sau goma sha biyu (12). Idan aka duba jadawalin, shafi na 15, ba a sami hoton gurbi ba sai aiwatarwa. A shafi na 23 kuwa, duk da cewa an sami hoton gurbi 1, amma aiwatarwa sau biyu ta bayyana. Sai da kuma, marubucin ya jingine aiwatarwa, ya yi ta amfani da hoton gurbi har sau biyar a shafuka mabambanta, kafin aka sami aiwatarwa. Haka dai marubucin ya riƙa sarrafa hoton gurbi da aiwatarwa a labarin har zuwa ƙarshe, inda aka gano cewa, da aiwatarwa ya rufe. Amm duka da haka, alƙaluma sun nuna cewa hoton gurbi ya ɗara aiwaatarwa da guda biyu a labarin. Wannan ya nuna cewa hoton gurbi yana da kaso 53.8%, a yayin da aiwatarwa ke da 46.2%.

3.0 KAMMALAWA

Wannan takarda ta yi nazarin hoton gurbi da aiwatarwa a labarin Baƙin Kishi,Mun ga yadda marubucin labarin ya yi amfani da waɗannan dabaru wajen ƙulla zaren labarinsa.Yin haka, ya sanya, kamar yadda muka fahimta sun taimaka wajen fito da babban saƙon labarin da mabiyansa cikin sauƙi.Daga ƙarshe, yayin kammala wannan takarda an gano cewa, bincike bai yawaita a wannan ɓangarena duba ƙagaggun labarai ta sigar hoton gurbi da aiwatarwa ba. Yawanci aikace-aikace da aka gabatar a kan labaran zube sun shafi nazarin zubi da tsari da salo da jigo ne, don haka, ake kira da a rungumi wannan dabara ta ƙulla zance cikin labari, kamar yadda Mukhtar (2004) ya samar domin haɓaka nazarce-nazarcen salo a cikin adabi.

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