Kalmomi Kishiyoyi Masu Alaka Da Juna A Hausa

Citation: Mukhtar AHMAD & Nura Bello ABUBAKAR, PhD (2020). Kalmomi Kishiyoyi Masu Alaqa Da Juna A Hausa. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. .8 Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

KALMOMI KISHIYOYI MASU ALAQA DA JUNA A HAUSA

Mukhtar AHMAD

DA

Nura Bello ABUBAKAR PhD

Tsakure

Kishi a kalmomi wani vangare ne na nazarin ilimin ma’ana, wanda ke nazarin kalmomi waxanda ke da ma’ana mai akasi da junansu, kamar kowane harshe na duniya. A harshen Hausa ma ana samun irin waxannan kalmomi. Wannan muqala za ta yi nazarin kalmomi masu kishin juna a ma’ana, amma kuma a tare suke wanzuwa kamar kalmomin “saye” da “sayarwa” sai an saye sannan ake saidawa, sannan sai an saida ake saye, haka kuma za a ga kalmar ‘bayarwa’ da ‘karva’ a lokacin da wani ya bayar to wani ya karva, in wani ya karva to wani ya bayar ne, da dai sauransu. Wannan muqala za ta yi bayanin ire-iren waxannan kalmomi da yadda suke. Sannan wannan muqalar tana da amfani a fannin koyo da koyarwa, a ilimin ma’ana da harshen Hausa.

Abstracts

Antonym is a branch of lexical semantics in the study of semantics, and in antonym there are some words called relational opposition. Meanwhile in Hausa there are some words that can be grouped in relational opposition. The paper entitled: “Kishiyoyin Kalmomi Masu Alaqa da Juna” examines some words of relational opposition in Hausa. It utilized Davidson’s (1967) Truth conditional semantic theory to analyse how Hausa native speakers use words of relational opposition in their daily Hausa language usage. The aim of the paper is to explain words in the relational opposition and to point out words in relational opposition in relation to Hausa language. The study used primary and secondary sources of data, findings of the study were that are some relational opposition words in Hausa such as “saye” (buy) and “saidawa” (sells) and “miji” (husband) and Mata (wife) etc. it was concluded that knowledge of such semantic relation is important in determining certain lexical relation in Hausa. The paper is a contribution to the Hausa language studies.

KALMOMIN FANNU

Binary opposition - Kishi mai akasi

Gradable opposition - Kishi mai gargada

Non binary opposition - Kishi marar akasi

Non-gradable opposition - Kishi marar gargada

Relational opposition - Kishi mai alaqa

 (Ahmad, 2018).

1.0 Shimfixa

Ilimin ma’ana wani vangare ne na ilimin harsuna wanda ya fi mayar da hankali ga nazarin ma’ana a kalmomi da jimloli. Ta vangaren nazarin kalmomi ne ake nazarin kalmomi masu kishin juna a ma’ana, wanda a cikinsa ne ake samun wani vangare na nazarin kishiyoyi kalmomi masu alaqa da juna tare, kuma ana samun irin waxannan kalmomin a harsuna da dama na duniya. Misali a Ingilishi akwai kalmomin kamar, male-female, open-close, enter-out, da sauransu, kowace kalma kishiya ce ga ‘yar uwarta. Harshen Hausa ma yana da ire-iren waxannan kalmomi. Wannan muqala za ta yi nazarin irin wannan nau’in kishi da kalmominsa a harshen Hausa. Amma kafin shiga cikin bayani sosai za a dubi bayanan masana a kan ma’anar kishi.

An bayar da ma’anar kishin kalmomi da cewa kalma mai ma’ana akasin wata kalma kamar yadda ya kawo shi da Ingilishi : “A word that means the opposite of another word”(Oxford Advance Leaner’s Dictionary, 2010, p. 54) kuma an ce kalma ce wadda ake amfani da ita a ilimin ma’ana, a matsayin wani vangare na nazarin akasi a ma’anar kalma da Ingilishi ya ce “A term used in semantics as part of the study of oppositeness of meaning” (Crystal, 2009, p. 28) sannan kishin ma’ana wata dangantaka ce a tsakanin kalmomi masu akasin ma’ana “Relation in the lexicon between words that have opposite meanings” (Mathews, 2005, p. 20). Wani masanin kuma ya ce kalma mai ma’ana ta akasi ita aka sani da kishiyar ma’ana a Insgilishi kamar haka, “A word which has an opposite meaning is known as an Antonym” (Murthy, 2007, p. 399). Duk waxannan bayanai suna nuna cewa kishin kalmomi na nuna kalmomi za su samu ma’ana daura da juna ko hannun riga da juna.

2.0 Ayyuka Masu Alaqa da Wannan Aiki

Akwai ayyuka da aka yi waxanda suke da alaqa da wannan takarda, ire-iren waxannan ayukkan sun qunshi: Ibrahim, (2009), ya yi binciken digiri na farko mai taken “Nazari a kan kalmomin Hausa masu bambancin ma’ana. A ciki ya kasa kalmomi masu kishin ma’ana kashi biyu, na farko su ne ya kira kalmomi masu tsayayyun kishiyoyi ma’ana (Non gradable) na biyu ya kira su kalmomi marasa tsayayyun kishiyoyi ma’ana (gradable). Sannan kuma Usman, (1990) ta yi binciken digirin farko mai taken “Antonyms in Hausa” ta kawo kashe-kashen kalmomi masu kishi ma’ana kuma ta yi bayanin ‘gradable da non gradable’ wato kalmomi masu tsayayyun kishiyoyi da marasa tsayayyun kishiyoyi. Waxannan ayyuka suna da alaqa da wannan muqala sai dai sun bambanta, inda su suna magana ne a kan dukkan kalmomi da suka kasance suna da kishiya a ma’ana da kashe-kashensu. Amma wannan muqala za ta yi magana ne a kan vangare guda daga cikin vangarorin kishin ma’ana.

3.0 Ra’in Bicike

Wannan muqala za ta yi amfani ra’in truth conductional semantic theory wato ra’in gasgantawa na ilimi ma’ana, a cikinsa ma za a kevanta a vangaren zozozo (entaiment). Wannan ra’in yana bayanin cewa gaskiyar magana ta farko tana kan gaskiyar magana ta biyu, wato idan ‘A’ gaskiya ce to ‘B’ ma gaskiya ce. Kuma idan ‘B’ ba gaskiya ba ce to ‘A’ ba gaskiya ba ce, za a yi amfani da wannan ra’in don a nuna kalmomin wannan vangare na kishin ma’ana tare suke, faruwar xaya shi zai sa shi ma xayan na tare da shi ya faru.

4.0 Hanyoyin Tattara Bayyanai

A wannan bincike za a dubi maganganun Hausawa na yau da kullum, misali a dandalin hirar da ake yi yau da kullun da marece a sabon layi, jihar Katsina, majalisar qofar gidan Jazuli Suleman a Unguwar Tudun Wada, Sokoto, sannan kuma za a yi amfani da littafai kamar qamusai, irin su Bargery (1934) da qamusun Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, na Jami’ar Bayero (2006) da littaffan ilimin ma’ana irin su Palmer (2006) da Lyons (1996) da dai sauransu.

5.0 Kalmomi Kishiyoyin Juna

Kishin ma’ana ya kasu kashi biyu, (1) Akwai vangaren kalmomi masu akasin ma’ana da (2) Marasa akasin ma’ana. Vangaren masu akasin ma’ana shi ma ya kasu kashi biyu: (1) akwai kishi mai gargada da (2) kishi maras gargada. Kishi mai gargada shi ne inda kai tsaye ba a cewa ga kishiyar kalma, sai an samu wani abu ya shiga. Sannan kishi marar gargada shi ne inda kai tsaye ake samun kishiyar kalma. To kalmomi kishiyoyi masu alaqa da juna, xaya daga cikin kalmomin kishi maras gargada ne.

6.0 Kalmomi Kishiyoyin masu Alaqa

An ba da ma’anar kishin Alaqa da cewa “kishini ne mai wanzuwa a sumu jituwa a zamantakewa, da matsayi na musamman a dangantaka” a Ingilsihi ya ce “The opposition exists in the definition of reciprocal social role or spatial relationships” (Ndimele, 2002, p. 72). A nan, ana samun kalmomin da ma’anar kowace kalma tana da alaqa da kishiyarta. Domin a duk lokacin da aka samu faruwar xayan kalmar, to sai xaya ta faru, wato faruwar xaya kalmar ya danganta ne da faruwar kalma ta biyu. Ga misalansu kamar haka:

1a. Ángoò

 b. Ámáryáa

A nan kalmar ango kishiyar kalmar amarya ce. Amma ba ya yiwuwa a samu ango ba amarya.

2a. Báyárwàa  

 b. Kárváa

A nan, mutum ya ba da abu a lokacin da aka sami mai karvar wannan abin. Kuma a duk lokacin da aka bayar to an karva. Idan kuma aka karva to an bayar ne.

3a. Míjìi

 b. Màatáa

A qamusun Hausa na C.N.H.N (2006, sh. 345) an kawo ma’anar miji da cewa “mutum wanda yake auren mace”. Ke nan ma’anar kalmar miji tana tare da auren mace wato mata ke nan. To, kalmar miji da mata tare suke.

4a. Málàmíi

 b. Xáalìbíi

A al’adar Hausa idan aka ce ga malami to yana da xalibi, in kuma aka ce ga xalibi, to lalle yana da malami.

5a. Sàyée

 b. Sàyârwáa

A duk lokacin da wani ya sayi abu, to wani ne ya sayar da shi, in kuma mutum ya sayar to lalle wani ne ya saya. Saboda haka, saye na tare da sayarwa.

6a. Ùbáa

 b. Úwáa

A mafi yawan lokaci uba da uwa tare ake samun su ga mutum, sai Annabi Adam da Annabi Isa da Allah ya halitta da mu’ujiza. Idan aka ce mutum yana da uba to lalle yana da uwa, kuma idan aka ce mutun na da uwa to lalle yana da uba, sai dai ya zama ba na halal ba.

7a. Ùbáa   

 b. Xáa/Xìyáa

A nan, idan aka ce mutum uba ne to lalle yana da xa ko xiya, ko da na jingina ne, wato ba shi ne ainihin mahaifin ba, amma ya kai shekarun haihuwarsa, ko ya zamo xan uwan mahaifin yaro. Idan kuma aka ce ga xa ko xiya, to lalle akwai uba.

8a. Úwáa

 b. Xáa/Xiyá

Idan aka ce ga uwa, to akwai xa ko xiya, kuma idan aka ga xa ko xiya to lalle akwai uwa, ke nan tare suka faruwa.

9a. Shùgàbáa

 b. Mabiyaa

Idan aka ce wane shugaba ne, lalle yana da mabiya. Idan kuma ga mabiya to lalle akwai shugaba, ke nan kishiyoyin juna ne amma tare suke.

10a. Má’áikátáa

 b. Má’àikàcíi

A duk lokacin da aka samu ma’aikata to lalle akwai masu aiki a ciki, kuma idan ga ma’aikaci, to lalle akwai inda yake aiki (ma’aikata).

11a. Màigídáa

 b. Yaáròòn gídáa

Kowane yaro yana aiki ne a qarqashin maigidansa. To ke nan idan ga maigida akwai yaronsa, in kuma ga yaron gida to lalle akwai maigida.

12a. Hássàan

 b. Hùsáiní

A al’adar Hausawa idan aka haifi ‘yan biyu ana yi musu suna Hassan da Husaini. Wato wanda aka haifa da farko shi ne Hassan, wanda ya zo na biyu shi kuma Husaini. To shi ya sa duk inda aka ji Hassan to yana da Husaini, in aka ji Husaini to akwai Hassan xinsa.

13a. Hásànáa

 b. Húsà

Haka ma ko a vangaren jinsin mata, idan tagwaye ne to ta farko sunanta Hassana ta biyun sunanta Hussaina. To a duk inda aka samu Hassana to akwai Hussaina. Kuma duk inda ake da Haussaina to akwai Hassana.

14a. Yàayáa

 b. Qánìi

A duk lokacin da aka ji an kira yayana, to wanda ya furta maganar qani ne, ko qanwa ce, kuma idan ka ji an furta kalmar qaninsa ko qanwata to wannan da ya furta haka yaya ne ko yaya ce.

7.0 Abin da Bincike ya Gano

a. An gano cewa a harshen Hausa akwai kalmomin kishiyoyin juna masu alaqa.

b. An gano cewa nazarin kishiyoyi kalmomi masu alaqa da juna yana da alaqa da ilimin harshe.

c. Kuma kalmomi masu alaqa da juna suna kawo bayanin faruwar abu ko rashin faruwarsa. Misali kalmomin ‘saye’ da ‘sayarwa’ kowace na tabbata da faruwar ‘yar uwarta, idan an sayi abu to mai abin ya sai da, idan kuma mai kaya ya ce ya sai da, to lalle an saya ne.

8.0 Kammalawa

A taqaice a wannan muqala an kawo bayanin kalmomin da suke kishiyoyin juna ne kuma masu alaqa da juna, wato tare suka faruwa. Wannan ya nuna cewa duk da zamansu kishiyoyi suna da alaqa ta sosai domin da xaya ake tantance xayan, kowane ma ba ya faruwa sai tare da faruwar xan uwansa. Duk da yake akwai bambanci a ma’ana amma wanzuwarsu tare yana nuna alaqarsu ta qut da qut.

Manazarta

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