Kwayoyin Ma’anar –inne da –ayye da kuma –a A KIrar Wasu Kalmomin Jam’i Da Kuma Jinsi A Karin Harshen Sakkwatanci

Citation: Nazir Ibrahim Abbas & Muhammad Mustapha Umar (2017). Ƙwayoyin Ma’anar –inne da –ayye da kuma –a A ƘIrar Wasu Kalmomin Jam’i Da Kuma Jinsi A Karin Harshen Sakkwatanci. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 5. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

ƘWAYOYIN MA’ANAR –inne da –ayye da kuma –a A ƘIRAR WASU KALMOMIN JAM’I DA KUMA JINSI A KARIN HARSHEN SAKKWATANCI

Daga

Nazir Ibrahim Abbas

Da

Muhammad Mustapha Umar

ABSTRACT

Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and rules governing word formation in a language, it is the second step preceded by phonetics and phonology. In Hausa dialectal studies variations can be seen in special forms in all branches of linguistics from phonetics/phonology, morphology, syntax as well as semantics. This paper intends to discuss some variations between Sakkwatanci dialect and standard Hausa in the use of some affixation. The paper will highlight the affixations and how they are been used in Sakkwatanci dialect in plural and gender formation and how this formation differ with standard Hausa variety.

Tsakure

Ginin kalma wani ɓangare ne na nazarin kimiyyar harshe wanda ke samar da kalmomi a harshe, wanda shi ne mataki na biyu ba ya ga ilimin furuci ko tsarin  sauti. A nazarin karin harshen Hausa kuwa ana iya ganin wuraren da kare-karen harshen suka sha bamban tun daga matakin furuci/tsarin sauti har zuwa ga ginin jumla da kuma ma’ana. Wannan maƙala za ta yi ƙoƙarin fito da wani bambancin da ake samu tsakanin karin harshen Sakkwatanci wajen amfani da wasu ɗafe-ɗafe da kuma daidaitacciyar Hausa. Maƙalar za ta fito da waɗannan ɗafe-ɗafen da ake samu a cikin karin harshen Sakkwatanci a wajen gina wasu kalmomin jam’i da kuma jinsi saɓanin yadda suke a bisa tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa.

GABATARWA

 Harshe wata baiwa ce da mahalicci ya hore wa bayinsa domin gudanar da sadarwa tsakaninsu, wannan sadarwa kuwa ta fi gudana ne, ta hanyar furta sautuka da ke samar da kalmomi da jumloli. Ilimin kimiyyar harshe kuwa wani muhimmin fage ne a wajen nazarin harsuna, wanda ke nazarin harshe a kimiyyance tun daga matakin furuci da tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla da kuma ma’ana.

 Ilimin ƙirar kalma kuwa har wa yau, ɓangare ne da ke nazarin yadda harsuna suke samar da kalmominsu ta hanyoyi daban-daban daidai da tsari ko tanadin harshe. A harshe kamar Hausa hanyar da ta fi shahara wajen ginin kalma ita ce, ta amfani da ƙwayoyin ma’ana na kalmomin da, da ma can harshen yana da su sai ya ƙera wasu daga gare su.

 Wannan takardar bincike mai taken: ‘Ƙwayoyin ma’anar –inne da -ayye da –a, a ginin wasu kalmomin jam’i da jinsi a karin harshen Sakkwatanci’ za ta yi ƙoƙarin nazarin waɗannan ƙwayoyin ma’ana a ilimin tasarifin Hausa da kuma ganin yadda suke taka muhimmiyar rawa a wajen samar da wasu kalmomin jam’i a karin harshen Sakkwatanci ba kamar yadda lamarin yake a daidaitacciyar Hausa ba. Sakkwatanci kuwa wani babban karin harshe ne, da ke cikin rukunin kare-karen harshen Hausa na yamma, wanda ke da siffofin da suka bambanta shi da kare-karen harshen Hausa na gabas, kamar yadda malamai da masana suka bayyana.

 ƘIRAR KALMA/TASARIFI

 Kamar yadda malamai daban-daban suka bayyana ilimin ƙirar kalma, shi ne mataki na biyu bayan ilimin furuci/tsarin sauti, bayan an samar da sautuka da rarraba su da kuma ganin irin sauye-sauyen da ke gudana a cikinsu, mataki na gaba shi ne yadda ake amfani da ƙwayoyin ma’ana a ƙera wasu sababbin kalmomi domin biyan buƙatu na sadarwa tsakanin al’umma.

 Duk da yake akwai mabambantan siffofin kalmomi daban-daban da nau’o’in ƙirar kalmar ke samarwa daidai da irin kalmar da aka samar ko kuma ƙwayar ma’anar da aka yi amfani da ita akwai mai aiki irin na nahawu kawai, wanda ya shafi, bayyana loka-taƙ (tense-aspect) ko adadi da jinsi, akwai kuma mai nuna ƙarin ma’ana da samar da wata kalma mai ajin nahawu da ya bambanta da asalin kalmar farko, akwai kuma mai harɗantawa (wanda ya ƙunshi haɗa kalmomi biyu ko fiye don su samar da wata kalma mai ma’ana ɗaya).

 Abubakar (2001:01) ya bayyana ma’anar ƙirar kalma (morphology), a matsayin wani ɓangaren da ke nazarin ƙirar kalma ko tsira (ilimin ƙirar kalma ko tsirar kalma). Wannan ya ƙunshi hanyoyin ƙirƙira ko harɗantawa (haɗa kalmomi).

 Fagge (2013:03) ya ce ƙirar kalma: ‘nazari ne da ya haɗa ƙwayoyin ma’ana a harshe da tushen kalmomi da ƙa’idojin kumbura kalmomi da na tsirar kalmomi da kuma li’irabin kalmomin. Wannan ya ƙunshi: (a) li’irabin kalmomin da ke cikin harshe (b) ƙera sababbin kalmomi.

 Amfani (2011:147) ya bayar da ma’anar ‘ƙirar kalma (morphology) a matsayin sashen kimiyyar harshe wanda ke nazarin tsari ko samar da kalmomi, musamman ta amfani da ƙwayoyin ma’ana’.

 Yule (1985:60) ya bayyana, ƙirar kalma da: ‘nazari ne na tsarin kalma a cikin harshe.

 Singleton (2000: 35) kuwa a nasa ra’ayin ‘ƙirar kalma gaba ɗaya ya danganci tsarin kalmomi, saboda haka ana iya cewa ƙirar kalmomi nazari ne na tsarin kalmomi kawai’.

ƘWAYAR MA’ANA (MORPHEME)

 Ƙirar kalma  wani al’amari ne wanda ba zai yi yu ba mafi yawa sai an yi amfani da ƙwayoyin ma’ana. Ƙwayar ma’ana kuwa kamar yadda malamai irinsu; Jinju (1980) da Abubakar (2001) da Sani (2002), Amfani (2011) da Fagge (2012, 2013) da Singleton (2000) suka bayyana ita ce, sashen magana mafi ƙaranci wanda ke ɗauke da ma’ana. Ƙwayar ma’anar tana iya zama da kanta da bayar da ma’ana (‘yantacciyar ƙwayar ma’ana) ko kuma ta kasance ba ta iya zama da kanta ta bayar da ma’ana (wato ɗaurarriya ƙwayar ma’ana).

 A fahimtar mai gudanar da wannan binciken saiwa/tushen kalma da ɗafe-ɗafen da suke tafiya da su, wajen ƙirar kalma duka ƙwayoyin ma’ana ne, sai dai kowace da irin sifarta da kuma irin aikin da take yi. Sashen kalma wanda ke iya zama da kansa, ya bayar da ma’ana, shi ne saiwar kalma. Saiwa/tushen kalma kamar yadda Jinju (1980:05) ya bayyana, ita ce: ‘gangar kalma ita kaɗai ba game da wani ƙari a gabanni ko ƙarshen kalmar ba’.

 Yayin da shi kuwa ɗafi ƙari ne da ake yi wa kalma/tushen kalma domin a samar da wata kalma sabuwa mai ma’anar da ta bambanta da asalin kalmar. A Hausa akwai irin wannan ƙarin ma’ana ko ɗafi guda uku: ƙarin ma’ana a gaban saiwa (ɗafa goshi) da ƙarin ma’ana a ƙarshen saiwa (ɗafa ƙeya) da kuma ƙarin ma’ana a tsakiyar saiwa (ɗafa ciki).

 Dukkan waɗannan muhimman abubuwa biyu wato; saiwa/tushen kalma da ɗafe-ɗafen, da su ne ake mafi yawan ƙere-ƙeren kalmomin Hausa daga jikin wasu kalmomin. Saiwa/tushen kalma da ƙare-ƙaren ma’anonin da ake yi su ne, ƙwayoyin ma’ana na ginin kalma. Wannan nazarin zai ta’allaƙa ne a kan waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu na ginin kalma da yadda ake samun sauye-sauye cikinsu wanda ya danganci karin harshen Sakkwatanci da kuma yadda yake a tsarin daidaitacciyar Hausa.

  KARIN HARSHE

 Karin harshe wani ɓangare ne na harshe. Harshe ya fi karin harshe girma da faɗi, wasu malamai sun bayyana cewa duk lokacin da harshe ya bunƙasa ba zai rasa karin harshe a cikinsa ba. Karin harshe kuwa yana nufin nau’in magana na wasu al’umma a cikin harshe ɗaya wanda ke samuwa ko dai don dalilin yanki ko rukuni.

 A Hausa kuwa akwai kare-karen harshe da dama, waɗanda masana suka kalla ta fuskoki daban-daban, kaso mafi karɓuwa wanda aka yi ta la’akari da siffofin kare-karen harshen ta ɓangaren nazarin harshe, shi ne na yankin Gabas da Yamma wanda Bergery (1934) ya yi. Wannan kason ya rarraba karin harshen gida biyu: rukunin gabas, waɗanda suka haɗa da: Kananci da Bausanci da Zazzaganci da Guddiranci da Damagaranci (Zinder). Kare-karen harshen yamma kuwa su ne: Sakkwatanci da Katsinanci da Arewanci da Kurfayanci da Gobiranci.

 Dukkan waɗannan kare-karen harsuna suna da siffofin da ake iya gane su da su, waɗanda suka shafi nazarin kimiyyar harshe tun daga furuci da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla da kuma ma’ana. Wannan binciken zai ta’allaƙa ne ga karin harshen Sakkwatanci da yadda yake aiki wajen samar da wasu kalmomin jam’i da kuma jinsi tare da yin kwatance da daidaitacciyar Hausa. A nan za mu ga yadda wasu ƙwayoyin ma’ana (na ɗafi) ke bambanta wajen ginin kalmomi.

 Karin harshen sakkwatanci kuwa karin harshe ne, na yamma a cikin rabe-raben karin harshen Hausa, wanda ake samu a yankin ƙasar Sakkwato da kewayenta, wanda kuma ake iya bambantawa ta siffofi da dama na kare-karen harshen Hausa.

  GAMAYYAR KARIN HARSHE DA TASARIFI

 Daga cikin matakan da ake iya auna bambancin karin harshen Hausa kamar yadda masana suka bayyana akwai furuci da ƙirar kalma/tasarifi da ginin jumla da kuma ma’anar kalmomi. Wannan kawai zai iya tabbatar mana da cewa akwai alaƙa tsakanin tasarifi/ƙirar kalma da karin harshe a Hausa. Karin harshe yana iya bambanta da ɗan’uwansa ta yadda suke ƙera kalmominsu daban-daban.

 Muhimmin abin lura a nan, shi ne karin harshen Sakkwatanci yana da wasu bambance-bambance da sauran kare-karen harshen Hausa na gabas da ma ‘yan’uwansa na yamma ta yadda yake ƙera wasu kalmominsu na jam’i da kuma jinsin mace daga namiji ta amfani da tushen kalma ɗaya amma ɗafe-ɗafe mabambanta. Wannan kuwa wani bambanci ne wanda za a iya siffanta karin harshen da shi kai tsaye a cikin sauran kare-karen harshen Hausa gaba ɗaya. Ga yadda al’amarin yake gudana a cikin ƙirar kalma a Sakkwatanci.

1.3.1. GININ KALMOMIN JAM’I TA AMFANI DA ƘWAYAR MA’ANAR –INNE A KARIN HARSHEN SAKKWATANCI

 Ƙwayar ma’ana kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, tubali ce daga cikin tubalan ƙirar kalma. Ƙwayar ma’ana na iya kasancewa ɗafi ko tushen kalma, waɗanda, da su ne ake muhimman ayyukan ginin kalma a Hausa. Binciken da za mu gudanar ya danganci ƙwayar ma’ana ta ɗafa ƙeyan –inne da ake amfani a karin harshen Sakkwatanci wajen gina wasu kalmomin jam’i na Hausa, a maimakon ɗafa ƙeya –u, wanda ake amfani da shi a daidaitacciyar Hausa da wasu kare-karen harsuna wajen ƙera wasu kalmomi. Karin sautin ɗafin ginannun kalmomin kuwa yakan canza daga karin sautin sama zuwa karin sautin sama ƙasa. Ga misali:

Daidaitacciyar Hausa   Karin Harshen Sakkwatanci

Tilo   Jam’i     Jam’i

Makaranta  Makarant-ú    Makarant-ínnè

Ma’aikata  Ma’aikat-ú    Ma’aikat-ínnè

Maƙabarta  Maƙabart-ú    Maƙabart-ínnè

Jami’a   Jami’-ú    Jami’-ínnè

Buƙata   Buƙat-ú    Buƙat-ínnè

Mazaɓa  Mazaɓ-ú    Mazaɓ-ínnè

Al’ada   Al’ad-ú    Al’ad-ínnè

Kwarkwaɗ-a  Kwarkwaɗ-u    Kwarkwaɗ-ínnè

Kalangu  Kalang-ú    Kalang-ínnè

Shaida   Shaid-ú     Shaid-ínnè

Masa’anta  Masa’ant-ú    Masana’ant-ínnè

 A dukkan waɗannan misalan kalmomin jam’i da muka kawo, za a ga yadda aka samu bambancin ɗafa ƙeyan –ú na Daidaitacciyar Hausa inda ya canza zuwa ɗafin –ínnè a karin harshen Sakkwatanci. Sa’annan aka samu sauyin karin sautin sama ƙasa, a ɗafin maimakon karin sautin sama kawai a asali na Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Wannan kuwa wata sifa ce ta kai tsaye da ake iya ganin bambancin karin harshen Sakkwatanci a fagen ƙirar kalma.

1.3.2. GININ KALMOMIN JAM’I TA AMFANI DA ƘWAYAR MA’ANAR –IYYE A KARIN HARSHEN SAKKWATANCI

 A irin wannan halin, ana amfani da ɗafa ƙeyan –ayye a karin harshen Sakkwatanci wajen gina wasu kalmomin Hausa, wanda ya sha bamban da sauran kare-karen harshen da kuma Daidaitacciyar Hausa, kamar yadda za mu gani a waɗannan misalan da ke tafe:

Daidaitacciyar Hausa  Sakkwatanci

Tilo   Jam’i        Jam’i

Masallaci  Masallat-ái    Masallat-áyyè

Kwalbati  Kwalbat-ái    Kwalbat-áyyè

Magudana  Magudan-ái    Magudan-áyyè

Mataki   Matak-ái    Matak-áyyè   

 A nan ma karin sautin yakan sauya daga karin sautin sama a jam’in na daidaitacciyar Hausa zuwa karin sautin sama ƙasa a ƙirar wasu kalmomin karin harshen Sakkwatanci.

1.3.3  GININ KALMOMIN JINSIN SUNAYEN ASALI KO ƘABILA TA AMFANI DA ƊAFIN –A   A KARIN HARSHEN SAKKWATANCI

 A wajen ginin kalmomin jinsin mace daga jinsin namiji a cikin sunayen da ke nuna asalin mutum ko ƙabilarsa, ana samun sauye-sauyen a wajen ƙwayar ma’ana da ke zuwa a matsayin ɗafa ƙeya da sauyin karin sauti tsakanin karin harshen Sakkwatanci da Daidatacciyar Hausa. A nan maimakon yin amfani da ɗafa ƙeyan –iyaa na daidaitacciyar Hausa, karin harshen Sakkwatanci yana amfani da ɗafa ƙeyan -a. Ga misali:

Daidaitacciyar Hausa   Sakkwatanci

Jinsin namiji  Jinsin Tamata Jinsin Tamata

Bàgòobírí  Bàgòobírìyáa  Bàgòobír-àa

Bàháɗéejèe  Bàháɗéej-ìyáa  Bàháɗéej-àa

Bàkábèe  Bàkábìiy-yàa  Bàkáb-àa

Bàsákkwácèe  Bàsákkwàc-ìyáa Bàsákkwát-àa

Bàzámfárèe  Bàzámfár-ìyáa  Bàzámfár-àa

Bà’árèe  Bà’ár-ìyáa  Bà’ár-àa

 A waɗannan misalan mun lura da yadda ɗafa ƙeyan –iya wanda ake amfani da shi wajen ginin jinsin tamata a sunayen asali ko ƙabila a daidaitacciyar Hausa ya sauya zuwa ɗafa ƙeyan –aa kawai. Sa’annan karin sautin gaɓoɓi biyu na ƙarshen kowace daga cikin kalmomin ya sauya daga karin ƘS a daidaitacciyar Hausa zuwa SƘ a karin harshen Sakkwatanci.

  KAMMALAWA

 Wannan muƙala mai taken: ‘Amfani da Ɗafin –inne da -ayye da –a, a ƙirar wasu kalmomin jam’i da kuma jinsi a karin harshen Sakkwatanci’ ta yi ƙoƙarin nazarin tasarifin ko ƙirar kalma a cikin karin harshen Sakkwatanci tare da fitowa da yadda karin harshen Sakkwatanci yake amfani da wasu ƙwayoyin ma’ana na ɗafau da suka bambanta da daidaitacciyar Hausa a wajen ƙera kalmomin ko dai jam’i ko kuma na wasu kalmomin jinsin mace daga namiji. Binciken ya yi ƙoƙarin fitowa da misalai don kariyar bayanan da aka kawo. Wannan ya ƙara tabbatar da cewa ana iya ganin bambance-bambancen karin harshe a dukkan matakan da ake iya nazarin bambancin kare-karen harshe harshen Hausa ba kawai a ɓangaren tasarifi ba.

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