Aro Da Kirkira: Nazarin Samuwar Sababbin Kamlmomin Kimiyya A Hausa

Citation: Muhammad Mustapha Umar & Musa Shehu (2017). Aro Da Ƙirƙira: Nazarin Samuwar Sababbin Kamlmomin Kimiyya A Hausa. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 5. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

ARO DA ƘIRƘIRA: NAZARIN SAMUWAR SABABBIN KAMLMOMIN KIMIYYA A HAUSA[1]

Daga

Muhammad Mustapha Umar

Da

Musa Shehu

ABSTRACT

This paper intends to analyze, to find how loan and neologisms are used to form new scientific words in Hausa. It has been noticed that once these loanwords get established, they will undoubtedly be pronounced according to Hausa phonological rules because there is variation in spelling and articulation changes. Moreover, the Hausa language coined words that are entirely new, in order to translate new concepts and experiences, especially in the modern scientific and technological innovations and developments in our modern world.

TSAKURE

Manufar wannan maƙala ita ce nazarin aro da ƙirƙira a matsayin hanyoyin azurta Hausa da sababbin kalmomin kimiyya. Wato za a duba yadda Hausa ke sarrafa kalmomin aro don su dace da tsarinta kafin su iya zama ‘yan gida, da kuma yadda take ƙirƙiro sababbin kalmomi waɗanda da can babu su a Hausa kuma ana samar da su ne saboda fassara baƙin abubuwan da suke daɗa bayyana sakamakon sauyin zamani, da kuma  gano abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin kimiyya da fasaha a duniyarmu ta yau.

1.0 GABATARWA

 Rumbun kalmomi na cikin daidaitacciyar Hausa ya ƙunshi ararrun kalmomi masu tarin yawa, fiye da rabinsu sun shigo ne daga Ingilishi, sai ƙasa da haka da aka samo daga Larabci. Su kuma sauran harsuna suna da aƙalla kaso biyar cikin ɗari na ararrun kalmomin da aka tantance cikin harshen Hausa. Manyan dalilan samuwar sababbin kalmomi su ne, cuɗanya da baƙin al’ummu da zamananci waɗanda aka tabbatar sun kawo mana  abubuwa da yawa da ba mu da su a da. Haka kuma, ƙoƙarin fassara keɓaɓɓun kalmomin fannu, musamman na kimiyya shi ma ya ƙara haifar da aro da ƙirƙira a cikin harshe. Su kuma  sababbin kalmomi masu matsayin baƙin kalmomi da aka aro ko aka ƙago don wadata harshe da kalmomin da ba ya da su tun fil’azal, sukan zauna daram cikin harshe tamkar yadda kalmomin asali ke zaman kansu. Wannan aiki zai yi ƙoƙarin tattauna yadda ake azurta Hausa da sababbin kalmomi don ta iya rungumar ci-gaban ƙarni na 21, musamman a fagen kimiyya.

2.0 WAIWAYE

 Yakasai (2005) a wajen nazarinsa ya yi amfani ne da Hausar yamma inda ya bayyana misalansa a Sakkwatanci, wato a Hausar mutanen Sakkwato, kuma a Sakkwaton ma ya yi amfani da jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo da cikin garin Sakkwato a matsayin wuraren tattaro bayanai. Ya yi ƙoƙarin fito da kalmomi da zantuttuka waɗanda suka keɓanta ga ɗaliban jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da mutanen cikin garin Sakkwato. A cikin maƙalar ya kawo bayanai kan ra’in hulɗa tsakanin harsuna da amfanin aro da ƙirƙira tare da kawo hanyoyin samuwar sababbin kalmomi na Bature (1995). Kasancewar maƙalarsa ta shafi samuwar sababbin kalmomin Hausa, to ayyukanmu suna da alaƙa da juna. Sai dai mun bambanta da yake tamu maƙalar ta mayar da hankali ne kan samuwar sababbin kalmomin kimiyya ne a harshen Hausa ba tare da iyakance wani ɓangare na karin harshe ba. Kuma maƙalarmu ta yi amfani da ma’aunan aro da ƙirƙira wajen nuna samuwar kalmomin kimiyya na Hausa. Jadawalai da ke biye za su nuna wasu misalan kalmomi kamar yadda suka fito a maƙalar Yakasai (2005), don ƙara fayyace alaƙa ko bambancin ayyukanmu.

2.1 JADAWALI MAI NUNA HAUSAR ƊALIBAN JAMI’AR USMANU DANFODIYO

Lamba	Kalma	Ma’ana
1	Wanki	Maguɗin jarrabawa
2	Farin wata	Samuwar bayanin jarrabawa kafin loakcin yin ta
3	Direba	Jagora a wajen jarrabawa
4	Dogon wuya	Leƙen aikin na gaba a jarrabawa
5	Mini mat	Kasuwar ɗalibai
6	Presido	Shugaba
7	Sha	Harda ta karatu
8	T.D.B	Karatu har safe
9	Manjagara	Darajar (E) a sakamakon jarrabawa
10	Layun tsari	Shiga wajen jarrabawa da amsa
11	J.J.C/Jambito	Sabon ɗalibi
12	Ɗan aljanna	Malami mai tausayi ga ɗalibai
13	Ɗan wuta	Malami mai tsanani ga ɗalibai

 

2.2 JADAWALI MAI NUNA HAUSAR MUTANEN CIKIN GARIN SAKKWATO

Lamba	Kalma	Ma’ana
1	Gurmu	Wanda bai da mota
2	Kurma	Wanda bai da hanset
3	Ƙwai da ƙwai	Abinci daga waken suya
4	Ruwan sama	Albashin ma’aikata
5	Yaka malam	Abincin sayarwa
6	Ɗiyan boris	Ɓula
7	Kabu-kabu	Hayar mashin ko mota
8	Cas kurege	Wando daban taguwa daban
9	A sallami dakare	Nau’in hula
10	Baba na balaga	Ƙaramar taguwa
11	Taɓa-ka-lasa	Haya cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci
12	Express	Masallacin da ake salla da wuri
13	Tarikita	Liman mai jan doguwar sura

 

3.0 ARO

 Aro hanya ce ta ɗauko kalmomi daga wani harshe a riƙa amfani da su don cike gurbin waɗanda babu a harshen. Bayan Bahaushe ya ari kalma, yakan gyara ta, ya tabbata ta hau tsarin furucin Hausa kamar yadda ya saba don ya ji daɗin faɗar ta, kuma duk kalmomin da aka aro suna aiki da ma’anarsu ta asali ba tare da fuskantar canjin ma’ana ba. Sannan kuma ba duk kalmomin aro ke fuskantar sauyi ba, domin wasu kan kasance cikin sigarsu ta asali ko bayan an ɗauko su daga wani harshe.

4.0 ƘIRƘIRA

 Ƙirƙira na nufin ƙagowa ko gano hanyar samar da sababbin kalmomi, don wakiltar wani abu da babu a harshe. Bahaushe kan ƙirƙiri sabuwar kalma daga kalmominsa na asali ko ta hanyar sarrafa kalmomin aro, domin bunƙasa kalmomin fannu.

5.0 HANYOYIN AZURTA HAUSA DA SABABBIN KALMOMI

 Bature (1995)[2] ya kawo hanyoyi uku fitattu waɗanda Hausawa ke bi don azurta Hausa da sababbin kalmomi waɗanda suka haɗa da:

Faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmomi

Faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmomin asali

Faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmomin aro

Ƙirƙira

Ƙirƙira daga kalmomin asali

Ƙirƙira sabuwar kalma da babu ita a da a harshen Hausa

Ƙirƙira ta haxn gambizar kalmar asali da ta aro

Sarrafa kalmomin aro

Sarrafa kalmomin Larabci

Sarrafa kalmomin Ingilishi

5.1 HANYAR ARO

 A cikin wannan sashe za mu ga yadda ake azurta Hausa da sababbin kalmomi ta hanyar aro. Aron na iya kasancewa ta hanyar sauya wa kalmomi siga ko kuma a bar su yadda suke a riƙa amfani da su. Ana yin aro da gyara domin kalmar aro ta dace da ilimin tsarin sauti ko tsarin tasrifin harshe. Wato aron kan sauya sautukan da kalma ta ƙunsa, ta hanyar cire sautukan da ba a samu a Hausa da sauyin da ke aukuwa ko da a sautukan da aka yi tarayya da su, musamman inda sautin da aka aro bai dace da dokokin ilimin tsarin sauti ba. A wani lokaci aro yana haddasa shafewa da saƙala sautukan asali, da tsawaita wasula da kwaskwarima a tsarin gaɓa, don kawai sautukan aro su hau tsarin harshen Hausa ko su yi daidai da shi. Ga jerin kaɗan daga cikin irin waɗannan kalmomi na Hausa da aka samar ta hanyar aro.

Lamba	Ingilishi	Hausa	Sharhi
1	Acid	Asid	An maye gurbin harafin /c/ da na /s/.
2	Adrenalin	Adinalin	An shafe gaɓar /re/ sannan aka maye ta da wasalin /i/
3	Ammonium	Amoniya	An shafe harafin /m/ sannan gaɓar ‘nium’ ta Ingilishi ta sauya zuwa gaɓoɓi biyu ‘ni-ya’ wato, kalmar Ingilishi ta tashi daga mai gaɓa uku zuwa mai gaɓa huɗu bayan an aro ta cikin Hausa.
4	Aspirin	Asfirin	An sauya sauti /p/ zuwa sauti /f/ wanda ya fi kusa da na harshen Hausa.
5	Chisel	Cizil	An shafe harafin /h/ a gaɓar farko, sannan aka maye gurabun sautukan /s/ da /e/ na Ingilishi  da waɗannan /z/ da /i/.
6	Cholera	Kwalara	An sauya gaɓar farkon kalma ta ‘cho’ zuwa gaɓar ‘kwa’ da Hausa take da ita, sannan wasali /a/ shi ne ya hau gurbin /e/ na Ingilishi.
7	Compass	Komfas	Harafin /k/ ya canjin harafin /c/ sannan aka cire sautin /p/ aka maye shi da wanda ya fi kusa da sautin Hausa wato /f/ sannan kuma an share harafin /s/ guda na cikin gaɓa ta biyu, domin Hausa ba ta yarda da cinkoson baƙaƙe ba.
8	Computer	Kwamfuita	Gaɓar ‘com’ an Hausantar da ita zuwa ‘kwam’ yayin da ‘pu’ ta koma ‘fiu’ sai ‘ter’ wadda fuskanci kwaskwarima zuwa ‘ta’
9	Element	Elamen	An maye gurbin wasalin /e/ da na /a/ sannan aka share baƙin /t/ saboda Hausa ba ta amfani da cinkoson baƙaƙe.
10	Filter	Filta	An canja wasalin /e/ na gaɓar ‘ter’ da wasalin /a/ sannan aka share baƙin /r/.
11	Hydrogen	Hadirojin	Furucin kalmar ya yi kusa da na Ingilishi, bayan ta fuskanci sauyi inda aka maye gurbin wasalin /y/ da na /a/, aka kuma saƙala wasalin /i/ a tsakanin gaɓar /dro/ sannan aka canja baƙin /g/ da sautin /j/ da ya dace da na Hausa, tare da amfani da furucin /i/ maimakon na /e/.
12	Lever	Liba	Yadda Bahaushe ke iya faɗar kalmar haka aka rubuta ta cikin Hausa.
13	Machine	Mashin	Yadda Bahaushe ke iya faɗar kalmar haka ya rubuta abarsa.
14	Marble	Mabul	Yadda Bahaushe ke iya faɗar kalmar haka aka rubuta ta cikin Hausa.
15	Mechanic	Makanike	Sautinsu na kusa da juna, sai dai an sauya sautin /c/ a duk inda ya fito a cikin kalmar zuwa /k/ sannan aka ƙara wasalin /e/ a ƙarshen kalmar aro.
16	Screw driver	Sukundireba	Kalmar ‘screw’ ita ta koma ‘sukun’ sai ‘driver’ da ta fuskanci saƙala wasalin /i/ a cinkokoson baƙaƙe, tare da canja wasali /i/ na cikin gaɓar ‘dri’ zuwa wasalin /e/, sannan baƙin /v/ ya koma /b/, sai dai an Hausance wasalin gaɓar zuwa /a/ daga /er/.
17	Thermometre	Tamomita ko Samomita	An samu canjarar a faɗar kalmar sai dai an canja sautin /th/ zuwa /t/ ko /s/ sannan aka sauya ‘re’ da wasalin /a/.
18	Throttle	Totur	Rashin sautin /th/ a Hausa ya sa aka maida shi sautin /t/, tare da fasa cinkoson baƙaƙe ta hanyar saƙala wasalin /o/ da wasalin /u/ a gaɓar ƙarshe.
19	Uranium	Yuraniyam	An mayar da furucin kalmar ya dace da rubutun Hausa, sai dai /u/ ta gaɓar farko na kalmar aro ta sauya zuwa /y/ sannan gaɓar ‘um’ ta koma ‘yam’
20	Zinc	Zinki	An canja sautin /c/ na Ingilishi zuwa sautin /k/ na Hausa, sannan aka saƙala wasalin /i/ a ƙarshe.

 

Daga waɗannan misalai mun ga yadda Hausa ke sarrafa kalmomin da ta ɗauko daga wani harshe, kafin ta mayar da su nata. Hausa hankaka ce maida ɗan wani naki kuma ta ƙware sosai wajen sauya sigar kalmomin  aro, ta hanyar maye gurbin wasu sautuka da babu a harshenta ko waɗanda ba a samu a harshen aro da kuma rage cinkoson baƙaƙe da babu shi a Hausa. Ta fuskar ma’ana kuma, dukkan kalmomin aro suna aiki da ma’anarsu ta asali daga harshen da aka aro. A bayyane yake samuwar irin waɗannan kalmomi ya taimaka ainun wajen azurta rumbun kalmomin Hausa da sababbin kalmomi, kuma samun wannan gata mataki ne na nuna  bunƙasa  da yaɗuwar harshe da kuma yadda hakan zai sa ya cimma wasu buƙatunsa na sadarwa, musamman a fagen kimiyya. Saboda haka, lallai aro mihimmiyar hanya ce da ake amfani da ita wajen ƙoƙarin shirya Hausa, domin ta tafi da zamani, ta kuma rungumi ci-gaban ƙarni na 21, kamar yadda ya dace.

5.2 HANYAR ƘIRƘIRA

 Ƙirƙira na faruwa a lokacin da Bahaushe ya duba cikin kalmominsa na Hausa ya ƙirƙiri wata sabuwar kalma ya ba wani baƙon abu da yake so ya ba shi sabon suna. Bahaushe kan siffanta wani abu da yake da shi na zahiri da wani abu, ko kuma ya siffanta wani yanayi ko aiki da wani abu da ba za  a iya ganinsa ba. Haka kuma, akwai hanyar kamanta wani abu da wani suna mai jiki ko marar jiki domin faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmomi daga kalmomin asali ko daga na aro.[3] Wato ƙirƙira hanya ce fitatta da Bahaushe ke bi wajen ƙago sababbin kalmomi da babu su a Hausa, musamman ta amfani da salon siffantawa ko kamantawa don faɗaɗa ma’anar kalmomi na gida ko baƙi.

 Akwai ƙirar kalmomi  ta hanyar fassara ma’anar kalma kai tsaye. Ana yin wannan fassara ce ta la’akari da ma’anar kalma ko abin da ta ƙunsa ko duba irin aikin da take yi, kafin a juyar da ita zuwa wata ma’ana a harshen Hausa. A irin wannan yanayi ana ƙoƙari matuƙa na ganin an taƙaita tsayin kalmar da aka fassara, kuma a tabbatar da an sami daidaito ko dacewar ma’ana, da sauƙaƙa sadarwa a harshe don ma’amala ta yau da kullum tsakanin jama’a.

 Wata dabarar ƙirar sababbin kalmomi ita ce, ta amfani da surkin kalma biyu ko fiye daga Ingilishi ko Larabci a haɗa su da ta Hausa domin samar da sabuwar kalma mai cin gashin kanta. Wato ƙera sabuwar kalma ta haɗin gambizar kalmar asali da wadda aka aro daga wani harshe, ko kuma a haɗa kalmomin aro na Ingilishi da Larabci, domin fassara ta ba da ma’ana daidai da baƙuwar kalmar da ake ƙoƙarin Hausantarwa. Ga kaɗan daga cikin kalmomin kimiyya da wannan hanya ta samar a Hausa.

Ƙirƙira Daga Kalmomin Asali
Lamba	Ingilishi	Hausa
1	Abacus	Carbin lissafi
2	Acne	Bar-ni-da-mugu
3	Anaesthesia	Allurar kashe zugi
4	Anti-knock	Hana-bugawa
5	Heat energy	Makamashin zafi
6	Limestone	Farar ƙasa
7	Reflection	Dodon haske
8	Test Tube	Kwalbar gwaji
9	Volcano	Dutse mai aman wuta
Ƙirƙira ta Gamin gambizar Kalmomin Asali da na Aro
10	Anatomy	Ilimin fasalin jiki
11	Arsenal	Masana’antar makamai
12	Astrology	Ilimin taurari
13	Aviation	Ilimin tuƙin jirgin sama
14	Bacteria	Ƙwayar halitta maras cutarwa
15	Bi-concave	Gilashi doro biyu
16	Nitrogen	Iskar natirojin
Ƙirƙira Daga Kalmomin Aro
17	Astromical map	Taswirar samaniya
18	Chemical	Sinadari
19	Eclipse	Husufi
20	Table	Jadawali

 

 Idan aka lura da dukan waɗannan misalan, za a ga sun samu ne ta hanyar ƙirƙirar daga kalmomin asali, da ƙirƙira ta  fasahar haɗin gambizar kalmar asali da ta aro, da kuma ta hanyar ƙirƙira daga kalmomin aro zalla. Wani bi ma fassara mai ma’ana ake yi don raɗa wa sabuwar kalma suna.  

 Ƙirar kalmomi na kawo canji a harshe, ta hanyar haifar da hikimomi a harshe dangane da fassara abubuwa sababbi cikin faɗaɗa ma’ana, tare da taimakawa wajen faɗakar da mutane sanin sababbin kalmomi da suka shigo cikin harshe. Canjin na faruwa a harshe a duk lokacin da aka sami kwararar baƙin abubuwa da babu su da a cikin harshe. Ta haka ne harshen Hausa ke samun ƙaruwa ta kalmomi. Sai dai kuma hakan yana dogara ne ga yanayin yawaitar mu’amala cikin sarrafa sababbin kalmomi. Wato a tabbatar da an yaɗa waɗannan kalmomin fannu, musamman ta hanyoyin sadarwa don tabbatar da amfani da su da kuma karɓuwarsu ga jama’a.

6.0 KAMMALAWA

 Hanyoyi biyu na azurta Hausa da sababbin kalmomi su ne, aron kalmomi da ƙirar kalmomi. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna taimakawa, musamman ta  la’akari da yadda kullum suke biya wa Hausa buƙatunta na sadarwa da na ilimin kimiyya da fasaha da sauran fannonin ilimi da ke daɗa bayyana a duniyarmu ta yau mai saurin sauye-sauye da canje-canje. Samar da irin waɗannan kalmomi  gagarumin aiki ne wanda zai bunƙasa harshen Hausa ta kuma ji daɗin watayawa a cikin wannan lokaci na ci-gaban fasahar sadarwa mai tafiya da salon tsukanta duniya.

7.0 SHAWARWARI

A samar da ƙwararrun masana fannin fassara da cibiyoyin nazarin fassara da makarantun fassara, domin koyar da aikin fassara da sa ido kan yadda ake aiwatar da ita.

Kiran tarukan ƙara wa juna ilimi da bita a-kai-a-kai don samar da sababbin kalmomin fannu a dukkan fannonin hulɗar ɗan’Adam.

Lallai a zage dantse a sami jituwa da daidaituwa wajen yin amfani da sababbin kalmomi tsakanin masu koyo da koyarwa da jama’a baki ɗaya.

A ƙarfafa dukan cibiyoyin nazarin harsuna Nijeriya da su ci-gaba da yin irin wannan aiki na fassara don haɓaka wannan harshe.

A tabbatar da dukan jami’o’inmu sun watsar da fassarorinsu na wucin-gadi, su kuma rungumi daidaitattun kalmomin fannu da ake da su a Hausa.

Baya ga waɗannan hanyoyi guda biyu na aro ta hanyar kwaskwarima da ƙirƙira, akwai  aro na kai-tsaye, wato yin amfani da kalma kamar yadda take a harshen asali don a magance matsalar rashin dacewa a fassarar wasu kalmomin aro.

MANAZARTA

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Abbas, N.I. (2012). “Kamanci da Bambanci Tsakanin Ararrin Kalmomin Larabci da  Turanci a Hausa ta Ɓangaren Tsarin Karin Sauti da Tsarin Gaɓa.” In Soba, S.A (ed).  Bagushiya Journal of Hausa Studies. Gusau: Nasara Press. Volume, 1, pp. 98-105.

Bature, A. (2002). “Nazari Kan Ƙirƙirar Sababbin Kalmomi a Hausa.” In Bichi, A.Y et al  (eds).  Studies in Hausa Language, Literature And Culture. The Fifth Hausa International  Conference. Kano: Benchmark Publishers Limited. Pp. 129-146.

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Yakasai, S. A. (2005). “Aro da Ƙirƙira: Nazarin Samuwar Sababbin Kalmomin Hausa a Jami’a da Kuma Garin Sakkwato”: A Paper Presented at The Departmental Seminar. Nigerian Languages, Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University, Sokoto.

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[1] Duk kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin misalai an samo su ne kai-tsaye daga littafin: Centre for the Study of Nigerian Languages, “Sababbin Kalmomi (Ingilishi zuwa Hausa)” Benchmark Publishers Limited, Kano, shafi na 29-36.

[2]  Abdullahi Bature,  “Nazari Kan Ƙirƙirar Sababbin Kalmomi a Hausa.” In Bichi, A.Y et al (eds). Studies in Hausa Language, Literature And Culture. The Fifth Hausa International Conference. Benchmark Publishers Limited. Kano., 1995, shafi na 132-140.

[3] Dubi lamba ta 2, shafi na 132.