Aikin Maraka Yanki a Kan Samar Da Ma’ana Fiye Da Daya a Wasu Kalmomin Hausa

Citation: Mukhtar Ahmad (2017). Aikin Maraka Yanki A Kan Samar Da Ma’ana Fiye Da Ɗaya A Wasu Kalmomin Hausa. Yobe Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture (YOJOLLAC), Vol. 5. Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria. ISSN 2449-0660

AIKIN MARAKA YANKI A KAN SAMAR DA MA’ANA FIYE DA ƊAYA A WASU KALMOMIN HAUSA

Daga

Mukhtar Ahmad

Tsakure

Kari kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a maraka yanki, ilimin furuci da fannin tsarin sauti domin su duka su nuna bambanci a kan ƙarfin amo ɗaukaka murya, da rauji.Wannan muƙala tana bincike ne a kan wasu kalmomin Hausa waɗanda maraka yanki ke bambantawa a ma’ana, wato kalma na iya samun ma’ana biyu ko fiye, kamar: Ayya- idan ka ce Ayya=HL- tana nufin hatsari, in aka ce Ayya: HH- tana nufin tausayi. Ko Haba:LH- tana nufi tsawatarwa ko a ce Habaa:LH- tana nufin ba da haƙuri,  Wai: H- tana nufin damuwa, wai:L- tana nufin gajiya. Kuma wannan muƙala gudummawa ce a koyo da koyar da harshen Hausa, da kuma ci gaban nazarin Harshen Hausa.

Abstract

This paper investigates some Hausa words in which suprasegmental are used to differentiate their meaning, that by the used of suprasegmental one word can have two or more meanings. Such as Ayya, if it is said Ayaa: HL- pronounce when accident occur, and if it is said Ayaa: HH- it means pity, and a word Haba:LH- it means warning, or Habaa:HH- it means to say sorry to somebody, and the word wai:F- means to remember and wai:H- it means to be in a situation of been worried and wai:L- it means to be tired. The paper is a contribution to the teaching and learning in Hausa language, and the development of Hausa language studies.

1.0 GABATARWA

Harshen Hausa, wani harshe ne mai muhimmanci a sashen Afirka ta Yamma. Mafi yawan ‘yan asalin harshen an fi samunsu a yankin kudancin Jumhuriyar Nijar da Arewacin Nijeriya, da kuma maƙwabtansu a kowane ɓangare. Sannan wannan Harshe, ɗaya ne daga cikin iyalan harsunan Chadi. To wannan harshe ana yi masa laƙabi da harshe mai karin sauti. Wato yakan yi amfani da karin sauti a wurare da yawa don ya rarrabe a tsakanin kalmomi da ma’ana. Wannan muƙala za ta dubi yadda maraka yanki ke kawo bambancin ma’anar kalma. An ba da ma’anar maraka yanki da cewa “Siffa ce ta tsarin sauti wadda ta faɗaɗa zuwa ga sautin magana fiye da ɗaya kamar kaifin amo, tashin sauti, ko ƙarfin wasali da gaɓar magana, kuma suna ba da ma’ana (Harris da Hodges  1995) kuma an bayyana harshe da cewa wata abu ce wadda ake amfani da ita a ilimin furuci da tsarin sauti wanda ke nuni a kan tasirin furuci, wanda ke faɗaɗa zuwa sautuka daban-daban fiye da ɗaya a cikin furuci, kamar kaifin amo, tashin sauti ko ƙarfin wasali da salon waƙafin magana (Crystal, 2009).

Ayyuka masu alaƙa da wannan: Akwai ayyukan da aka yi masu alaƙa da wannan, amma wanda aka samu shi ne Yalwa (2002), wanda ya yi maƙalarsa da Ingilishi ya yi mata take da cewa “Autosegmental Account to some Hausa Tonal Processess”. A ciki ya yi bayanin yadda karin sautin kalma ke canzawa idan aka yi mata tasarifi a magana. Inda wani abu zai shiga a magana sai ya zamo canjin ba ya canza wa kalma karin sauti. Wannan maƙala tana da dangantaka da wadda ake gabatarwa, a wajen amfani da karin sauti. Amma sun bambanta, kasancewar muƙalar da ake gabatarwa tana bayani ne a kan aikin maraka yanki a samar da ma’ana fiye da ɗaya a wasu kalmomin Hausa.

2.1 DABARUN BINCIKE

A wannan bincike za a yi amfani da dubarun manya hanyoyin bincike da kuma sauran hanyoyin bincike da ba manya ba. A manya hanyoyin bincike za a dubi yadda Hausawa ke ta’ammuli da waɗannan kalmomi a aikace. Kuma, a wasu hanyoyi da ba manya ba, za a dubi bayanan littaffai, kamar kamusai, irin su Burgery (1934) da ƙamusun Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Bayero, Kano (2006) da Hausa Meta Language (Muhammad, 1990) da littafan ilmi harsuna irin Crystal (2009).

3.1 KALMOMIN DA MARAKA YANKI KE SAMAR WA MA’ANA DA YAWA

An yi bayanin cewa kamar yadda ake iya samun tashin sauti a Ingilishi a Hausa ma akwai shi. Sani (2013). Wato kenan ana iya samun tashin sauti na faruwa ne sanadiyar yin magana a cikin yanayi na damuwa, ƙosawa da ɓacin rai, a kan haka lafazin zai sauya daga na tattaurar murya zuwa na kakkausa.

Kuma wasu masana suna maganta a kan kalma ɗaya a matsayin jimla. Palmer (2002) a nan kenan idan aka samu kalma ɗaya aka furta ta a yanayin da take ba da cikakkar ma’ana a magana to wannan kalma na a matsayin jimla.

Kuma ana samu rausayar murya a cikin maganar Hausa. Rausayar murya a tsarin sauti, lamari ne na yadda murya take layi tana rangaji yayin da mai magana yake maganarsa. Tabbas, lokacin da mai magana yake magana, muryarsa ba a miƙe take sak ba. A’a, hawa take yi tana gangarawa, kamar tafiyar mai bin hanyar tudu da kwari. Sani (2013).

To a bayanin waɗannan kalmomi za a samu wasu kalmomi masu tashin sauti, kuma za a iya samu rausayar murya a wasu kalmomi, kuma kasancewar ana samun kalma a matsayin jimla. Mafi yawan kalmomin da za a ambata a matsayin jimla suke. Saboda haka ba bu buƙatar a sa su ga wata jimla a wasu wurare. Sannan kuma za a yi amfani da alamomin tashin sauti waɗanda  Sani (2013), ya yi amfani da su.

A nan za a kawo kalmomi tare da nuna yadda maraka yanki ke aiki a kan su, har su samar masu da ma’ana fiye da ɗaya. Kalmomin ga su kamar haka:

 1a Ahaa-LF- wannan kalma ce mai motsa rai kuma tana nuna farin ciki ko gamsuwa:

Idan mutum na son ya samu wani abu ko yana buqatar wani abu, kila ya yi ta yi har ya gaji to a lokacin da ya samu abun ko ya ga abin da yake nema ko aka yi wani abu ko wata magana da ya gamsu, abu na farko da zai furta shi ne ‘Ahaa’ tare da jan wasali wannan shi ke nuna farin ciki da murna.

b. Aha!-LL- wannan kalma tana nufin faɗe ko yi wa mutun gori

bambancin kalmar farko da ta biyu shi ne, ta farko na da sauti ƙasa faxau, ta biyu na da sauti ƙasa-ƙasa.

c. Ahaa: LL= Wannan kalma ana furta ta don a nuna mamaki, ga wani abu da ya faru ko wata magana da aka faxa.

Kalma ta uku ta bambanta da ta biyu saboda ta uku na da tsawon wasali da rausayar murya.

Idan aka yi wa mutun maganar ya bar abu bai bari ba, ko aka nuna masa abin da yake yi na iya kawo masa abu kaza. Duk da haka sai bai bari ba. To idan wani abu ya faru a gare shi wanda ya yi masa magana ya gani, ko wasu da suka san an yi masa magana suka gani, kalmar farko da za a furta ita ce ‘Ahaa’ don nuna masa ga abin da ake masa gudu nan ya faru.

2a. Ayyaa: LF= kalma ce wadda ake furtawa ana nuna danasani wato ana furta ta ne idan aka yi kuskure ko ba daidai ba.

b. Ayya: HL= Wannan kalma ce mai sosa rai wato ana furta ta ne idan wani hatsari ya faru ko wata matsala ta sami mutun sai a furta ta ana nuna tausayi a gare shi.

Bambancin kalmar farko da ta biyu shi ne kalmar farko tana da karin sauti qasa-faxau, sannan tare da dogon wasali, ita kuma kalma ta biyu tana da karin sautin sama-ƙasa ne ba tare da jan wasali ba.

3a Can-F- wannan kalma na nufin, nuni ga wuri mai nisa ba ƙwarai

 ba. Wanda ake iya gani kusa lokacin da aka nuna shi.

 i.  Ga mota can.

 b. Can-H-wannan kalma na nufin, nuni ga wuri mai nisa sosai. Wanda ke da wuyar gani.

 i.  Ga mota can nesa

Kalma ta farko tana da gajeren wasali da sutin faɗau. Sannan ta biyu tana da karin sautin sama.

4a Da kyau-LF-duk da yake nan ba kalma ɗaya ba ce, amma ana furta

 wannan ga mutum don a nuna ana yaba masa ga abin da ya yi.

 Misali: Ana ba da labari a ce Audu ya ci Jarrabawa, sai mai sauraro ya ce ‘da kyau’.

 b. Da kyau-FL- Nan ma ba kalma ɗaya ba ce, amma suna nufin

 kashedi, ga wanda aka furta wa ita: Misali idan mutum ya aikata wani abin da aka hane shi, ko abin da bai kamata ba, idan wani ya gani sai ya ce da kyau, yana yi masa gatse, wato a nan kalmomin da kyau ana furta su ne a kan gatse.

Kuma kalma ta farko tana da karin sauti faxau da sauti sama, ita kuma ta biyu tana da karin sauti faxau da na ƙasa.

5a Habaa-HL- wannan kalma na nufin tsawatarwa ga wanda aka furtawa ita. Misali, idan wani ya yi abin da bai kamata ba, sai babba ya gan shi, kuma ya san wanda ya yi abin. Shi ma ya san ba abun ne mai kyau ya yi ba, ko ana ganin girmansa bai kamata ya aikata hakan ba. Sai a ce ‘haa’ ko a ce ‘haba ya ka aikata haka!’.

b. Habaa-LH-Wannan kalma abin da ke bambanta ta, da ta farko shi ne wannan tana da tsawon wasali. Sannan wannan ta biyu ma’anarta ita ce ba da haƙuri da rarrashi. Amma a Zamfara musamman mutanen garin Gumi suna bambanta karin sauti su ce Haba-LL- ita ma tana nufin rarrashi ko ba da haƙuri.

c. 1Haba: LH: Ana furta ta tare da tashin sauti wajen furuci: Misali, idan aka gaya wa mutun wani labari game da wani mutun, sai mai sauraron ya tuna ya lura da wani abu, ko wata halayya ga wanda aka ba shi labari kansa. Sai mai sauraron ya ce ‘haba’ ni kam na lura da abu kaza a kan wane.

d. Haba: HL= a nan kalma na nufin jan hankali da ankarar da mutum ga abinda ke daidai. Duk da cewar a can sama an kawo mai irin karin sautinta, amma ma’anar ta bambanta.

e. Haba: LL= Wannan kuma ana faɗar ta don a nuna rashin yarda da abin da mutum ya faɗa. Wani lokaci ana faɗarta tare da maimaitawa. haba-haba.

6a Iyyee-LF- Kalmar tana da harafin ‘y’ biyu, sannan da karin sautin qasa a gava ta farko da kuma karin sautin faxau a gavar qarshe. Bayan haka kuma kalmar na nufin mamaki. Misali idan mutum ya aikata wani abu wanda bai kamata ya yi ba, musamman na raini. Idan ana son a nuna a cikin raha cewar bai yi daidai ba, sai a ce ‘iyye’.

     b. 1Iyyee-HF- Wannan kalma ta bambanta da ta farko, don tana da sauti sama. Ita kuma tana nufin jinjinawa tare da mamaki.

7a Kai-H- Wannan kalma ana furta ta ne don a nuna tsawatarwa ga

 wanda aka furta wa ita.

    b. Kai-F- Wannan kalma ana furta ta ne don a nuna ƙaryata wanda

 aka furta wa ita.

   c. Kai-L- Wannan kalma ana furta ta ne don a nuna an yi mamaki. Misali a ce kai wane, haka abin yake.

   d. Kai-F- Wannan kalma na nufin sunan wani sashe na jiki.

   e. Kai-H- wannan kalma wakilin suna rakaɓau ce.

   f. 1Kai: F- Wannan ana furta ta a lokacin da ake kiran mutun namiji.

Kalmar kai ta farko tana da karin sauti sama ne, sannan ta bambanta da ta biyu. Domin ta biyu tana da karin sautin faɗau ne, kuma da jan wasalin ‘ai’. Sannan duk sun bambanta da ta uku. Domin ta uku sautin ƙasa gare ta. Sannan ta huɗu tana da faɗau amma ba jan wasali, ita kuma ta biyar karin sautin sama gare ta. Ita kuma ta shida tana da karin sauti faɗau.

8a Kaico-LH- Kalmar na nufin, takaici ko ban haushi. Misali idan mutun ya yi abu aka ji haushi ana iya furta wannan kalma, a Sakkwato ana faɗar haka.

 b. Kaico-LL- Wannan kalma na nufin tausayawa mutum.

 c. 1Kaico-HH- Ita kuma wannan kalma na nufin kashedi ko gargaɗi. Misali an ce ga mutun ‘kaicon ka idan ka kasa cin jarabawa’.

Bambancin waɗannan kalmomi shi ne, kalmar farko tana da sauti ƙasa sama a tare. Sannan ta biyu ita kuma karin sauti ƙasa qasa gare ta guda biyu tare da furta ta da ƙarfi. Ita kuma ta uku karin sauti sama sama gare ta. To, ke nan duk sun bambanta da juna ta fuskar karin sauti.

9a 1Kayya-HH- Wannan kalma ma’anarta na nufin nuna an yi kuskure. Ko wani abin haushi ko takaici. Idan mutum ya yi abu ba daidai ba, sai na tare da shi ya furta wannan, kuma idan aka yi wani abun haushi, ana furta ta a Sakkwato.

b. Kayya-HL- Wannan kalma ana furta ta a nuna wanda ake magana da shi, kamar a ce kai, ana faɗar haka a Sakkwato.

c. Kayya: LL= Ana furta ta ana nuna rashin tabbas. Misali ana samun abu kaza a kasuwa- sai a ce kayya, wato ba tabbas.

Kalmar farko tana da karin sauti sama-sama. Sannan ta biyu ita kuma tana da karin sautin sama ƙasa, kalma ta uku kuma tana da karin sautin ƙasa-ƙasa.

10a Kash-F- Wannan kalma ana furta ta idan aka ji ciwo. Wato da zarar mutum ya ji ciwo zai furta ta ko wani ya furta ta, ana samun irin wannan yanayi a Sakkwatanci.

b. 1Kash-H- Wannan kalma ana furta ta idan aka yi kuskure ko aka yi wani abin ban haushi kuma ana furta ta tare da tashin sauti. Wato da zarar mutum ya yi kuskure zai furta ta.

Idan aka lura kalmar farko tana da sauti faɗau ne. Ita kuma ta biyu tana da sauti sama, sannan a farko harafin da tashin sauti.

11a Oho-LH- Wannan kalma na bayanin halin ko in kula, halin ba ruwana. Missali idan mutum ya aikata wani abu ko ya furta wata magana ana tsammanin mai sauraro ya damu, sai ya ce oho, wato ai bai damu ba.

b. Ohooo-LH- Wannan kalma tana bayanin an tuna da wani abu ko

wata magana da aka manta. Ko an gane wani abu da ba a gane ba farko.

c.  Oho-HL-Wannan kalma na bayanin amincewa cikin gatse. Kamar yaro ko mata ta tambayi mai gida izinin yin wani abu, sai ya ce oho, wato in anga dama a yi in ba a ga dama ba a bari.

Idan aka lura da waɗannan kalmomi za a ga cewa sun bambanta. Kalmar farko tana da karin sauti ƙasa sama. Ta biyu ma na da karin sautin qasa sama, amma ita tana da tsawon wasali. Sannan ta uku tana da karin sautin sama ƙasa.

12a. 1Too-H-Wannan kalma ana furta ta idan wani abu na mamaki ya

 faru. Wato idan aka yi wani abu ko aka furta wata magana mai sauraro ya yi mamaki to yana iya furta ta. Too, a Sakkwato ana furta haka.

     b. To-F-Wannan kalma ana furta ta don a nuna amincewa. Wato idan mutun yana neman izini ga wani, sai wanda aka nemi izinin gare shi, ya ce to, wannan ya nuna ya aminci.

Waɗannan kalmomi na da bambanci tsawon wasali. Kalmar farko na da karin sautin sama da tsawon wasali da furta harafin ‘T’. Sannan ta biyu na da gajeren wasali da karin sauti faxau.

3.13a. Wai-F- Wannan kalma tana nufin tunawa da abin da aka manta, ko aka gano kuskuren da aka yi. Wato idan mutun yana aikata wani abu sai ya tuna ba haka ya kamata ya yi ba, ko ya furta wata magana, sai ya tuna ba haka ya kamata ya faxa ba sai ya ce wai.

b. Wai-L- Wannan kalma ana furta ta idan aka shiga halin gajiya.

c. Wai: L= Wannan kalma ana furta ta don a nuna abin da aka ji, kamar sanyi ko zafi, misali:

i- Wai! wannan ruwan da sanyi yake

ii- Wai! wannan kunu da zafi yake.

d. Wai: L: Ana furta wannan kalma don a nuna an samo maganar ne daga wani, kuma wani lokaci mai faɗa ba ya da tabbacin abin da ya ji misali:

 i- Wai an ce ana kiran Audu.

 ii- Wai an ce za a yi albashi yau.

Kalmar farko ta sha bamban da ta biyu. Don ita ta farko tana da karin faɗau, ta biyu na da karin sauti ƙasa.

14a.  Wash-H- Wannan kalma ana furta ta idan aka ji ciwo, musamman

 in aka ji zafin ciwon. Wato idan mutum ya ji ciwo sai ya furta ta.

     b. Wash-F- Wannan kalma ana furta ta ga mutum idan ya yi kuskure,

ko wani abu na rashin kyautawa. Wato idan mutun ya yi kuskure a aikata wani abu ko abin ya ba da shi sai ya furta ta.

c. Wash: L= Wannan kalma ana furta ta ga abin mamaki, wato abin mamaki ya faru sai a ce wash.

Banbancin waɗanda kalmomi shi ne, kalmar farko tana da karin sautin sama. Sannan ta biyu tana da karin sauti faɗau, ita kuma ta uku tana da karin sautin ƙasa.

15a  Wayyoo-HL- Wannan kalma ma’anarta na nuna tausayawa ga wanda aka furta wa ita. Wato an ganshi cikin wani hali mai ban tauayi.

b. 1Wayyo-LH- Wannan kalma mutum na furta ta idan ya firgita, ko

 ya ji tsoro ko ya ji ciwo.

c. Wayyo: HH= Wannan kalma ana furta ta don a nuna mamakin abin da aka ji na daɗi ga abu, wanda ba a yi tsammanin a ji shi ba. Misali:

 i- Wayyo abincin nan na da daɗi.

 ii- Wayyo- ruwan nan na da sanyi

Kalma ta farko tana da karin sautin sama-ƙasa, sannan kalma ta biyu tana da karin sautin qasa-sama da tashin sauti, sannan kalma ta uku, ita ma tana da karin sautin sama-sama, amma ba tashin sauti.

4.1 KAMMALAWA

Wannan muƙala ta duba aikin maraka yanki a bambanta ma’anar kalmomi, kuma wannan na nuna cewa ba karin sauti kawai ke bambanta ma’anar kalmomi ba. A’a har da tashin sauti,  jan wasali da sauransu kuma wannan maƙala gudummuwa ce ga cigaba a nazarin harshen Hausa.

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