Tarihin Alakar Birnin Zauma Da Zamfarawan Gummi

Citation: Abdullahi Sarkin Gulbi, A. Musa, S. (2024). Tarihin Alaƙar Birnin Zauma da Zamfarawan Gummi. Ginshiƙin Nazarin Salon Waƙoƙin Hausa, 205-212. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2024.v03i01.024.

TARIHIN ALAƘAR BIRNIN ZAUMA DA ZAMFARAWAN GUMMI

Abdullahi Sarkin Gulbi
Department of Nigerian Languages
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto

Sa’adu Musa
C/O Department of Nigerian Languages
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto

Tsakure: 

Dangantaka a tsakanin kafuwar garuruwa da birnane abu ce mai dogon tahiri a ƙasar Hausa. A kan haka ne wannan muƙala ta himmatu wajen tono irin alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutanen da suka kafa birnin Zauma da kuma masarautar Gummi dukkansu a jihar Zamfara. An yi amfani da dabarun bincike irin na tuntu~ar masana asalin kafuwar garuruwan da masarautun. Yin amfani da wannan dabarar ya taimaka ainun wajen samar da ingantuttun bayanai daga tsofaffi da masu ruwa da tsaki a sanin alaƙar garuruwan. Wata dabara da aka yi amfani da ita kuwa, ta haɗa da nazarce-nazarcen littaffai da suka bayyana matsayin garuruwan guda biyu. A ƙarshe muƙalar ta gano yadda Zamfarawan Gummi suka samo asali daga Tumfafi ta ƙaramar hukumar Talata Mafara ta jihar Zamfara, waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa garin Birnin zauma, daga bisani zuri’ar suka mamaye garin Gummi da masarautar gaba ɗaya.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Alaƙa, Birnin Zauma, Zamfarawa, Masarautar Gummi

Gabatarwa

Wannan bincike wani yunkuri ne na binciko dangantar mutanen birnin zauma da ke a yankin ƙaramar hukumar mulkin Gummi a da, da kuma Bukkuyum  a yau da Zamfarawan Gummi. Gummi kamar yadda aka sani tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masarautun  Zamfara ta tahiri (Daula) da jiha. Zamfara daula ce gawurtacciya daga cikin gawurtattun daulolin ƙasar Hausa.^[1] Haka kuma, Zamfara ta kasance daga cikin daulolin farko da tarihin Bahaushe, da ƙasar Hausa, ba ya kammala sai da ita^[2].  A ƙasar Hausa, duk abin da ya ɓace wa Bahaushe cikin tarihi ake iya tsintarsa. Don haka,  binciken zai karkata wajen amfani da tattaunawa da masu ruwa da tsaki a kan tarihin wanzuwar abubuwa a cikin al’umma domin taskace sahihan bayanai daga bakinsu, don a samar da abin da ake nema. Yin amfani da wannan dabarar wajibi ne, dalili kuwa shi ne kaɗan daga cikin dabarun samar da bayanan binciken tarihi akwai tattaunawa da masana tarihi da ke a kaimusamman tsofaffi daga cikin al’umma (oral and primary sources) da kuma waɗanda aka ci karo da su a rubuce (documented and secondary sources).A ayyukan masana tarihi da al’ada irin su Muhammadu Bello,^[3] A. H. Car,^[4] Abdullahi Smith,^[5] M. G. Smith^[6] M. Adamu,^[7] Y. B. Usman,^[8]Bunza, A. M^[9]M. Hisket,^[10] M. Last,^[11] Samaldone,^[12] P. J. Shea,^[13] J. Paden^[14] da kuma P.G Haris^[15] duk sun tabbatar da cewa, sanin  tarihi abu ne mai muhimmancin gaske.

Shehu Mujaddadi Ɗanfodiyo,  a rubuce-rubucensu sun ambaci Daulolin da suka taras da kuma irin dangantakarsu da fitattun garuruwan Daulolin waɗanda suka  haɗa da Kano, Gobir, Zamfara, Kabi, Zazzau, Katsina, da Bauci. Suna kiran ƙasar Bilaadi Hausa, Sarakunan Muluuku Hausa ko Muluukus Sudan. Abin nufi dai, Zamfara na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka haɗa Daulolin, kuma Daula ce mai cin gashin kanta^[16].Domin gano wace irin alaƙa keakwai a tsakanin Zamfarawan Gummi da mutanen birnin Zauma kuwa, binciken ya wajabta wa kansa sanin waɗannan batutuwa kamar haka;

i. Taƙaitaccen tahirin Zamfara da asalin Zamfarawa.

ii.   Taƙaitaccen tarihin garin Gummi da kafuwarsa.

iii. Taƙaitaccen tarihin garin Birnin zauma da kafuwarsa.

iv.  Taƙaitaccen tarihin Birnin tudu da kafuwarsa.

Samun bayanan waɗannan  batutuwa shi zai ja mu ga fahimtar alaƙar da ke akwai a tsakanin mutanen Birnin zauma da Zamfarawan Gummi.

Taƙaitaccen Tahirin Zamfara da Asalin Zamfarawa

Masanan tarihi da labarin kunne ya girmi kaka duk sun tafi a kan cewa, asalin Zamfarawa daga ƙasar Habasha suka taso, inda suka yada zango a  gaɓar kogin Chadi. Sun zauna a shekaru masu yawa tare da sauran harsunan iyalin chadi^[17]. Kafewar tabkin ya sanya mutanen yankin suka yi ƙaura zuwa wasu garuruwa da ƙauyuka. A dalilin wannan ƙaurar wasu daga cikin Hausawan Zamfarawa suka tasamma Barno, daga nan suka yi Kano, daga Kano kuma suka yi yamma inda suka kafa babban birninsu wato Dutsi^[18]. A Dusti Dakka shi ne jagoransu na farko tun a wajajen ƙarni na tara (K.9), bayan Dakka an yi manyan sarakunan Zamfara guda uku,  sai dai birnin Dutsi ba  ta ci gaba kamar yadda ya kamata ba sai a lokacin mulkin ‘Yargoje^[19]. A wajajen Ƙarni na  goma sha uku (Ƙ.13) aka sauya tsohon birnin Zamfara zuwa sabon birnin Zamfara misalin kilomita talatin daga birnin Dutsi.Wannan sauyin ya faru ne domin a sami inda fadama da manyan itatuwa suke da ƙasar noma mai kyau^[20]. Bayan birnin Zamfara ya koma a Ƙayatau a karni na goma sha uku (Ƙ.13), an sami ƙaurace-ƙauracen Zamfarawa zuwa wurare daban-daban domin su kafa nasu garuruwa da ƙauyuka, a bisa wannan dalilin ne aka kafa garin Tunfafiya/ Tunfafi,  shi  kuwa garin Gummi ya kafu ne bayan ruguza Daular Zamfara  da Gobirawa suka yi a shekarar 1764^[21].

A Tumfafi kuwa, an sami danbarwar neman sarauta a tsakanin Ali Bazamfare da Ɗangeda^[22].Wannan danbarwar sarautar ya haifar da Ali Bazamfare ya ɗebo jama’arsa zuwa yamma, inda yazauna a birnin Zauma^[23]. A wata ruwayar, birnin Zauma ai mutanen garin Tumfafiya suka kafa shi, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bazai da ƙanensa^[24].

Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Gummi da Kafuwarsa

A nan bayanai za su karkata ne wajen fito da asalin kafuwar garin Gummi da bunƙasarsa a dalilin zuwan Zamfarawa daga gabas, (Tunfafiya- birnin Zauma-Gummi)^[25].

i. Kafuwar Garin Gummi

Garin Gummi ya kafu da kuma bunƙasa ne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Zamfarawa da suke da asali daga wani ƙauye da ake kira “Tunfafi ko Tunfafiya^[26].”Wato Zuri’ar Ali Bazamfare) Wani masanin^[27] tarihi cewa ya yi “Su waɗannan Zamfarawa da suka taso daga Tunfafi ta ƙasar Talata Mafara, sun yi hijira ne zuwa yamma a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ali Bazamfare zuwa wani gari da ake kira Fakai a ƙasar Zuru. Daga nan ne kuma suka dawo wani gari da ake kira Danko, duk a ƙasar Zuru ɗin. A wannan gari  na Danko, Ali Bazamfarae  ya haifi ɗa  da ake kira “Kure^[28].”Bayan yaron ya girma, sai ya ba shi sarautar garin, ya koma wani gari da ake kira “Zauma.”Awannan gari ma ya haifi ‘ya’ya guda biyu, ɗaya ana kiran sa Ɗankofa^[29] ɗayan kuwa ana kiran sa Muhammadu Waru^[30].”

A shekarar 1782 ne sai Muhammadu Waru, yaɗebo wasu daga cikin jama’ar mahaifinsa (Ali Bazamfare) da ke zaune  a can Birnin Zauma, suka dawo wani ƙauye da ke gabas daga garin Gummi na yanzu mai suna “Kagarar Fulani,^[31]” suka zauna. Kasancewar Muhammadu Waru jarumi kuma mutum mai taimakon jama’ar da suke kusa da shi, ya ba shi damar samun karɓuwa a idon jama’a. Wannan ne ta sa har jama’a mazauna Gummi suka ga ya dace da ya zo ya shugabance su a matsayin Sarkin Gummi na farko a tarihin Sarakunan Masarautar Gummi^[32].

Lokacin da Mujaddadi Shehu Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da jama’arsa sukazo Zamfara, musamman a ƙasar Gummi, ya tarar da cewa Sarki Muhammadu Waru ya gama haɗa kan dukkanin ƙauyuka da ke maƙwabtaka da shi a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa. Ya taimaka wa Shehu wajen jaddada addinin sulunci aƙasar Kabi^[33].Sakamakon hakan ne Shehu Ɗanfodiyo ya ba shi Tutar Girmamawa. Jin daɗin irin yadda Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo ya karrama shi, Muhammadu Waru ya ga ba a bin da zai yi ya rama abin da aka yi masa, sai ya yanke shawarar sanya a gina wa Shehu Ɗanfodiyo Masallaci a garin Sifawa. An gina wannan masallaci ne a shiyar ‘Yar Katanga wadda a halin yanzu ake kira shiyar Yamma^[34]. Wannan Masallaci har yanzu yana nan ana amfani da shi, duk da yake an mayar da shi ginar zamani.^[35] A  nan ƙasa za a kawo jadawalin sarakunan masarautar Gummi tun daga kafuwarta zuwa yau 2023.

ii. Jerin Sarakunan Masarautar Gummi

	Suna	Lokaci	Adadin Shekaru
1	Muhammadu Waru	1782-1807	25
2	Sarki Ɗankwanyau	1807-1819	12
3	Sarki Bawan Yari	1819-1847	28
4	Sarki Salihu	1847-1847	Wata 6
5	Umar Ɗan A’isha	1847-1864	17
6	Ibrahim Ɗangwado	1864-1867	3
7	Abdullahi Laje	1867-1892	25
8	Sarki Aliyu Na ɗaya (I)	1892-1904	12
9	Sarki Ɗan ba’u	1904-1910	6
10	Muhammadu Andi	1910-1933	23
11	Muhammadu Maidabo	1933-1976	43
12	Muhammadu Ɗanguntu	1976-1983	7
13	Alhaji Aliyu Isah Andi	1983-2011	28
14	Alhaji Aliyu Adamu	2011-2013	Shekara (1) da W.7
15	Alhaji Justice Lawal Hassan OFR	2013-Yau	Sarki mai Ci yanzu

An sami wannan bayani ne a ofishin sakataren Emiyan Gummi 12/10/2019.

iii. Tsarin Bishiyar Sarakunan Masarautar Gummi ta La’akari da Dangantakar Gidajensu

iv. Gummi Kafin Jihadin Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo

Kafin bayyanar masu jihadin tabbatar da kafuwar Daular  Musulunci ta Usmaniyya  garin Gummi wani ɗan ƙaramin gari ne da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Sarki Muhammadu Waru (1782-1807). Mutanen wannan gari suna tafiyar da rayuwarsu ne irin ta wannan lokaci, wato noma da farauta da kiwo da kuma kariyar kai daga mahara. Domin wannan zamani, lokaci ne na yaƙe-yaƙe, don faɗaɗa yanki da Masarautu. Haka ma ana aiwatar da waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe domin mayar da wata albarkar ƙasa ko hanyar da fatake suke bi, ko suke yada zango a ƙarƙashin ikon masarauta..

Sha’anin naɗin Sarauta a Masarautar Gummi bai zama a ƙarashin kulawar  Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi ta Sakkwato ba sai bayan da aka ƙaddamar da jihadi. Inda aka yi la’akari da Sarakunan Haɓe da suka yi mubayi’a ga Shehu Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo cikin sauƙi. Sun kuma bayar da haɗin kai wajen aiwatar da jihadi, sai aka ba su gurbi a tsarin hakimai na Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi. Misali akwai garuruwan Anka da Bakura da Sabon Birni da Talata Mafara da Tsafe da Gummi da kuma Zurmi waɗanda aka ɗaga darajar masarautunsu bayan jihadin Ɗanfodiyo.^[36] Aka kuma ci gaba da kula da sha’anin tafiyar da masarautunsu a ƙarƙashin majalisar Sarautu (Sarkin Musulmi) ta Sakkwato.

v.  Gummi Bayan Jihadin Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo

Bayan jihadin Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo na jaddada addinin Musulunci, Masarautar Gummi ta ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfunan da suka haɗu suka gina Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi arba’in da bakwai da ake da su^[37].

Dangantaka a tsakanin Masarautar Gummi da babbar Masarautar Sakkwato kuma cibiyar Daular Usmaniyya, dangantaka ce kyakkyawa.Duk da cewa, Gummi ba ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan gatan gundumomin  da suka fito a ƙarƙashin tsatson Sarakunan Fulani ba, waɗanda suka fi samun kula da rashin katsalandan daga Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi da ke Sakkwato ba, musamman wajen sa ido ga yadda suke tafiyar da mulkin jama’a. Masarautar Gummi ta ci gaba da zama mai biyayya ga Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi da ke Sakkwato a ƙarƙashin Jagorancin Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Bello (1817-1859).Duk da cewa, a zamaninsa,jihadi bai ƙare kwata-kwata ba a wannan lokaci.Dalili kuwa, an ci gaba da samun tawaye da boreirin na adawa^[38]. Bunƙasar wannan dangantaka da biyayya ta soma ne tun a lokacin Sarki Ɗankyanyau (1807-1819)^[39] da Bawan Yari (1819-1848) da Sarki Salihu (1847) da kuma Umaru Ɗan A’isha (1847-1864, duk da cewa Muhammadu Bello ya rasu ne a lokacin da  Ɗan A’isha yake sarauta).Waɗanda suka yi zamani da Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Bello, kuma babu wani bayani da aka ci karo da shi wanda ke nuna cewa Muhammadu Bello ya sami wata turjiya daga Sarakunan Masarautar Gummi, kamar yadda ya samu a wasu yankuna na ƙasar Zamfara. A lokacin Turawan mulki mallaka kuwa, Gummi ta ci gaba da amsar umurni daga Majalisar Sarautu ta Sakkwato^[40].

 Tun a wancan lokaci, Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi ce ke da ikon naɗa duk wani Sarki a Masarautar Gummi idan buƙatar hakan ta taso^[41]. Wannan al’adar ta ci gaba da ɗorewa har zuwa lokacin da aka ƙirƙiro Jihar Zamfara daga cikin Jihar Sakkwato. Inda lamarin naɗi da sauke Sarki suka koma a ƙarƙashin ikon Gwamna.^[42]

Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Birnin Zauma da Kafuwarsa

Garin zauma, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan da suka samar da ƙasar  Gummi da Bukkuyum. A tarihin kunne ya girmi kaka, an ce wani maharbi mai suna Ɗankayaye ya kafa garin, tun sama da shekaru ɗari uku da hamsin da tara da suka wuce (359).^[43] Bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa, Mujaddadi Shehu Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo ya gina masallaci a birnin Zauma, ganin irin yadda ya tarar da mutane cinjim a wurin,da kuma yadda suka karɓi baƙuncinsa.

A wata ruwaya kuwa, birnin zauma ya shekara ɗari biyu da tara  (209) da kafuwa kafin jihadin Shehu Ɗanfodiyo da aka aiwatar a 1804 a ƙarashin jagorancin wasu mutane guda biyu ‘yan ‘uwan juna, wato Bazai da ƙanensa^[44]. Tsohon mazaunin garin yana nan a yamma da  garin Zauma ta yau, watakila shi ya sa ake kiran sarautar birnin Zauma da sunan sabon garin Zauma.^[45]Domin babu tsohon garin a halin yanzu, sai dai kufai na alamun an taɓa zama a wurin.

Kafuwar garin  Birnin Tudu da Dangatakarsa da  Birnin Zauma

Garin Birnin Tudu  ya kafu ne tun a wajajenƙarni na goma sha biyar (K.1524)^[46].Yau garin yana da shekara ɗari huɗu da arba’in da takwas (458) da kafuwa.Waɗanda suka kafa garin, su ne kamar haka:-

1.      Dankofa

2.      Liman Mamuda

3.      Ba sumba^[47]

Sarkin Zauman Birnin tudu Ɗankofa ɗa ne ga Ali Bazamfare da ya taso daga  Tunfafi kuma  ya yada zango a Birnin Zauma.Hasali ma, a ZaumaƊankofa ya fara rayuwarsa . Lokacin da suka isaBirnin Tudu sun tarar dawasu mafarauta a wurin.Waɗannan mutane suna farautar namun daji a wata mashayar ruwa ta namun daji mai suna “Maishuri.”  Sannu a hankali, waɗannan mutane da aka tararsai suka amince Ɗankofa ya zama shugaban wannan gari na farko. Mamuda kuwa sai ya zama Limami na farko. An gina gidan Sarauta a farko, daga baya kuma sai aka gina Gidan Liman^[48].

i. Dangantakar Birnin Zauma da Birnin Tudu

Bayanan da suka gabata sun tabbatar da cewa akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfin gaske a tsakanin al’ummar Birnin Zauma da garin Birnin Tudu. Ana iya fahimtar hakan ne idan aka lura da waɗannan muhimman abubuwa kamar haka:

i. Waɗanda suka kafa garuruwan duk daga Tunfafi suka fito ta ƙaramar hukumar mulkin Talatar Mafara a yau.

ii. Sunan sarautar Birnin Tudu daga Birnin Zauma ya samo asali^[49].

iii. Babu wata tazara mai nisa a tsakanin Birnin Zauma da Birnin Tudu.

iv. Dukkan garuruwan a saman dutse suke.^[50]

v. Dukkansu tsofaffin garuruwa ne daga cikin manyan garuruwan masarautun Gummi da Bukkuyum a yau.

vi. Al’adun mutanen duk iri ɗaya ne.

Sakamakon Bincike

Wannan muƙala, kamar yadda aka gani, yunƙuri ne na samar da wani rubutaccen tarihin alaƙa a tsakanin waɗanda suka kafa Birnin Zauma da kuma Zamfarawan Gummi. Muƙala ta yi nasarar gano abubuwa da dama waɗanda suka faru tun daga kafa daular Zamfara da bunƙasarta da kuma rushewar daular a dalilin kutsen da Gobirawa suka yi a shekarar 1764. Dangane da haka, sakamakon wannan bincike ya gano waɗannan muhimman bayanai kamar haka;

i. Zamfarawa sun samo asali ne daga ƙasar Habasha. Wannan hasashe yana da hujjojin da suka tabbatar da samuwarsa, domin a binciken masana tarihi sun aminta da cewa a yankin Habasha aka fara samun hallitu irin na Ɗan’adam a doron ƙasa.^[51]

ii. Takardar ta gano ƙaurace-ƙauracen da Zamfarawa suka yi kama daga Habasha zuwa Tabkin Chadi zuwa Barno da Kano, har inda suka sami kansu a yau (ƙasar Zamfara).

iii. Takardar ta fahimci cewa bunƙasar Birnin Zamfara a birnin Dutsi ya ci karo da cikas, wanda hakan ya sanya jama’ar yankin suka yanke shawarar kafa sabon birnin Zamfara kilomita talatin daga tsohon birnin (wato Ƙayatau) domin samun isassun ruwa da ƙasar noma mai kyau.

iv. Wani dalili da ya haifar da ƙaurace-ƙauracen Zamfarawa daga babban birninsu suka kafa wasu ƙauyuka da garuruwa shi ne samun katsalandan na Malamai da manyan attajirai ga sha’anin sarautunsu. Hakan ya rage ƙarfin ikon sarakunan  daular Zamfara a kan jama’arsu.

v. A dalilin irin wannnan ƙaurar ne aka kafa garin Tumfafi a yankin  Talata Mafara a yau.

vi. Binciken ya gano cewa, tushen Zamfarawan Gummi daga Tumfafi suka samo asali ta ƙasar Talata Mafara.

vii. Takardar ta gano cewa, an yi lokacin da sunan masarautar Gummi ke amfani da sarkin Zauman Gummi, musamman a lokacin da Sarki na farko Muhammadu Waru yake mulki. Hakan  ya sa a wasu littattafai ake yi masa laƙabi da Muhammadu Zauma.

viii. Takardar ta gano cewa,Sarki Ɗankwanyau shi ya fara amfani da sunan sarautar Sarkin Mafaran Gummi, bayan rasuwar Muhammadu Waru. Yin hakan ya ƙara fito da dangantakar alaƙar Zamfarawan Gummi da gidansu na asali da ke Tumfafi ta ƙasar Talata Mafara.

ix. Takardar ta fahimci cewa, akwai alaƙa ta jini da tsoka a tsakanin garuruwan Birnin Zauma da Birnin Tudu da kuma Gummi. Ta la’akari da waɗanda suka kafa garuruwan da bunƙasarsu.

x. A kammale za a iya cewa, mutanen da suka kafa garuruwan birnin Zauma da Birnin Tudu da kuma Gummi  ‘yan tsatson zuri’a  ɗaya ne. Domin shi Ali Bazamfare a lokacin da ya baro Tumfafi da jama’arsa ya nemi inda ‘yan uwansa Zamfarawa suke ne, inda suka nemi da ya zo su zauna, daga nan aka sami kalmar Zauma. Ma’ana asalin kalmar Zauma daga “zo mu zauna ne”.

Kammalawa

An gina wannan binciken tarihi ne ba don aƙirƙiro da wani sabon gidan sarauta ba daga cikin masarautun da suka yi fice a binciken ba.Manufar daiita ce domin a gano alaƙar mazauna garuruwan da junansu ta fuskar asali. Muƙalar kuwa ta yi nasarar gano hakan kamar yadda aka tattauna cikin gundarin bayaninta.

Manazarta

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Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Bello, Infaqul Maisuri.

Sokoto Provincial Gazzeter, 1948

Tibenderana, P.K,1972: “The Administration of Sokoto, Gwandu and Argungu Emirates Under British Rule 1900-1946.” Ibadan:  UnPublished Ph.D Thesis.

Yusuf Bala Usman, Transfromation of Katsina

Zamfara State chief Appointment and Deposition Edict No 8 of 1997 (Amendment) Law No. 3 of 2005: SECTION 4 & 5.

Hirarraki

	Suna	Shekaru	Wuri	Lokaci & rana
1	Sarkin Mafaran Gummi Aliyu Abara	85	A Fadarsa	10:00 ns	13/12/2000
2	Ubandawaki  Alhaji Yahaya	90	A Gidansa	12: 00nr	12/12/2000
3	Ubandoman Sifawa	75	A Fadarsa	11:23ns	17/03/2023
4	Muhammadu Ango	80	A Fadarsa	12:20nr	14/12/2000
5	Marafa Abdullahi	63	A Fadarsa	12:30nr	12/03/2023

 

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[1]Gawurtattun su ne Kano, Katsina, Kabi, Zamfara, Zazzau, Damagaran, da Gobir.

[2]Bunza, A. M 2021: Zamfara a DiwaninNarambada, takardar da aka gabatar a taron Kasa da Kasa a kanTarihin Daular Zamfara da sashenTsangayarfasaha da nazarinaddininmusulunci ta Jami’arUsmanuDanfodiyoSakkwato ta shirya.

[3][3]Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Bello, Infaqul Maisuri.

[4]A. H. Car, What is History?

[5]Abdullahi Smith, A little more light

[6]M. G. Smith, Government in Zazzau

[7]Mahdi Adamu, Hausa Factor in West African History, ABU Press, 1975

[8]Yusuf Bala Usman, Transfromation of Katsina

[9] Dubi lamba ta 2, shafina 3.

[10]M. Hisket, History of Hausa Islamic Verse, SOAS, London, 1975

[11]M. Last, Sokoto Caliphate, Longman, Ibadan, 1969

[12]S. Samaldone, Warefare in Sokoto Caliphate

[13]J. Shea

[14]J. Paden, The Right Honorable Gentle Man

[15] Sokoto Provincial Gazzeter, 1948

[16] A dubilamba ta 2 da kesama.

[17] M.G Smith, 1978: Migration and State Formation in Hausaland, Zaria. ABU press

[18] A dubiaikin Gusau, Shehu. 2016: “History of Zamfara from the the Fall of the Kingdom” PhD Thesis, Department of History, UsmanuDanfodiyo University,

[19] Nadama, G 1977:The Rise and Collapse of a Hausa state: A social and Political History, Unpublished PhD Thesis, ABU.

[20] Daga cikindabarunkafa gari a mizaninal’ada, akanlura da abubuwaguda uku, indamanyanduwatsu, ko manyanitatuwa, ko kumarafi ko fadama. Wannanbazai rasa nasaba da tsaroba da kumahanyoyintafiyar da tsafinbautargargajiyanawannanlokacin.

[21] Gusau S, 2016: History of Zamfara from the fall of Kingdom, PhD Thesis, UDUS.

[22]Sanusi, S. and Abdullahi, A. 2021: An Overview of Gummi and TalataMafara Historical Linkages, Paper presented at the International Conference on Zamfara Kingdom, organized and published by Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto.

[23]Bayanai sun sabawajuna game da ainihinabin da yafaru a garinTunfafiya, kafin Ali BazamfareyayihijirazuwabirninZauma. Gaskiyar Magana dai an yiwannanhijirar, kumazuri’arsacesukakafagaruruwan Danko, Kado, Dangurumfa, Bukkuyum, Birnintudu da kuma Gummi.

[24] A dubilittafin Great Lives, published by Sokoto State Ministry for information.

[25]Bayanai sun ingantacewa Muhammadu Waru ]ane ga Ali Bazamfare da yatasodagaTunfafi ta Kasar TalataMafara, wadannanmutane sun zauna a birninzaumakafinsudawo Gummi da zama. Zuri’ar Muhammadu Waru cekemulkinmasarautar Gummi haryanzu 2023. A farkonlokaci ana kiransarautar Gummi da Sarkin Zauman Gummi ne. A dubi P.G Haris “Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, 1948: pp137-138.

[26] Wani kauye ne a yankinkaramarHukumarTalataMafara

[27] Hira da Mai martaba Sarkin Gummi Alhaji Aliyu Abara Gummi Emir nabiyu, A gidansaranarAssabar 12-2-2000 da misalikarfe 10:00 na safe. Mun yiwannantattaunawa ne kafinyazama Sarki. Allah yayi masa rahama!

[28] Kamar yadda natattauna da Abdullahi MarafanBirnintudu  afadarsarkinzaumanbirnintuducewayayi  “Kure shiyafarasarautarsarkin Danko a mazauninsunafarko da ke Danko, daga baya sukakoma a garin Kado da garinDangurumfa da kumaBukkuyum a halinyanzudukzuri’ar Kure ne sukemulkingaruruwan da aka lisafa”.

[29]Shi ne sarkinZaumanbirnintudunafarko, danuwane ga Muhammadu Waru.

[30] A wasurubuce-rubuce ana yi masa lakabi da Muhammadu Wauru.

[31] Hira da Alhaji Aliyu Adamu (Abara) a gidansakafinyazamasarkinMafaran Gummi. Ubandawakin Gummi Alhaji Yahaya shi ma yatabbatar min da haka.

[32] A wannanlokaci ana kiransa da sunanSarkin Zauman Gummi, a dubacikin P.G Haris, Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, shafina  137-138.Watakilasabodawaccantsohon zaman da sukayi a birninzaumashiyasanyaya ci gaba da amfani da wannansunan.

[33] P.G Haris, 1948: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer ,shafina 138.

[34] Bayan bayan nan Justice Muhammad Sa’idu Sifawayacanjafasalinmasallacinya dace da zamani.

[35]Wannanbayani an same sa ne ga UbandomanSifawaHakimincikin gari,]ankimaninshekarasittin da takwas (68) a gidansa, ranarJuma’a17-03-2023, da misalinkarfe 11:00 na safe.

[36] A dubi P.K Tibenderana a cikin “The Administration of Sokoto, Gwandu and Argungu Emirates Under British Rule 1900-1946.” UnPublishedPh.D Thesis University of Ibadan 1972, page 78.

[37]Narambadayaambaciwadannankamfuna a cikinwakar Sarkin Gobir Amadu, lokacinhawandaba a Kaduna, “Kamfunan ga arba’in da bakwaiduk sun zo”……….

[38] Dubi Murray Last, a cikinlittafinsamaisuna “Daular Sakkwato”  Fassarar A.M Bunza da Ibrahim S.S, da kuma Bello Bala  Usman shafina 120.

[39] Daga Sarki Dankunyau ne aka sauyasunansarautarsarkinZauman GummizuwasarkinMafaran Gummi a lokacinsarkinmusulmi Muhammadu Bello. P.G Haris yatabbatar da haka.

[40] Sarkin Gulbi, A. 2000: “SarautunGargajiya a Kasar Gummi Jiya da Yau”. Kundinbincikendigirinafarko, Jami’arUsmanuDanfodiyo da keSakkwato. Shafi na 46.

[41] Babbar alamar da akeamfani da itawajen kai sakonmutuwar Sarkin Gummi zuwa ga Sarkin Musulmishi ne, akanaikadokin da Sarkin kanhau a lokacinrayuwarsa. Bayan anyi haka, saiMajalisar Sarkin Musulmi ta turowaili da kumashirye-shiryenza~ensabon Sarki. Na samiwannan Bayani ne ga Alhaji Yahaya Ubandawakin Gummi,maikimaninshekaratamanin 80, a hirar da nayida  shi a gidansaranartalata 2/08/2000.

[42] A dubidokartsarinmulkinasa ta 1992:8, da Zamfara State chief Appointment and Deposition Edict No 8 of 1997 (Amendment) Law No. 3 of 2005: SECTION 4&5.

[43]Great Lives\" published by Ministry of Education Sokoto.

[44]Bazaibisa ga asalimutunenTufafi ne, watakilahakanyasa Ali bazamfareyazauna a birninzaumanatsawonshekaru tare da Bazai. Wani dalilin da zaikarfafawannanmaganashi ne ganin yadda sunansarautarTunfiyayake a halinyanzu, ana kiransarautargarin da BAZAI, watoUbankasarBazainaTunfafi.

[45]Great Lives\" published by Ministry of Education Sokoto.

[46]Tsofaffingaruruwankasar Gummi sun hada dabirninzauma (babu garin a halinyanzu, saidaikufansa, yana nan yamma ga Sabon garinZauma ta yau), birnin Fulani (babu garin a halinyanzu, saidaikufansa, yana nan tsakaninkauyen Kali da Gazura), birnin Tudu da kumabirnin Magaji.

[47] Kofa, M. 2016: “Historical Origin and Development of Birnin Tudu” B. A Project, Department of History and International Relation, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto, page 2-4.

[48] Hira da Muhammadu Ango, ubankasarBirnintudu a lokacin da yanaraye. Allah yajikansa da rahama.

[49]A wanizance annunacewababbandalilin da yasaakekiranMasarautarBirnin Tudu Sarkin Zaumashi ne tun kafin a rabakasarbiyuBirninzaumawandakecikinkasarBukuyum]an Sarkin Birnin Tudu ake kai waBirninzaumayayisarauta a lokacintana karkashinMasarautarBirnin Tudu kafin a raba ta biyu,  wannanyasaakece ma MasarautarBirnin Tudu “SARKIN ZAUMAN BIRNIN TUDU.”  Tarihiyanunacewa an yisarakunaashirin (20) a masarautarBirnin Tudu dagakafagarinzuwayau, 2023.

[50]Wannanbazai rasa nasaba da dabarunkafagaruruwa a Kasar Hausa ba, wandayakeakankafa gari ne ko dai a saman dutse, ko a gefenruwa, ko a kware da kusa damanyanitatuwa. Ana yin haka ne dominsamar da tsarodagamahara da kumatsarinbautargargajiyacikinsauki.

[51]A dubacikinlittafin “SabonTarihinAsalinHausawa”wanda M.U Adamu Ya rubata a shekarar 2011.