Nazarin Hanyar Sadarwa Ta Girafiti a Karin Maganar Hausa

Citation: Yunusa, A. (2024). Nazarin Hanyar Sadarwa ta Girafiti a Karin Maganar Hausa. Ginshiƙin Nazarin Salon Waƙoƙin Hausa, 213-217. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2024.v03i01.025.

NAZARIN HANYAR SADARWA TA GIRAFITI A KARIN MAGANAR HAUSA

Abdullahi Yunusa

Sashen Hausa
Kwalejin Ilimi Ta Shehu Shagari, Sakkwato

Tsakure

Hanyoyin sadarwa domin isar da saƙonni sun kasu kashI daban-daban musamman idan aka yi la’akari da yanayin yadda akan sarrafa hanyoyin da kuma yanayin waɗanda akan isar wa saƙonnin. Karin Magana kuwa, wata hanya ce da akan yi amfani da wasu kalmomi don isar da saƙonni na musamman ga masu saurare. Wannan maƙalar za ta kalli yadda Girafiti ya kutsa cikin karin maganar Hausa, da yadda ake iya ganin shan-ruwan-tsuntsayen da yakan yi a cikin Karin maganar Hausa. Bibiyar Karin maganar Hausa da sauraren yadda akan sarrafa su, su ne hanyoyin da wannan maƙalar ta bi domin tattaro bayanan da aka kawo. Don haka, don samun gudanar da wannan maƙalar kamar yadda ya kamata, an kawo gabatarwar aikin da ma’anar girafiti da kuma tsokaci game da ma’anar karin magana. Sannan maƙalar ta kawo wasu wuraren da girafiti ya kutsa a cikin karin maganar Hausa tare da misalai. Sai kuma sakamakon bincike da kammalawa.A ƙarshe maƙalar ta gano cewa, a karin maganar Hausa akwai tasirin girafiti da akan samu jefi-jefi.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Sadarwa, Harshen Hausa, Girafiti, Karin magana

Gabatarwa

Masana da manazarta daban-daban a kan ɓangarori daban-daban na nazarin harshe da hanyar sadarwa sun gudanar da bincike mabambanta game da harshe, musamman dangane da ilimin sadarwa. Masana irin su Yule (1985:239) da Blum (1985:55) da Fagge (1982:1) daYakasai, (2013:1-2) da Yakasai (2020:100) da Yunusa (2003:23) da sauransu, sun gudanar da bincike daban-daban a matakai daban-daban waɗanda suka danaganci ilimin harshe da sadarwa, da kuma irin rawar da harshe yake takawa a rayuwar al’umma ta yau da kullum.

Bayan haka, wannan maƙalar ta yi ninƙaya ne game da hanyar sadarwa ta Girafiti, tare da yin tsokaci a kan ma’anar girafitin da abubuwan da suka shafe shi, da irin shan-ruwan-tsuntsayen da ya yi a cikin karin maganar Hausa.

Mene ne Girafiti?

Hanyoyin sadarwa sun kasu kashi daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da sadarwa ta magana da sadarwa ta amfani da wasu sassa na jiki da kuma sadarwa ta rubutu. Don haka, girafiti hanyar sadarwa ce da ta ƙunshi yin rubuce-rubuce ko zane-zane a jikin bango ko katanga ko jikin duwatsu da nufin masu wucewa ta wurin su karanta kuma su fahimci abin da aka rubutu ko aka zana, kuma su amfana da saƙonnin da ake son isar masu da su. Su kuwa zane-zane domin isar da saƙonni sun daɗe ana gudanar da su a duniya. Kamar da yadda Bunza (2004:4) yake bayyana cewa: “Kuma ana sa ran an fara gudanar da irin waɗannan zane-zanen ne tun kimanin shekaru 35,000 (wato shekaru dubu talatin da biyar) da suka wuce.”

Bugu da ƙari, Bunza (2004:4) ya ƙara da cewa: Akwai ra’ayin da ya nuna ceaw irin waɗannan rubuce-rubuce, ko zane-zane, da salallai daban-daban, a ƙasar Sin, su suka zama babban jagora ga haɓaka rubutun da suke da shi a yanzu.”

Masana da dama irin su Coplan, (1973:129) da Craven (1994:223) da Gari (1993:3) da Fatai, (1972:10) Mtaku, (1977:27) sun gudanar da bincike daban-daban game da ma’anar abin da ake kira girafiti. Alal misali; Hornby (2010:651) ya bayyana ma’anar girafiti a matsayin:

Wasu irin rubuce-rubuce ne, ko zane-zane da akan yi a jikin bango ko Katanga don mutane su gani kuma su karanta da nufin isar da wani saƙo ko saƙonni ga masu karantawa.

Bayan haka, Collins (1987:285) ya bayyana ma’nar a matsayin:

Saƙonni ta amfani da kalmomi ko hotuna da ak zana ko rubuta a jikin gine-gine ko alamomin hanya ko fastoci a wurare daban-daban. Galibi irin waɗannan saƙonni suna ɗauke ne da soƙonni na ɓatanci ko ban dariya ko kuma saƙo na siyasa.

 Don haka ne ma wannan maƙalar tana ganin cewa shi ya sa Yakasai (2013:1), bayan kallon Girafiti a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta zane-zane, sai ya kalle shi a matsayin wata gada mai haɗa rubutu da magana. Kamar da inda yake bayyana Girafiti a matsayin:

“Rubutattun saƙonnin maganganu a jikin gine-ginen al’umma.”

Sai kuma ya ƙara da cewa: Wata gada ce da ta haɗe rubutu da Magana.”

Don haka, don neman samun bayani cikakke game da samuwar rubutu musamman a ƙasar Hausa, sai a tunuɓi aikin Yahaya (1988:1-6).

Tsokaci Game da Karin Magana

Ita ma karin magana, masana da manazarta da dama sun tofa albarkacin bakunansu game da ma’anar karin magana. Kaɗan daga cikin masanan da manazartan da suka bayyana ra’ayoyin nasu sun haɗa da; Ɗanyaya, (2007:vii) wanda ya bayyana cewa: “Karin magana zance ne gajere, mai faɗakarwa kan zancen duniya.”

Bugu da ƙari idan muka dubi ra’ayin Koko, (2011:1) in da take bayyana cewa:

Karin magana wani salo ne na baje kolin tunani da Bahaushe kan yi ta hanyar hikima cikin ‘yan kalmomi kaɗan. Abin da ya sa aka ce baje kolin tunani, saboda idan aka faɗe ta za ta iya ba da ma’ana mai yawa…

Bayan haka, bincike-binciken masana irin su Ɗangambo (1984) da sauransu, sun ƙara fito da ma’anar karin magana. Inda wasu ma sun kalli karin magan a matsayin wani irin shiryayyen zance ne da Hausawa kan yita dabara da hikima, su yi magana cikin hikima a taƙaice, da dai sauransu.

 Don haka, a wannan maƙalar ana iya cewa, karin magana ba komai ba ce illa yin amfani da wasu taƙaitattun kalmomi da ke wakiltar wasu zantuka masu yawa waɗanda suke ƙunshe da ma’ana da hikima mai tarin yawa.

Shan-Ruwan-Tsuntsayen Girafiti a Karin Magana

 Kamar dai yadda bayanai suka gabata cewa girafiti shi ne illa zane-zane ko rubuce-rubuce ko zanen hotuna da akan zana a jikin bango ko katanga ko a jikin duwatsu, domin masu wucewa ta wannan hanyar su gani kuma su karanta, sannan su fahimci saƙon da ake son a isar. Don haka, a duk lokacin da aka ambaci kalmar girafiti, to abin da zai zo a cikin zuciyar mai magana ko mai saurare ko mai karatu shi ne, wani rubutu ko zane-zane ko hotuna da aka zana ko aka rubuta don a karanta.

 Don haka, tun da yake girafiti kalmomi ne da suka shafi rubutu ko karatu ko zane ko kuma hoto, ana iya cewa; akwai ɓurɓushin irin waɗannan kalmomin a cikin karin maganar Hausa. To amma kafin hakan, akwai buƙatar sanin wai shin me ake nufi da shan-ruwan-tsuntsaye? Wannan wani salon magana ne da ke nuni ga ɗiban wani abu ɗan kaɗan daga wani abu mai yawa. Kamar dai yadda tsuntsaye ke tasowa daga sama, sai su sanya bakinsu su ɗan ɗebo ruwa ɗan kaɗan su tashi sama su bar sauran ruwan masu yawan gaske.

 Don haka, an danganta girafiti da shan-ruwan-tsuntsaye a cikin karin maganar Hausa ne, domin waɗannan kalmomin da suka shafi girafiti duk ba a ambace su da yawa ba acikin karin magana Hausa. Wannan shi ne dalilin ambaton cewa shan-ruwan-tsuntsayen girafiti a karin maganar Hausa. Don haka, ga kaɗan daga cikin wuraren da girafiti ya yi shan-ruwan-tsuntsaye a cikin karin maganar Hausa. Misalan wuraren kuwa su ne kamar haka:-

1 – Tun Ran Gini Tun Ran Zane:

Wannan ya yana bayyana yanayin zanen da akan yi a jikin bango ko katanga. Domin kuwa, zanen bango akan yi shi ne a lokacin da bangon ko katangar take ɗanya, a daidai wannan lokacin akan iya zana duk abin ake son zanawa. Domin idan Katanga ko bangon suka bushe, sannan zanen ya bushe, to ba zai gogu ba. Idan aka lura acikin wannan karin maganar, za a ga an yi amfani da Kalmar ‘zane’. Wannan kalmar ko shakka babu, tana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da girafiti ya ƙunsa, domin girafiti rubuce-rubuce ne ko zane-zane da ake rubutawa ko zanawa a bango ko katanga don masu wucewa su gani ko su karanta.

2 – Kare da Kuɗinsa Sai ya Sha Rubutu (Lahaula):

Wannan yana nuna cewa rubutu abu ne mai tsada, wanda idan da abin hannunka ana yi maka rubutu har ya amfane ka saboda muhimmancinsa. A cikin wannan karin maganar, ita wannan kalmar ta ‘rubutu’ ita ma tana daga cikin abin da ake nufi da girafiti. Domin kuwa shi girafiti ai ya shafi rubutu neko zane.

3 – Hali Zanen Dutse:

Wannan yana nuni da cewa zanen dutse, abu ne wanda idan har aka yi shi, to ba zai taɓa gogewa ba. Wannan ita ce ɗabi’ar hali, kamar yadda yake da wahalar sauyawa, haka nan zane a jikin dutse yake da wahalar gogewa. Har ila yau kuma, a nan ma an yi amfani da kalmar ‘zane’, kuma shi girafiti rubutu ne ko zane da ake yi a jikin bango ko katanga ko dutse.

4 – Kowa ya Biya Karatunsa (rubutunsa) ya Wanke Allonsa:

Wannan ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, domin shi rubutu akan goge shi ko wanke shi ne, bayan an karanta shi kuma an fahimci saƙon da ya isar. A nan kuma ga kalmar rubutu/karatu su fito, sannan ga kalmar allo wanda a jikinsa akan yi rubutu har a karanta. Shi kuwa girafiti rubutu ne ko karatu da akan rubuta a wani wuri don masu karatu su karanta.

 

5 – Sanin Asali Shi ya sa Kare Cin Alli:

Sanin kowa ne cewa, shi alli yana daga cikin abubuwan da akan yi amfani da shi wajen yin rubutu ko zane. Don haka, awannan karin maganar kuma an yi amfani da kalmar alli, shi kuma alli da shi ake yin rubutu don karantawa. Don haka, allin rubutu wani ɓangare ne na girafiti wanda sunansa ya fito a cikin karin maganar Hausa.

6 – Rubutu ba ya maganin Yunwa:

Wannan yana bayyana cewa, idan mutum yana jin yunwa, neman abinci shi ne abin da ya fi dacewa gare shi, ba rubuce-rubuce ko zane-zane ba. Domin kuwa rubutu ba ya maganin yunwa. Don haka, awannan karin maganar ma an yi amfani da kalmar rubutu, shi kuwa rubutu da zane-zane duk su ne ake nufi da girafiti, sai dai kawai ya ta’allaƙa ne dawurin da aka yi rubutun ko zanen.

7 – Karatun Wasiƙar Jaki:

 Karatu akan yi shi ne ga wanda ke iya magana da kuma karatu. To amma karatun wasiƙar jaki, abu ne wanda bay a yiwuwa. Don haka, akasin karatun ake nufi, wato yin shiru domin rashin sanin abin da za a yi. A wannan karin maganar an yi amfani da kalmar karatu da kuma wasiƙa (wadda ita ma ta shafi rubutu ne). Sannan kuma dukkansu fannoni ne da suka danganci girafiti (wato karatu ko rubutu).

8 – Allah ne ya San Karatun Kurma:

Shi ma karatun kurma, abu ne wanda ba kowa ne zai iya jin sa ba. To amma kuma yana da nasa dabarun yin karatun. Don haka, a wannan karin magana an yi amfani da kalmar karatu, ma’ana dai karatun wani abin da aka rubuta. Wannan shi ma ya danganci wannan fagen na girafiti.

9 – In Gani a Ƙasa, an ce da Kare Ana Buki a Gidansu:

Wannan wata hakima ce da akan iya gane faruwar wani lamari, ta hanyar lura da zane-zanen wasu abubuwa, cikin su har da zanen takon ƙafa na kare ko karnuka. Don haka, awannan Karin maganar kuwa, kalmomin yankin jimla na ‘in gani a ƙasa’ ana nufin ganin takun zanen sawun ƙafafuwan karnuka ‘yan uwansa. Ko kuma ana nufin ‘yan ƙasusuwan da zai gani a hanya waɗanda za su bayyana masa gaskiyar lamarin bukin da ake yi. Shi kuwa girafiti zane ne kowane iri da zai iya isar da wani saƙo ga wanda ya gan shi.

 A taƙaice dai shi wannan fage na girafiti, fage ne wanda yake da ban sha’awa matuƙa, domin kuwa yakan mu’amalanci rubuce-rubuce, ko zane-zane a bango ko katanga ko a ƙasa ko jikin duwatsu ko jikin bishiyoyi da sauran wurare, domin a karanta ko kalla kuma a gane abin da ake nufi da rubutun ko zanen. Kamar dai yadda Yunusa (2019:31) ya bayyana.

Sakamakon Bincike

Lura da irin abubuwan da wannan maƙalar ta gano, akwai buƙatar fito da abubuwan kamar haka;

1. Maƙalar ta fahimci cewa, akan iya isar da saƙonni irin na hannunka mai sanda ta hanyar amfani da rubuce-rubuce ko zane-zane da akan yi a jikin bango ko katanga ko duwatsu ko jikin wasu abubuwa na daban.

1.2. Maƙalar ta kuma gano cewa girafiti ya kutsa cikin Karin maganar Hausa, har yana da irin tasa rawar da yakan taka a cikin Karin maganar Hausa.

2.Maƙalar kuma ta gano cewa, kalmar karatu da rubutu duk sababbin kalmomi ne a cikin karin maganar Hausa. Domin kuwa ba su samu shiga cikin karin maganar Hausa ba sai bayan da Larabawa da turawa suka haɗu da al’ummar Hausawa. To amma ita kalmar zane, Bahaushiyar kalma ce da Hausawa ke amfani da ita cikin harshen tun asali.

3.Har ila yau maƙalar ta fahimci cewa, akan yi amfani da rubuce-rubuce ko zane-zanen girafiti wajen isar da saƙonni, musamman a wurin da harshe bai samu dama ko ikon yin magana ba.

4.haka nan maƙalar ta gano cewa kalmar girafiti ararriyar kalma ce da aka aro daga Italiyanci, wadda take nufin ‘rubutu.’ Asalin talon Kalmar ita ce ‘Graffito’ sai jam’inta ‘Graffiti’. Sai aka yi mata kwaskwarima ta koma ‘Girafiti.’

Kammalawa

Kamar dai yadda bayanai suka gabata, harshen Hausa yana da hanyoyin sadarwa iri daban-daban. Ko da ita hanyar magana da fatar baki, ko ta hanyar yin rubutu domin wakiltar magana, ko kuma ta hanyar yin wasu ‘yan zane-zane da nufin isar da saƙo a yayin ba a samu damar yin magana ba.

 Don haka ne ma wannan maƙalar ta yi tsokaci game da kalmomin sadarwa na girafiti irin su rubutu da zane-zane da irn yadda akan same su a cikin Karin maganar Hausa. Yin hakan zai nuna irin yadda girafiti ya yi tasiri a cikin adabin Hausa, musamman karin magana.

A ƙarshe, ko shakka babu, maƙalar ta bayyana ma’anar girafiti, sannan ta kawo abubuwan da suka danganci shi girafitin. Sannan kuma maƙalar ta kawo irin shan-ruwan-tsuntsayen da girafiti ya yi a cikin karin maganar Hausa, da irin kalmomin da idan aka gan su a cikin karin magana, sannan aka lura da ma’anar girafiti, to za a ga cewa lallai akwai girafiti a cikin karin maganar Hausa. Saura da me, ya rage ga masana da manazarta su ƙara zurfafa bincike don ƙara gano wasu ɓangarorin da girafiti ya kutsa har ya samu gindin zama da rawar takawa.

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