Karin Harshen Zamfaranci a Cikin Wakar Kana Shire Baban ‘Yan Ruwa Ta Sarkin Kudu Muhammadu Maccido

Citation: Abubakar, A., Adamu, H. & Gurori, S.A. (2024). Karin Harshen Zamfaranci a Cikin Waƙar Kana Shire Baban ‘Yan Ruwa Ta Sarkin Kudu Muhammadu Macciɗo. Four Decades of Hausa Royal Songs: Proceedings from the International Conference on the Life and Songs of Makaɗa Sa'idu Faru, 3(3), 220-225. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i03.028.

Karin Harshen Zamfaranci a Cikin Waƙar Kana Shire Baban ‘Yan Ruwa Ta Sarkin Kudu Muhammadu Macciɗo

Na

Amina Abubakar
Sashen Hausa
Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jihar Zamfara
aminaabubakar3970759@gmail.com|
(+234) 08039707590

Da

Halima Adamu
Sashen Hausa
Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jihar Zamfara
halimaadamumayana@gmail.com
(+234) 08064115391 

Da

Samira Adamu Gurori
Sashen Hausa
Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jihar Zamfara
gurorisamira@gmail.com
(+234) 08039492770 

Tsakure

Karin harshen Zamfaranci wani yanki ne daga cikin karin yamma wato Sakkwatanci. Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru mutumin Zamfara ne, ya rayu a wani yanki tun ana haɗe da Sakkwato. Ya yi wa Sarkin Kudu Muhammadu Macciɗo Waƙoƙi tun kafin ya zamo Sarkin Musulmi. Manufar wannan muƙala ita ce fito da karin harshen Zamfaranci da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin waƙar “Kana Shire Baban “Yan Ruwa”. An kuma kwatanta shi da daidaitaccen kari domin fayyace ma’anar wasu kalmomin. An yi amfani da hanyar hira da ma’abuta ilimi musamman abin da ya ƙunshi waƙar baka. Haka kuma, an yi amfani da hanyar sauraron wasu daga waƙoƙin makaɗa Sa’idu Faru domin samun hujjojin gina wannan muƙala. An yi amfani da hanyar karance-karancen bugaggun littafai da kundaye da mujallu da muƙalun da aka gabatar domin ƙara wa juna sani, duk domin samun hujjojin da za su gina wannan muƙala. An ɗora wannan maƙala a kan Karin Magana, kamar yadda wasu masana irin su Farfesa Aliyu Muhammad Bunza[1] suka ga dacewar yiwuwar yin haka. Sakamakon haka, an ɗora wannan muƙala a kan karin maganar nan mai cewa: “Kowane Tsuntsu Kukan Gidansu Yake Yi”. Sakamakon wannan bincike ya gano cewa mafi yawan kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su kamar kiyyo, shire da zaka duk na Zamfarci ne, musamman a waƙar “Kana Shire Baban ‘Yan Ruwa”. Ya yi haka ne domin tasirin Zamfaranci da yankin da ya fito.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru, Muhammadu Macciɗo, Karin Harshe, Ire-iren Karin Harshe, Zamfaranci.

Shimfiɗa

Harshen Hausa harshe ne mai faɗi da ke ƙunshen da kare-kare daban-daban a cikinsa misali akwai Karin harshen Sakkwatanci da Kananci da Katsinanci da Dauranci da Zazzaganci da Bausanci da makamantansu. Karin harshen Zamfaranci na ɗaya daga cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa. Babu ko shakka mafi yawan mawaƙan baka da suke a ƙasar Hausa sun fito ne daga yankin ƙasar Zamfara. Misali, irin su Audu Kurna, Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo, Salihu Jankiɗi, da Sa’idu Faru da harshen da suke aiwatar da waƙoƙinsu da shi, shi ne, karin harshen Zamfara musamman ma sobada zamowarsu ‘yan yankin Zamfara ne. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sanya aka ga ya dace a juya akalar tunanin wannan maƙala a wannan fage na nazarin karin harshen Zamfaranci a cikin wasu waƙoƙin makaɗa Sa’idu Faru. Sai dai domin samun sauƙin gudanarwa, an raba wannan takarda zuwa muhimman batutuwa kamar haka: Shimfida, da taƙaitaccen tarihin Sa’idu Faru, da tarihin Sarkin Kudu Muhammmadu Macciɗo, da ma’anar karin harshe da dalilansa da ire-irensa da kuma misalansa a cikin waƙar kana shire baban ‘yan ruwa, da sakamakon bincike da naɗewa.

Takaitaccen Tarhin Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru

Gusau, (1988) ya tabbatar da cewa, an haifi Sa’idu a garin Faru cikin ƙasar Maradun, Ƙaramar Hukumar Maradun da ke cikin Jihar Zamfara ta yanzu a cikin shekarar 1932. Ana yi wa Sa’idu laƙabi da, “Ɗan’umma” wanda matar ƙanin mahaifinsa ta sanya masa saboda kiran ta da yake yi mata da “Umma”. A wasu wurare ma cikin waƙoƙinsa yakan ambaci kansa da wannan laƙabi misali:

Jagora: Ɗan’umma Rungumi,

Ɗantumba Rungumi.

 

Wani wuri kuma yakan ce:

Jagora: Sa’idu Malamin waƙa.

Sunan mahaifin Sa’idu Faru shi ne, makaɗa Abubakar Kusu ɗan Abdullahi. Shi kuwa makaɗa Abdullahi, Alu makaɗin kurya ne ya haife shi. Amma mahaifyarsa mutumiyar Banga ta ƙasar Kaura Namoda ce, kuma a can ne Sa’idu Faru ya tashi har ya girma. Yawancin ƙuruciyar Sa’idu ya yi ta ne a garin Banga, amma daga bisani sai ya koma Faru wurin mahaifinsa Abubakar. Sa’idu bai samu dammar yin karatun allo mai zurfi ba. Haka ma bai yi karatun boko ba. Tun yana yaro ya shiga sha’anin kiɗa da waƙa kai tsaye. Saidu Faru ya koyi waƙa ne ta hannun mahaifinsa makaɗa Abubakar, waƙoƙinsa suka daɗa kyautatuwa ta hanyar fasaha da hikima tare da ƙwarewar da Allah ya ba shi. Tun yana ɗan shekara 10 aka soma zuwa yawace – yawacen kiɗa tare da shi. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa Sa’idu Faru ya ɗauki gabatar kiɗa da waƙa a giɗansu. Wanda ya fara yi wa waƙa shi ne, tsohon Sarkin Yamman Faru Ibrahim. Daga nan sai Sa’idu ya ci gaba da yi wa sarakuna da ‘ya’yansu waƙoƙi har zuwa lokacin da ya sadu da Sarkin Kudu Alhaji Muhammadu Maciɗo ɗan Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar na uku ya zama uban gidansa[2]. Ya fara yi wa Sarkin Kudu Macciɗo waƙoƙi tun a Mafara wato lokacin yana riƙe da muƙamin uban ƙasarta. Daga cikin waƙoƙin da ya yi masa a Mafara akwai wannan:

Gindin waƙar: Kana shire baban ‘yanruwa,

Na Bello Jikan Ɗanfodiyo.

Takaitaceen Tarihin Sarkin Kudu Muhamamdu Macciɗo

An haifi Muhammadu Macciɗo ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu, 1928 a Ƙaramar Hukumar Ɗange-shuni ta yanzu a jihar Sakkwato, Nijeriya. Ya yi karatun Islama da na boko, kuma ya riƙe muƙaman aikin gwamnati da dama. Ɗangane da sarauta, ya yi Ciroman Sakkwato a 1952, daga bisani ya zama Sarkin Kudun Sakkwato Hakimin Talatar Mafara a 1953. A wancan lokacin ne suka haɗu da Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru kuma ya zama makaɗinsa. A 1996 ne aka naɗa Macciɗo a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi. Ya rasu a shekarar 2006 sanadiyar haɗarin jirgin sama na kamfanin ADC ƙirar boin 373.

Yabo na daga cikin manyan turakun da makaɗan baka suka fi yawaita yin waƙoƙi a kansa. Kusan shi ne ma fitaccen turken waƙoƙin baka na Hausa. Domin mafi yawan waƙoƙin manufofinsu sukan zamanto yabon waɗanda ake yi wa su ne. Yabo shi ne ambaton kalmomin sambarka da nufin nuna amincewa da hali ko wani abin da mutum ya yi nagari, ko kuma a iya cewa yabo wani lafazi ne da ake yi ga wani mutum domin a nuna halayensa da siffofinsa kyawawa da cewa abin so ne kuma abin ƙauna ce. Akan gina turken yabo ne ta amfani da tubalai waɗanda suka haɗa da addini da asali ko nasaba da kyauta ko karimci ko baiwa da iya mulki (ga Sarakuna) da jaruntakar yaƙi da hali da ɗabi’a da kurari da roƙo da habaici da zambo ga wani, (Gusau, 2009:376).

Ire-iren Yabo

Waƙoƙin yabo na baka nau’i biyu ne. Akwai waƙoƙin yabo ba duniye wanda suka danganci sha’anin duniya kamar yabon Sarakuna da sauran masu riƙe da sarautun gargajiya. Misalin yabo ba duniye a cikin waƙar Sarkin Kudu ta, kana shire baban ‘yan ruwa a ɗan waƙa na a shirin da bakwai.

Mu’azu: Laifin Yaro shi yi ƙiuya,

Laifin babba shi yi rowa,

Ina ƙaunar ka Muhammadu.

 

Sannan akwai yabon waɗanda suka shafi sha’anin addini, kamar waƙoƙin da aka yi waɗanda suka ɗanganci yabon Ubangiji ko Annabawa ko Sahabbai ko Waliyyai ko kuma sauran Malamai. Misalin waƙoƙin yabo zalla su ne, waƙoƙin yabo na Addini cikin waƙar Sarkin Kudu ta makaɗa Saidu Faru ɗan waƙa da ashirin da uku.

 

Mu’azu: Na gane salon tsuntsaye,

‘Y/Amshi: Masu kan tsai da sallah dun na sani.

Jagora: Ɗan gamraka bubukuwa,

‘Y/Amshi: Da tankarki ko kunkumi waɗanda sallah kullum sukai.

Jagora: Ɗan bilbila do hazbiya,

‘Y/Amshi: Waɗanda Sallah Kullum sukai.

Jagora: Ɗan kaza yarmoli da shamuwa,

‘Y/Amshi: Waɗannan Sallah Kullum sukai.

Jagora: Jenage ba a zuwa Hajji,

‘Y/Amshi: In bilangi ɗaudar tai mai yawa.

 

2.3 Ma’anar Karin Harshe

Skinner, (1977: 8) ya dubi karin harshe a matsayin nau’in magana ba harshen kansa ba. Zaria, (2003:3) ya bayyana karin harshe a matsayin nau’in harshe guda na sadarwa da al’ummar wata shiyya ke amfani da shi. Abbas, (2010:56) ya ruwaito Farinde da Ojo (2005) suna bayyana karin harshe da nufin bambanci da ake samu a harshe a bisa dalilan da suka hada da shekaru, yanki, ilimi da kuma rukuni. A ƙasar Hausa, an lura da cewa, kusan kowace tsohuwar daula ko masarauta tana da irin waɗannan ‘yan bambance-bambance. A taƙaice, ko wace masarautar shi ke zama laƙabin karin harshe. Misali, Zamfaranci, daga Zamfara, Dauranci daga Daura, Katsinanci daga Katsina da sauransu.

2.4 Ire-Iren Karin Harshe

Malamai sun kalli ire-iren karin harshen Hausa ta fuskoki daban-daban. Wasu sun rarraba su ta fuskar siffofinsu da suka yi tarayya a kai, wasu kuwa sun kalli yankunan da ake samun kare-karen harshen, yayin da wasu suka kalle su a bisa tarihin daulolin da suka samar da su. A nan an kawo ra’ayoyin da wasu malamai suka kawo a kan rabe-raben karin harshen Hausa, sannan daga ƙarshe mu yi matsaya. Bergery, (1934) a cikin gabatarwar ƙamus ɗinsa, ya fara rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa a manyan sassa biyu na yankin gabas da yamma. Bayan ya bayyana cewa akwai manyan kare-karen harshen Hausa guda biyu na Sakkwato da Kano. A cikin rabe-raben nasa ya bayyana cewa kare-karen harshen Katsina da Zariya da Gobir suna tarayyar siffofi masu kama da juna da karin karshen Sakkwato. Kare-karen harshen Gabas da ya kawo sun haɗa da: Karin harshen Kano da Hadeja da Katagum, waɗanda ya ce su ma sun fi kama da juna. Ya fito da siffofin da suke bambanta waɗancen kare-karen harshen a wurare daban-daban. Bincikensa shi ne na farko da ya rarraba karin harshen Hausa a manyan rukunan kare-karen harshen Gabas da Yamma, amma bai zurfafa bincike a kan ɗaiɗaikun kare-karen harshen Yamma na Zamfaranci da Gobiranci da Adaranci da Kabanci da Aranci ba kamar yadda wannan bincike ke da ƙudurin gudanarwa. Malka, (1978) a nasa ra’ayi ya kawo kare-karen harshe Hausa goma sha huɗu (14) kamar yadda ake samun su a Nijeriya da kuma Jamhuriyar Nijar. Ya ce, a Nijeriya da Nijar akwai kare-karen Hausa da ake samu a Nijeriya. Kamar yadda ya kawo su ne, Kananci (ko Hausar Kano) da Katsinanci da Zazzaganci (ko Hausar Katsina) da Dauranci (ko Hasar Daura) da Zazzaganci (ko Hausar Zazzau) da Sakkwatanci da kuma Zamfaranci (ko Hausar Zamfara). A Jamhuriyar Nijar kuwa ya kawo wannan jerin kare-karen harshen Hausa: Damagaranci ko (Hausar Damagaran, Zinder) da Gobiranci (ko Hausa Gobir, Tsibiri) ta Kurfayanci ko (Hausa Adar, Tawa) da Arewaci (ko Hausar Arewa, Dogon-Dutsi) da Kurfayanci (ko Hausar Kurfi, Filinge) da Canganci (ko Hausar Cangawa, Gaya) da kuma Agadanci (ko Hausawar Agadas).

Ahmed da Daura (1978) Sun kalli kare-karen harshen Hausa ta kason manya da kuma nau’in tsohuwar Hausa. Sun kawo manyan kare-karen harshen Hausa waɗanda suka ce su ne Kananci da Katsinanci da Sakkwatanci da Dauranci da Zazzaganci da karin harshen Bausanci da Hadejanci a kawo matanin labarai daban-daban da aka ciro daga littafai aka kuma juya su cikin kare-karen harshen daban-daban a cikin aikin nasu domin fitowa da bambanci siffofin kare-karen harshe da kuma tsohuwar Hausa.

 

Dalilin Karin Harshe

Akwai dalilai da dama da suke haifar da samuwar karin harshe a cikin al’ummu. Sai dai muhimmai daga cikinsu biyu ne kamar haka:

i.            Yanayin Wurin Zama: Akwai bambanci yanayin wurin zama tsakanin al’ummomin ƙasar Hausa. Misali, Basakkwace yana zaune a Sakkwato, Bakano a Kano, Bakatsine a Katsina, Bagobiri a Gobir, Bazazzage a Zazzau da sauransu. Wannan bambanci ne na wurin zama da ke tsakaninsu ka iya haifar da bambance-bambancen karin harshe duk ka cewa harshensu ɗaya ne.

ii.            Matsalolin Furuci: Akan samu matsalolin furuci na wasu sautuka tsakanin al’ummomin ƙasar Hausa da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban. Misali, Basakkwace yana samun matsala wurin furta sautin “F”. Maimako “F “sai ya ce “Hwa”. Misali:

Faci-Hwaci

Fanfo-Hwanho

Fati-Hwati

Bakano yana da matsala wajen furta sautin “Sh”. Maimakon “sh” sai ya ce “Hy” misali

Sha-Hya

Shayi-Hyayi

Bazazzaga kuwa yana mayar da jinsin namiji ya koma na mace. Misali:

Kekena-keketa

Matata-matana, (Abbas, 2010:56).

 

Karin Harshen Zamfaranci a Cikin Waƙar Kana Shire Baban ‘Yan Ruwa

 

Ɗa	Layi	Zamfaranci	Daidaitacciyar Hausa
1	2	Murna niz zaka	Murna na zo yi
7	4	Ƙamna	Ƙauna
8 8	3 5 5	Waƙar ga Dak ka bi Hak Kano	Waƙarka Da ka bi Har Kano
10	1	Hwatad da nikai	Fatar da nake yi
12	1	Naj jiya	Na ji
13	2	Maganag ga	Maganar nan
14 14 14	5 8 10	In Allah yai nufi Allah shi yi ma Had da Atiku	Idan Allah Ya yi nufi Allah Ya yi maka Har da Atiku
16	1	Nana Uwad dije	Nana Uwar Dije
17	2	Faɗa misi murna niz zaka	Fada mishi murna na zo
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18	2 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 15	Tafiya ga Nib bi ka Nib bi Gusau Nib bi ta Tcahe Sai nit tsaya Zazzau nig gani Yac ce man Sai nis sa ki ‘Yat tafiya Sai ni ishe Allah shi ƙara ma	Tafiyar nan Na bi ka Na bi Gusau Na bi ta Tsafe Sai na tsaya Zazzau na gani Ya ce mani Sai na sa ki ‘Yar tafiya Sai na same Allah Ya ƙara maka
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19	1 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 15 16	Allah shi ƙara ma Nic ce suda Tac ce Waƙam Baicin uwat In da kaman Sai iw wuce ‘Ya tafiya kaɗan Sai ni ishe Shi na ta waƙam Allah shi ƙara mai Ni ce burtu	Allah Ya ƙara maka Na ce Suda Ta ce Waƙar Baitin uwar In da kamar Sai in wuce ‘Yar tafiya kaɗan Sai na samu Yana ta waƙar Allah Ya ƙara masa Na ce burtu
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19	17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 28 29 30 31	Yac ce Waƙam Muhammadu In na yi ta In na zo Sai niw wuce Taɓa ‘yat tafiya Sai ni ishe Allah shi ƙara ma Shi yay yi shi Shina gida In ya yi Hak kallo	Ya ce Waƙar Muhammadu Idan na yi ta Idan na zo Sai na wuce Taɓa ‘yar tafiya Sai na samu Allah Ya ƙara maka Shi ya yi shi Yana gida Idan ya yi Har kallo
20	2	Faɗa mishi murna niz zaka	Faɗa masa murna na zo
21 21	2 2	Masu kau tsai da Dun na sani	Masu ko tsai da Duk na sani
22 22 22 22	5 6 9 11	Wane huskas shanu Roƙon doki niz zaka In an ba shi In an ba shi kore	Wane fuskar shanu wato a ba shi kyautar doki Idan an ba ni shi
23	1	Shi adda halin ga	Shi yake da halin
24	4	Anka aza yab bar gida	Aka ɗauka ya bar gida
25 25 25 25	1 2 4 5	Shi yi ƙwiya Babban shi yi rowa ƙamna ta kakai In kai niyyab ba mu	Ya yi ƙiuya/ya ƙi zuwa Babba ya yi rowa/ya hana ƙauna ta kake yi Idan ka yi niyyar ba mu

 

Sakamakon Bincike

Wannan bincike da aka gudanar a kan karin harshen Zamfarci a waƙar “kana shire baban ‘yan ruwa” ta Sa’idu Faru, ya gano cewa karin harshen yanki ya yi tasiri ga mawaƙinsa. Kalmomi da suke karin harshen Zamfarci sun yawaita a cikin waƙar da aka nazarta. Kalmomi irin su “zaka” wato zuwa da makaɗin ya yi amfani da su a waƙar “kana shire Baban ‘yan ruwa” duk Zamfarci ne.

Babu shakka idan mutum ya fito daga wani yanki daban yakan kasance da karin wannan yanki. Haka kuma sanin cewa makaɗi yana da lasisin yin amfani da harshensa wannan ya ƙara ba shi damar ɓarje guminsa a cikin mafi yawan waƙoƙinsa.

Naɗewa

Kamar yadda aka sani, karin harshen Zamfaranci ya samar da rumbun kalmomi tare da samar da walwala a cikin harshensu. Domin haka, wannan muƙala ta yi nazarin karin harshen Zamfaranci a cikin waƙar Sa’idu Faru mai suna “Kuna Shire Babban ‘Yan Ruwa” inda muka fito da karin harshen Zamfaracin a cikinta da kuma sauya kalmomin da muka samu zuwa daidaitacciyar Hausa.

Manazarta

Abbas, N. I. (2000). Zamfara Dialect of Hausa: A Pereliminary Survey. B.A. Dissertation. Sokoto: Usmanu Danfodiyo University.

Ahmed, U. and Daura, B. (1970). An Introduction to Classical Hausa and the Major Dialects. Zaria: Northern Nigeria Publishing Company.

Adamu, A. da Gwadabe, M.M. (2005). Alhaji Muhammadu Maccido Abubakar III the 19^th Sultan of Sokoto, the Bridge Bulder. Kaduna: Amana Publishing Ltd.

Britannica, (2006). Muhammadu Maccido Sultan of Sokoto Nigeria, An Ciro a Shekarar 2017, daga shafin https: www.britannica.com /biograph/ muhammadumaccido.

Farinde, O da Ojo, O. (2005). Introduction to Sociolinguistics.Oyo: Lectay Publishers

Malka, J. G. (1978). Harshe. Zaria: Department of African Languages and Linguistics, Ahmadu Bello University.

Skinner, N. (1977). A Grammaer of Hausa for Nigerian Secondary School and Colleges. Zaria: Northern Nigeria Publishing Company.

Sapir, E. (1921). Langauage. New York.

Sapir, H. (1951). Language As a Historical Product. Cambridge: University Press.

Gusau, M. (1996). Makaɗa Da Mawaƙa. Kano: Century Research and Publishing Ltd.

Gusau, S.M, (2003). Jagoran Nazarin Waƙar Baka. Kano: Benchmark Publishers Limited.

Yaro, Y.I (1989). Jagoran Nazarin Hausa. Zaria: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company.

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[1] Farfesa Aliyu Muhammadu Bunza ya tattaba cewa ana iya amfani da karin magana a matsayin ra’i domin kuwa karin magana zance ne na hikima da mafi yawan Hausawa suka aminta da shi kuma yana a matsayin wata hanya ta gyaran zama da koyon zamantakewa.

[2] Tattaunawa da Hon. Ibrahim Muhammad Brnin Magaji Ɗanmadamin Birnin Magaji a zauren makaɗa da mawaƙan na watsaf wanda yake shugabanta kuma ake aikawa da tambayoyi dangane da makaɗa da mawaƙa domin bayar da amsa.