Bayanin Wasu Al’amurra Na Kirar Kalma a Hausar Yamma

Citation: Abbas, N.I. (2024). Bayanin Wasu Al’amurra na Ƙirar Kalma a Hausar Yamma. Ginshiƙin Nazarin Salon Waƙoƙin Hausa, 254-260. www.doi.org/10.36349/djhs.2024.v03i01.031.

BAYANIN WASU AL’AMURRA NA ƘIRAR KALMA A HAUSAR YAMMA

Nazir Ibrahim Abbas

Department of Nigerian Languages, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto

Tsakure:

Nazarin karin harshe wani ɓangare ne a cikin nazarin harshe wanda yake ƙoƙarin kwatanta nau’o’in kare-karen harshe masu kusanci da juna ta kammani tare da fitowa da wuraren da suke da bambanci. Wannan fagen ya fi sha’awa da alaƙar da ake samu tsakanin kare-karen harshe bisa ga bambance-bambancen da ake samu tsakaninsu, domin alaƙar itace take taimakawa wajen fahimtar juna tsakanin masu magana da kare-karen harshe na harshe ɗaya. Malamai masu nazarin karin harshen Hausa sun rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa na yanki a manyan yankuna na Gabas da na Yamma. Malaman sun yi wannan rabon ne ta la’akari da muhalli da kuma kamannin kare-karen harshen ta fuskar nahawu ko siffofin harshe. Ana iya auna bambancin karin harshen Hausa na yanki a dukkan matakan nazari na nahawu tun daga; gundarin sauti da tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla da kuma ma’ana (ta kalmomi). Wannan bincike ya ta’allaƙa ne ga karin harshen Hausa na Yamma. Hanyoyin ƙirar kalma da wannan bincike ya gano ana amfani da su su ne na; kumbura da ƙirƙira da kuma ninki. Manufar binciken ita ce,fito da wasu siffofin ƙirar kalma na Hausar Yamma, wato hanyoyin da ake bi wajen samar da kalmomi a Hausar Yamma. Hausar Yamma a wannan nazari ta ƙunshi kare-karen harshen da ake samu a Yammacin ƙasar Hausa na; Sakkwatanci da Zamfarci da Kabanci da Arauci da Gobirci da kuma Adarci. An samu bayanan da aka gudanar da wannan binciken bayan gudanar da bincike a cikin al’ummomin da suke zaune a waɗannan yankunan ta hanyar shirya takardar amsa tambaya da kuma hira da tattaunawa da aka ɗauki zantukan mutane daban-daban a rubuta da kuma waɗanda aka naɗa ta rikoda.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Ƙirar kalma, Hausar yamma, Karin harshe, Daidaitacciyar Hausa, Ƙwayoyin ma’ana

Gabatarwa

Harshen Hausa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan harsunan duniya, wanda ya fi kowane harshe yawan jama’a masu magana da harshe ɗaya a nahiyar Afirka.^[1]Hausawa sun fi yawa a yankin arewacin Nijeriya da kuma yankin kudancin Jamhuriyar Nijar. Haka ma akwai Hausawa da yawa a ƙasashen Ghana da Kamaru. Kafin zuwan Turawan Mulkin mallaka a ƙasar Hausa, ƙasar tana da faɗi ƙwarai da gaske kuma a haɗe take duk da yake tana da dauloli daban-daban. Bayan da Turawan Mulkin mallaka suka zo yankin Afirka ne, suka raba ta ƙasar Hausa kashi-kashi. Wannan rabo ya zama sanadin raba ƙasar Hausa zuwa gida biyu: ɓangare ɗaya yana Nijeriya ta yau, ɗaya kuma yana cikin yankin Jamhuriyar Nijar ta yanzu, wato; akwai; ɓangaren da Turawan Ingilishi suka riƙa da kuma inda Faransawa suka yi riƙo.

A Nijeriya ta yau, ƙasar Hausa ta yi daidai da sashen arewa maso-yamma da wani sashe na arewa-maso gabas. Wannan sashen kuwa ya ƙunshi jihohin Hausawa ne da suka haɗa da; jihar Bauci da jihar Jigawa da jihar Kaduna da jihar Kabi da jihar Kano da jihar Katsina da jihar Sakkawato da kuma jihar Zamfara.

Harsuna suna ƙunshe da kare-keren harshe daban-daban a cikinsu da suke da bambamci da junansu ta fuskar tsari da kalmomi.^[2] Karin harshe wani nau’i ne na magana a cikin harshe ɗaya wanda ake samu cikin wasu gungun al’umma mai nau’o’in bambance-bambance a cikinsa waɗanda ba su haifar da rashin fahimta tsakanin masu magana da harshen. Haka kuma karin harshe yana samuwa ne bisa wasu dalilai na tarihi da zamantakewar al’umma da kuma muhalli. Idan harshe ya bunƙasa ya kuma kasance yana da al’umma da yawa masu magana da shi zai samu karin harshe, musamman idan yana da yankuna daban-daban a cikinsa waɗanda suka bambanta mazaunin al’umma ko muhallinsu kuma ya kasance yana da bambanci na rukunin al’ummomi daban-daban a cikinsa.^[3]

Harshen Hausa yana daga cikin harsunan da ke da kare-karen harshe daban-daban a cikinsa. Ra’ayi mafi karɓuwa tsakanin malamai shi ne na rarraba waɗannan kare-karen harshen Hausa a manyan rukuna na Gabas da kuma Yamma. Malamai sun yi wannan rabon ne kuwa ta la’akari da kamannin waɗannan kare-karen harshen a nahawu da kuma muhalli ko yankin da suke a cikin taswirar ƙasar Hausa.^[4]

Fagen nazarin karin harshe wani ɓangare ne daga cikin nazarin kimiyyar harshe, wanda yake nazarin dangantakar kare-karen harshe na harshe ɗaya da manufar fitowa da dangantakarsu ta harshe da kuma irin bambance-bambancen da suke tsakaninsu. Kare-karen harshen Hausa sun samu gatan manazarta harshe wanda shi ya haifar da rarraba su a yankunan Gabas da Yamma da kuma yin nazarce-nazarce da yawa a kansu. Kare-karen harshen gabas, a ra’ayin mafi yawan ayyukan malaman, su ne: Kananci da Bausanci da Zazzaganci da Guddiranci da kuma Dauranci. Kare-karen harshen Yamma kuwa kuwa su ne: Sakkwatanci da Katsinanci da Kabanci da kuma Gobirci.^[5] Wannan bincike ya yi amfani da fahimtar wasu manazarta da suka faɗaɗa nazarin Hausar Yamma ya haɗa har da kare-karen harshen Zamfarci da Gobirci da Adarci da Kabanci da Arauci. Wannan maƙalar za ta kalli siffofin Hausar Yamma na ƙirar kalma.

2.0 Karin Harshe

Akwai ra’ayoyan malamai daban-daban a kan ma’anar karin harshe, wasu daga cikinsu su ne na:

Crystal (2008:142):

Dialect is a regionally or socially distinctive VARIETY of language, identified by a particular set of WORDS and GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES. Spoken dialects are usually also associated with a distinctive pronunciation or ACCENT.

Fassarar marubuci:

Karin harshe wani NAU’I harshe ne na yanki ko rukuni da yake da bambanci, wanda ake iya ganewa ta KALMOMINSA da kuma TSARIN NAHAWUNSA. Kare-karen harshe da ake furtawa mafi yawa suna da tsarin furucinsu ko sigar muyarsu.

Sani (2009:02) ya kawo ma’anar karin harshe kamar haka:

Karin harshe nau’i ne daga nau’o’in harshe guda wanda ake amfani da shi musamman a wani sashe na al’umma.

Finegan (2012:371) ya bayar da wannan ma’ana ta karin harshe:

Dialect refers to a language variety in its totality – including vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, pragmatics, and any other aspect of the linguistic system.

Fassarar marubuci:

Karin harshe yana nufin nau’in magana a cikin harshen gaba ɗayansa – wanda ya haɗa da kalmomi da nahawu da furuci da dangantakar ma’ana da muhalli da duk wani ɓangare na tsarin harshe.

Waɗannan ma’anonin suna tabbatar da muna da lalle ana samun karin harshe wanda ya danganci bambancin yadda al’umma suke amfani da harshen a wani yanki da suke zaune, wanda kuma ake iya gani a dukkan matakan nazarin harshe na furuci da tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla da kuma kalmomi kansu.

3.0 Siffofin Hausar Yamma na Ƙirar Kalma

Ƙirar kalma wani muhimmin ɓangare ne a cikin ilimin kimiyyar harshe wanda yake nazarin yadda harshe yake samar da kalmominsa ta amfani da ƙwayoyin ma’ana na ginin kalma ko kuma wasu dabarun da harshen ya tanada wajen ƙera kalmominsa. Akwai ra’ayoyan malamai daban-daban a kan ma’anar ƙirar kalma amma duk waɗannan ma’anoni sun ta’allaƙa ga cewa ƙirar kalma wani fanni ne da ake nazarin yadda ake gina ko ƙera kalmomi a harshe. Ga wani ra’ayi daga cikin ra’ayoyan malaman:

Singleton (2000:4) ya bayyana ƙirar kalma kamar haka:

The term morphology owes its origin to the Greek roots morphé (úoρϕἡ – ‘form’ , or ‘shape’) and denotes the internal structure of words (and the study thereof) – that is, how words are built up out of basic units (known as morphemes) which may or may not be capable of standing alone as words in their own right.

Fassarar marubuci:

Ƙirar kalma ta samo asali daga kalmar Girkanci wadda take da tushe daga kalmar morphé ma’ana siga ko sura kuma tana nufin tsarin kalmomi na asali (da nazarinsa) – wato yadda ake ƙera kalmomi daga tushensu (da aka fi sani da ƙwayoyin ma’ana) waɗanda suke iya ba da ma’ana da kansu, waɗanda ba su iya zama da kansu su ba da ma’ana.

Wannan ɓangaren binciken ya tattauna wasu al’amurra na ƙirar kalma kamar yadda ake samunsu a cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma. Al’amurran ƙirar kalma da aka tattauna a matsayin wasu siffofin kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma su ne; ƙwayoyin ma’anar da suke samar da jami’i da ƙwayoyin ma’anar da take samar da jinsin ta-mata da kuma masu maimaita baƙi a wajen samar da wasu kalmomin jam’i da ma wasu kalmomin da ba na jam’i ba. Bugu da ƙari, an kawo yadda ake ninki wajen samar da wasu kalmomin jam’i a cikin karin harshen Hausa na Yamma.

3.1 Ƙwayoyin Ma’anar da ke Samar da Jam’i da Jinsin Ta-mata

A wannan ɓangare za a ga yadda Hausar Yamma take zaɓi wajen amfani da wasu ɗafe-ɗafen da ke samar da jam’i da irin yadda ta bambanta da Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Akwai wasu kalmomi a Daidaitacciyar Hausa waɗanda ake amfani da ɗafin –u wajen jam’inta su. Waɗannan kalmomin a wani yanki na Hausar Yamma, sukan ɗauki ɗafin –inne wajen jam’inta su.^[6] Amfani da ɗafin –inne ya fi samuwa ne a cikin karin harshen Adarci da Arauci na Hausar Yamma (wannan bai rasa nasaba da kusancinsu da Sakkwatanci inda al’ummar Fulani suka fi yawa sosai). Karin harshen Gobirci yana amfani da ɗafin jam’i na –innai a irin wannan muhalli. Kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma na Zamfarci da Kabanci suna amfani da ɗafin –u wurin jam’inta irin wɗannan kalmomin kamar yadda Daidaitacciyar Hausa ke yi.^[7] Ga misali:

TILO    JM, DH    JM, HY (Adarci da Arauci)

/bùƙá:t-à:/   /bùƙá:t-ú:/  /bùƙá:t-ínnè:/

/kà:ká:/    /kàk-ànní:/  /kàk-ínnè:/

/kwàrkwàɗ-á:/  /kwàrkàɗ-ú:/  /kwàrkwàɗ-ínnè:/

/mákáránt-á:/  /màkàrànt-ú:/  /màkàrànt-ínnè:/

/máƙábárt-á:/  /màƙàbàrt-ú:/  /màƙàbàrt-ínnè:/

/màɁàikàt-á:/  /màɁàikàt-ú:/  /màɁàikàt-ínnè:/

3.2 Zaɓin Amfani da Ɗafin Jam’i na –ayye a Hausar Yamma Maimakon –ai.

Ɗafin –ayye ɗafi ne wanda ya samo asali daga harshen Fulatanci. Bincike ya nuna cewa daga cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa da wannan nazari ya yi aiki a kansu Gobirci da Adarci da Arauci duk suna amfani da wannan ɗafin. Kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma na Zamfarci da Kabanci suna amfani da ɗafin –ai ne kamar na Daidaitacciyar Hausa wajen jam’inta wasu kalmomi. Ga misali:

TILO   JM, DH   JM, HY (Gobirci/Adarci/Arauci)

/bó:kít-ì/   /bò:kìt-ái/  /bò:kìt-áyyè/

/gúngúm-ì/  /gùmà:gùm-ái/  /gùmà:gùm-áyyè/

/kwálbát-ì/   /kwálbát-ái/  /kwálbát-áyyè/

/mágúdán-á/  /mágúdán-ái/  /mágúdán-áyyè/

/másállá:c-í:/  /másállá:t-ái/  /másállá:t-áyyè/

/mátá:k-í/   /mátá:k-ái/  /mátá:k-áyyè/

3.3 Ƙwayoyin Ma’anar da ke Samar da Jinsin Ta-mata

Hausar Yamma tana da bambanci wajen amfani da ƙwayoyin ma’anar da ke samar da jinsin ta-mata a ɓangaren sunayen da suke nuna asali ko ƙabilar mutum da kuma wajen samar da jinsin ta-mata na wasu kalmomin sifa.

(a) Ɗafin Sunayen Jinsin Ta-mata da take Nuna Asalin wurin da Mutum ya Fito.

Irin wannan ɗafin yana da bambanci tsakanin Daidaitacciyar Hausa da kuma Hausar Yamma. Daidaitacciyar Hausa tana amfani da ɗafa ƙeyan–iyaa, yayin da Hausar Yamma ke amfani da ɗafa ƙeyan -a. Ga misali:

TILO   DH (Jam’in ta-mata)  HY (Jam’in ta-mata

/bàɁár-è:/   /bàɁár-ìjá:/   /bàɁár-à:/

/bàɁá:dàr-è:/  /bàɁá:dàr-ìjá:/   /bàɁá:dàr-à:/

/bàgò:bír-í:/  /bàgò:bír- ìyá:/   /bàgò:bír –à:/

/bàháɗé:ʤ-è:/  /bàháɗé:ʤ-ìyá:/  /bàháʤ-à:/

/bàkábè:/   /bàkáb-ìjá:/   /bàkáb-à:/

/bàkàtsín-è:/  /bàkàtsín-ìjá:/   /bàkàtsín-à:/

(b) Ɗafin Sunayen Jinsin Ta-mata da ke Nuna Asalin Harshen Mutum

Wannan ɗafin shi ma yana da bambanci tsakanin Daidaitacciyar Hausa da Hausar Yamma. Daidaitacciyar Hausa tana amfani da ɗafa ƙeyan –iyaayayin da Hausar Yamma take amfani da ɗafa ƙeyan –a. Ga misali:

TILO   DH (Jam’in ta-mata)  HY (Jam’in ta-mata)

/bàdákàr-è:/  /bàdákàr-íyá:/    /bàdákkàr-à:/

/bàlá:ràb-è:/  /bàlá:ràb-íyá:/    /bàlá:ràb-à:/

/bàháush-è:/  /bàháush-ìyá:/    /bàháus-à:/

/bàyé:ràb-è:/  /bàyé:ràb-ìyá:/    /bàyé:ràb-à:/

(c) Ɗafin –uwa da –anya Masu Nuna Jinsin Ta-mata a Sifa.

Hausa tana da ɗafin –uwa da –anya masu nuna jinsin ta-mata a sifa. Hausar Yamma tana amfani da –nya, Daidaitacciyar Hausa tana amfani da –uwa. Ga misalan yadda al’amarin yake:

TILO   DH (jam’in sifar ta-mata) HY (jam’in sifar ta-mata)

/dó:l-ó:/   /dó:l-úwá:/   /dó:l-ányà:/

/gúnt-ú:/   /gúnt-úwá:/   /gúnt-ànyá:/

/ƙá:t-ò:/   /ƙát-ùwá:/   /}át-ányà:/

/só:k-ò:/   /só:k-ùwá:/   /sók-ányà:/

3.4 Maimaita Baƙi wajen Samar da Kalmomin Jam’u da wasu Kalmomin da Ba na Jam’u ba

Daga cikin siffofin Hausar Yamma na ƙirar kalma akwai maimaita baƙi ko shaddantawa. Maimaita baƙin kuwa yana gudana ne a bisa ga tsarin dokar gajarta dogon wasali na doguwar gaɓa da kuma maimaita baƙin da take bin doguwar gaɓar a mafi yawan lokuta. Ga misalan yadda maimaita baƙi yake gudana a cikin kalmomin sunaye na Hausar yamma.

DH   HY

/Ɂákúsà:/   /Ɂákússà/

/àkúyà:/  /àkúyyà:/

/dù:sá:/  /dùssá/

/ɸárà:tá:/  /hwárùttá/

/hù:lá:/  /húllà:/

/jà:kí/  /jàkkí/

/kúɗí:/  /kúɗí/

/kwá:ɗó/  /kwáɗɗó/

/úkù:/  /úkkù/

/wájé:/  /wájjé/

3.5 Ninki Wajen Ƙera Wasu Kalmomin Jam’u

Ninki wata hanya ce ta ginin kalma wadda ake amfani da ita a cikin harshen Hausa domin a samar da wasu sababbin kalmomi daga jikin wasu. Fagge (2013:32) ya bayyana cewa akwai nau’o’in ninki irii biyu; ragagge da kuma cikakken ninki. A matsayin ragaggen ninki, ana ninka wasu baƙaƙe daga cikin kalmar suna ko aikatau domin a samar da jam’i daga tilo na kalmomi da yawa a cikin Hausar yamma. Ga wasu misalan yadda ninki yake gudana a wajen samar da wasu kalmomin jam’u a cikin Hausar Yamma:

DH (tilo)     DH (jam’i)          HY (jam’i)

/Ɂású:sù:/     /Ɂású:sù:/          /Ɂásússà/

/gálàm/     /gálàm/          /gálummá/

/hídímó:má:/     /hídímó:mí:/          /hídímmù/

/híkímó:mà:/     /híkímó:mì:/          /híkímmù:/

3.6 Amfani da Ɗafin –iya Maimakon –a a Ƙirar Wasu Kalmomin Sifar Ta-mata

Hausar Yamma tana amfani da ɗafa ƙeyan –iya maimakon –a na Daidaitacciyar Hausa wajen gina wasu kalmomin sifar ta-mata. Ga misalan yadda al’amarin yake a cikin kalmomi:

DH (aik.)	DH (sf. nmj. Tilo)	DH (sf. t.mt. tilo)	HY (sf. t.mt. tilo)
(h) /bú∫è:/	/búsà∫∫è:/	/bú:sàs∫∫ìjá:/	/bú:sàssà:/
/gásà:/	/gásà∫∫è:/	/gásà∫∫ìjá:/	/gásàssà:/
/hàrgís’à:/	/hàrgís’s’è:/	/hàrgís’às’s’ìjá:/	/hàrgís’às’s’à:/
/ƙármàsà:/	/ƙármàsà∫∫è:/	/ƙármàsà∫∫ìjá:/	/ƙármàsàssà:/
/lánƙwàsà:/	/lánƙwàsà∫∫è:/	/lánƙwàsà∫∫ìjá:/	/lánƙwàsàssà:/
/mó:làƙà:/	/mó:là}à}}jè:/	/mó:là}à}}jìjá:/	/mó:là}à}}á:/
/nàƙàsá:/	/nàƙàsá∫∫è:/	/nàƙàsá∫∫ìjá:/	/nàƙàsássá:/

A misalan da ke sama ba ya ga sauyawar ɗafa ƙeyan -iya na Daidaitacciyar Hausa da –a a Hausar Yamma, idan an lura akwai kuma kore ganɗantawa tsakanin sautin /∫/ da ya zo kafin ganɗantaccen wasalin /i/ zuwa sautin /s/ bayan wasalin sautin /a/ ya biyo bayansa a Hausar Yamma. Haka ma akwai kore ganɗantawa tsakanin sautin /j/ wanda ya zo kafin ganɗataccen wasalin /i/ zuwa sautin /s/ da kuma /ƙ/ bayan wasalin da ba ganɗantacce ba na /a/ ya zo bayansa kamar yadda yake a misalan da ke ƙasa.

3.7 Samar da Kalmomi ta Hanyar Gutsire Kalma

Gutsire kalma wani al’amari ne na harshe wanda ya danganci ƙirar kalma wanda ke faruwa a cikin kalmomin Hausa.^[8] Duk da yake malamai suna da ra’ayoya daban-daban a kan ma’anar gutsire kalma da kuma yadda yake gudana a harshe.

Abubakar (2001:15) ya bayyana ma’anar gutsire kalma da:

Clipping may be seen as another form of modification. It is another way of word coining by shortening the base, while still retaining the same meaning and still being a member of the same class. There are two cases of clipping, namely back-clipping and front clipping in Hausa.

Fassarar marubuci:

Gutsire kalma wata hanya ta sauya siffar kalmomi. Hanya ce ta gutsire tushen kalma ba tare da sauya ma’ana da ajinta kalmar na nahawu ba. Akwai nau’o’in gutsirewa biyu a Hausa, da suka haɗa da gutsire kalma ta baya da kuma gutsire kalma ta gaba.

Gutsire kalma ko baya ga kasancewarsa, a matsayin wata al’ada ta ƙirar kalmomi a harshen Hausa, wata siffa ce wadda take da yawa sosai a cikin Hausar yamma. Abubakar (2001) ya bayyana cewa ana samun gutsire kalma a farko da ƙarshenta ne a Hausa kuma mafi yawa an fi samun gutsire kalmar a ƙarshenta. Yayin da Newman (2000) ya nuna cewa ana samun gutsire kalma ne kawai a ƙarshen kalma a Hausa.

Wannan binciken yana da fahimtar cewa daga cikin siffofin Hausar yamma na ƙirar kalma ana samun wannan dabarar ƙirar kalma ta hanyar gutsire wata gaɓa ko yanki na farko ko tsakiya ko ƙarshen kalmar musamman a cikin kalmomin sunaye. Ga misalan yadda al’amarin yake a cikin kalmomi:

DH   HY

/bàzáwàrá:/  /zàwárá:/

/ʧìnyóyí:/  /ʧìnnái/

/ɗáukà:/   /ɗáu/

/kà:súwáncì:/  /kà:súccì:/

/kà:súwó:yí:/  /kà:súnní/

/kuskùré:/  /kùré:/

/ƙáláw/  /láw/

/mú:gà:yé:/  /mùggái/

/sàjé:/    /sái/

/shúrú:/  /shú/

4.0 Kammalawa

Wannan maƙala mai taken “Wasu Al’amurran Ƙirar Kalma a Hausar Yamma” ta tattauna rabe-raben kare-karen harshen Hausa a ra’ayoyan malamai da ra’ayin da ya fi karɓuwa tsakanin malaman na raba kare-karen harshen Hausa a babbn rukunin yankin Gabas da Yamma. Maƙalar ta yi bincike ne a kan siffofin Hausar Yamma na Kirar Kalma inda ta fito da wasu hanyoyin nazarin harshe na ƙirar kalma na kumbura da ƙirƙira da ninki da kuma gutsire kalma waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen ƙera kalmomin jami’i da jinsi daban-daban a cikin ɗaiɗaikun kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma da suka haɗa da karin harshen; Zamfarci da Kabanci da Gobirci da Adarci da kuma Arauci tare da kwatanta yadda al’amarin ƙirar kalmomin yake a Daidaitacciyar Hausa, baya ga fitowa da ƙarin siffofin waɗannan kare-karen harshen, binciken yakuma tabbatar ƙara cigaba da bunƙasar harshen Hausa ta la’akari da yawaitar masu magana da kare-karen harshen da yawa a cikinsa tare da bunƙasa da faɗaɗar muhallan da suke zaune a cikin yankunan ƙasar Hausa.

Manazarta

Abubakar, A. 2001. An Introductory Hausa Morphology. Maiduguri: University Press.

Amfani, A. H. 2011. "Hausa Phonology". In Basic Linguistics for Nigerian Languages. Pp.  139-145. Yusuf, O. (Ed.). Ijebo-Ode: Linguistic Association of Nigeria.

Amfani, A. H. 2016. "Hausa as an Emerging Official Language." A Paper Presented at One Day Colloquim. Department of African Languages & Cultures, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Amfani, A. H. 1993. "Aspects of Hausa Dialectology." Research in African Langauges and Linguistics. Vol. 3. Pp.1-12. Kaduna: Sunnals Press.

Amfani, A. H. 2016. "Hausa as an Emerging Official Language." A Paper Presented at One Day Colloquim. Department of African Languages & Cultures, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Bergery, G.P. 1934. A Hausa-English Dictionary & English Hausa Vocabulary. London: Oxford University Press.

Bello, A. 2018. Karin Sautin Hausa.Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.

Crystal, D. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Sixth Edition. UK: Blackwell Publishing.

Fagge, U. U. 2012. Hausa Language and Linguistics. Zaria: ABU Press.

Fagge, U. U. (2013). Ƙirar Kalma a Hausa. Zaria: ABU Press.

Jaggar, P. J. 1945. Hausa. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Newman, P. 2000. The Hausa Language: An Encyclopaedia Reference Grammar. United States of America: Yale University Press.

Singleton, D. 2000. Language and the Lexicon: An Introduction. London: Arnold.

Yip, M. 2002. Tone. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Yule, G. (1985). The Study of Language: An Introduction. Australia: Cambridge University Press.

Tattaunawa

1.                  Tattaunawa da Musa Noma Bui, shekaru 60. Bui Sabon Zama 09/05/2018

2.                  Tattaunawa da Idi Jikan Mata, shekaru 73, Kangiwa 09/05/2018

3.                  Tattaunawa da Aishatu (Malama Ini), shekaru (lokacin yunwar shago), Kangiwa 09/05/2018

4.                  Tattaunawa da Tubamu Lailaba. Shekaru 36, Lailaba 09/05/2018

5.                  Tattaunawa da Alhaji Hussaini Makwashe Sarkin Ruwan Kabi, shekaru 49, Argungu 09/05/2018

6.                  Tattaunawa da Mairamu (Inka), shekaru (lokacin yunwar shago), Argungu 10/05/2018

7.                  Tattaunawa da Malama Kura Yeldu, shekaru 67, Yeldu 15/05/2018

8.                  Tattaunawa da Fatsima Makuwana shekaru (ba a samu ba), Makuwana 13/05/2018

9.                  Tattaunawa da Malam Abu Makuwana, shekaru 80, Makuwana 13/05/18

10.              Tattaunawa da Abdullahi Garkuwa Sabon Birni, shekaru 80, Sabon Birni 13/05/2018

11.              Tattaunawa da Mai Martaba Sarkin Adar na Ɗunɗaye Alhaji Bello Yakubu, shekaru 60, [unɗaye 14/05/2018

12.              Tattaunawa da Malam Hamidu Ɗandiga Birnin Magaji, shekaru 110, Birnin Magaji 17/05/2018

13.              Tattaunawa da Inno Mafara, shekaru 100, Talata Mafara 21/05/2018

14.              Tattaunawa da Muhammadu Yahaya na Garba, shekaru 65, Talata Mafara 21/05/2018

15.              Tattaunawa da Abubakar Gumi, shekaru 60, Gumi 23/05/2018

16.              Tattaunawa da Ige ‘Yarkaka Lemawa Gumi, shekaru, 70, Gumi 23/05/2018

17.              Tattaunawa da Alhaji Abdu Mullela Gwadabawa, shekaru 67, Gwadabawa 26/05/2018

18.              Tattaunawa da Malami Sarkin Makafi, shekaru 65, Gwadabawa 26/05/2018

Tattaunawa da Adamu Bagega, shekaru 80, Bagega 20/05/20

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[1]Jaggar, P. J. (1945:1). Hausa.

[2] Boadi, L.A. Grieve. D.W. and Nwankwo, B. (2004:43). Grammatical Structure and its Teaching.

[3] Dubi Crystal D. (2008; 142). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Sixth Edition.

[4]Domin ƙarin bayani dubi Gabatarwa a Bergery, G.P. (1934). A Hausa-English Dictionary & English Hausa Vocabulary.  

[5]Bargery (1934), Amfani (1993), Jaggar (2000), Sani (2003), Wurma (2005), Sani (2009), Bello (2015) da Bello (2016).

[6]Ɗafin –inne, ɗafi ne na jam’in Fulatanci. Tasirin Fulatanci a Hausar Yamma shi ya haifar da amfani da wannan ɗafin wajen jam’inta wasu kalmomi a Yankin.

[7] Akwai bayani a kan wannan a inda aka kwatanta kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma

[8]Domin ƙarin bayani dubi Yule, G. (1985:54). The Study of Language: An Introduction.