Nazarin Kwalliya a Wakar Sa’idu Faru ta Sarkin Yakin Banga, Alhaji Sale Abubakar Kauran Namoda

Citation: Bugaje, H.M. (2024). Nazarin Kwalliya a Waƙar Sa’idu Faru ta Sarkin Yaƙin Banga, Alhaji Sale Abubakar Ƙauran Namoda. Four Decades of Hausa Royal Songs: Proceedings from the International Conference on the Life and Songs of Makaɗa Sa'idu Faru, 3(3), 328-331. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i03.045.

Nazarin Kwalliya a Waƙar Sa’idu Faru ta Sarkin Yaƙin Banga, Alhaji Sale Abubakar Ƙauran Namoda 

Daga

Dr. Hauwa Muhammad Bugaje

hhmbugaje@gmail.com
Sashen Harsuna da Al’adun Afrika
Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria

Tsakure

Nazarin salo fanni ne da masana da manazarta suka daɗe suna bincike a kansa. Haka abin yake idan aka yi maganar nazarin salo a waƙoƙin Hausa. An sami masana irin su Yahya (2001) da Gusau (2003) da suka yi rawar gani wajen nazarin sa. Kodayake masu iya magana kan ce “ilimi kogi ne...” wannan ya sa aka zaɓi nazarin wani muhimmin fanni na salo a wannan maƙala, wato nazarin kwalliya a waƙoƙin Sa’idu Faru, sai dai muƙalar za ta taƙaita ne ga waƙa ɗaya tilo wadda sha-kudun ce idan dai a batun salo ne a waƙa. Manufar nazarin kuwa ba ta rasa nasaba da ƙara fito da baiwar da Allah ya yi wa wannan mawaƙi ta naƙaltar harshen Hausa da iya sarrafa shi a waƙa har a ce da wannan waƙa tubarkalla. An saurari wannan waƙa, tare da tarken salon kwalliya da ya fito a cikinta. An fahimci cewa Sa’idu Faru gwani na gwanaye ne wajen amfani da jinsi daban-daban na tsuntsaye da sauran halittu wajen sakaya ma’ana da adonta waƙa.

1.1  Gabatarwa

Nazarin waƙa musamman a Hausa, fanni ne da yake bayar da dama a fahimci tagomashin harshe da baiwar da Allah ya yi wa masu shirya waƙa wajen iya sarrafa kalmomi. Haka kuma, fannin yana bayar da dama a gane hikima da fasahar mawaƙa wajen adana tarihi da fayyace tunanin al’ummar da suke wakilta. Har ila yau, fannin nazarin waƙa yana bayar da dama a fahimci saƙonnin da mawaƙan suke ƙoƙarin isarwa ga jama’a, wato jigogin waƙoƙinsu. Saboda haka, masana suka raba fannin nazarin zuwa muhimman sassa uku, wato nazarin jigo da tsari da salo. A ƙarƙashin salo ne aka fi baje kolin fasahar harshe, kasancewar salo shi ne dokin jigo, kuma shi ne sinadarin da ke ƙara wa waƙa armashi. Yahya (2001) ya yi wa salo laƙabi da asirin waƙa.  

A wannan muƙala mai suna “Nazarin kwalliya a Waƙar Sa’idu Faru ta Sarkin Yaƙin Banga Sale, an yi tsokaci ne a fannin salon da wannan mawaƙi ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin dabarar isar da saƙon wannan waƙa. Duk wanda ya saurari wannan waƙa, zai fahimci cewa mawaƙin gwani ne na gwanaye wajen iya sarrafa harshensa, har adon da ya yi a waƙar wani lokaci yakan rinjayi saƙon waƙar. Domin haka, a iya cewa in dai a nazarin waƙoƙin malamin waƙa Sa’idu Faru ne, salo shi ne ja-gaba.

Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru yana ɗaya daga cikin sahun gaba na manyan mawaƙan baka na Hausa da ake tinƙaho da su musamman a fagen waƙoƙin iko. Haka kuma, mawaƙi ne da ya yi tashe ya shahara a faɗin ƙasar Hausa a zamaninsa, kuma har zuwa wannan lokaci waƙoƙinsa na nan a cikin zukatan al’umma tamkar yau ya yi su. Har ila yau, waƙoƙin Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru sun taskace muhimman fannoni na rayuwar Hausawa, kama daga tarihi da al’ada har ma da falsafar Bahaushe, kasancewar shi mutum ne da Allah ya yi wa baiwa da hikima wajen iya shirya waƙa. (Gusau, 2005)

1.2 Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru

An haifi Sa’idu a wuraren 1932, a garin Faru da ke cikin Maradun, Ƙaramar Hukumar Talatar Mafara. Sunan mahaifinsa Abubakar ɗan Abdu ɗan Alu Maikurya. Ta fuskar mahaifiyarsa kuwa ita ‘yar asalin garin Banga ce. Sa’idu ya yi ƙuruciyarsa a garin Banga, wato garin da aka haifi mahaifiyarsa, amma daga baya ya koma wurin mahaifinsa a garin Faru. Sa’idu ya samu damar samun ilimin addinin Musulunci, amma bai sami damar yin karatun zamani ba, wato karatun boko.

Alaƙar Sa’idu da waƙa kuwa daɗaɗɗiya ce, domin ya gaji kiɗa da waƙa tun daga kakansa na biyu, wato Alu Maikurya, wanda tsohon makaɗin yaƙi ne. Shi ma kakansa Makaɗa abdu da kuma mahaifinsa Makaɗa Abubakar dukkaninsu ‘yan gado ne ba haye suka yi ba. Amma Sa’idu ya fara shiga cikin harkokin shirya waƙa tun yana kimanin ɗan shekara goma da haihuwa. Ya fara ne da bin mahaifinsa da kuma koyon dabarunsa na waƙa, wanda su ne ya ɗabbaƙa a galibin waƙoƙinsa. (Gusau, 2005).

Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ya zauna ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa yana masa karɓin waƙa, har zuwa lokacin da ya fara cin gashin kansa, inda ya nuna fasaharsa da ƙwarewarsa. Ya yi wa sarakuna da ‘ya’yan sarakuna da dama waƙa, amma fitattun iyayen gidansa su ne sarkin yaƙin Banga Sale da kuma Sarkin Kudu Muhammadu Macciɗo. Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ya yi waƙoƙi da dama waɗanda galibinsu na fada ne.

2.1 Ma’anar Kwalliya

Kwalliya tana ɗaya daga cikin nau’o’in adon harshe wadda ta kasance ginshiƙi a salon sarrafa harshe. Kamar yadda sunanta ya nuna, da ita ake ƙawata waƙa ta hanyar siffanta ko kwatanta wanda ake wa waƙa da abu kai tsaye. Wannan kwatancin kan sa abin da ake wa waƙar ya ɗauki siffa ko kama da abin da aka kwatanta shi da shi. Masana irin su Yahya (2001) da Baldic (2004) da sauransu, sun yi tsokaci a kan matsayin kwalliya a fannin nazarin salo. Yahya ( 2001) ya bayyana kwalliya da cewa nau’i ce ta salo da ake amfani da ita wajen kawo hoton abu yadda mawaƙi yake buƙatar mai sauraro ko mai karatu ya kalle shi da idon zuciyarsa ko da tunaninsa. A ra’ayin Baldic (2004), cewa ya yi ita kwalliya ko siffantawa ginshiƙi ce a fagen nazarin adon harshe, wato tana da matuƙar muhimmanci kuma idan an kwatanta ta da sauran dabarun adon harshe, za a ga cewa ta fi su shahara a cikin ayyukan adabi.

3.1 Waƙar Sarkin Yaƙin Banga, Sale “Gwabron Giwa Uban Galadima,    Ɗan Sambo Ginshimi.”

Wannan waƙa tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙin Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru wadda ya yi wa sarkin yaƙin Banga, Alhaji Sale Abubakar Ƙauran Namoda kuma dagacin garin Banga. Shi da kansa Sa’idu Faru ya tabbatar da cewa, wannan waƙa tana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa da suka girku dangane da tsarinsu, kuma jama’a na sha’awarta matuƙa.

Turken wannan waƙa ya nuna cewa waƙar yabo ce da nuna biyayya irin ta mawaƙi da uban gidansa. Haka kuma, wannan turke wato “Gwabron Giwa Uban Galadima, Ɗan Sambo Ginshimi.” Ya fito da sigar turken waƙoƙin iko musamman in aka yi la’akari da zaɓin kalmomin da suka kafa turken, kalmomi ne da suke nuna alaƙar saraki da ƙasaita. Misali, kalmar Gwabron Giwa wadda take nufin namijin giwa mai ƙarfi da kuma kalmar ginshimi.

4.1Kwalliya a Waƙar “Gwabron Giwa Uban Galadima, Ɗan Sambo Ginshimi.”

Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru ya fara amfani da kwalliya a wannan waƙa tun daga turken waƙar wato:

Gindin Waƙa: Gwabron Giwa Uban Galadima, ɗan Sambo Ginshimi,

  : Gamsheƙan Amadu na mai Gandi kai ah uban zagi.

 

A nan mawaƙin ya yi amfani da kalmar Gwabron Giwa wajen siffanta ƙarfi da kwarjinin ubangidansa wato sarkin yaƙin Banga Sale. Haka kuma, a dai wannan ɗiyan kuma turken waƙar ya yi amfani da kalmar ‘Ginshimi’ kai tsaye ga ubangidan nasa wadda take nufin ƙaton abu, ko wani abu mai girma. Dukkanin waɗannan kalmomi ne da suke siffanta girma da ƙarfi da kwarjinin sarkin yaƙi. Haka kuma, a layi na biyu na ɗiyan waƙa na farko, ya kira sarkin yaƙi kai tsaye da gamsheƙa, an sani cewa, gamsheƙa mafaɗaciyar macijiya ce da take taso wa mutum da zarar ya tunkare ta. Domin haka, ya yi amfani da hoton gamsheƙa wurin surantawa yadda sarkin yaƙi kan zabura da zarar an taɓo Ahmadu.

Mawaƙin ya yi amfani da wannan salo tun a farkon waƙar, kasancewar wanda ake yi wa waƙar mayaƙi ne, dole a yi amfani da wasu siffofi da za a kawo wa mai sauraro hoton ƙarfinsa da kwarjininsa.

Haka kuma, Sa’idu Faru ya yi amfani da kalmomi irin su Gogarma wadda Bargery, (1934:396) ya bayyana ta da cewa kalma ce da ake amfani da ita ga mutum ƙaƙƙarfa domin nuna ƙarfinsa. Mawaƙin ya kawo wannan ne a ɗiyan waƙa kamar haka:

Jagora: Gogarman,

  ‘Y/Amshi: Namoda bai magana wani ya walwalat.

 

Har ila yau, Sa’idu Faru ya yi amfani da salon kwalliya inda ya yi amfani da kalmar dangalin gabas kai tsaye ga ubangidan nasa sarkin yaƙi. Ita ma wannan kalma ta dangali, Bargey (1934: 387) ya bayyana ta da cewa wata irin doguwar katanga ce da ake yin ta domin samar da kariya ga gari, ko kuma a ce wata doguwar kofa ce da take bayar da tsaro ga gari. Ke nan amfani da wannan kalmar na siffanta sarkin yaƙi a matsayin garkuwa ga al’ummarsa. Ga ɗiyan waƙar kamar haka:

 Jagora: Ni dai fatad da nay yi ma,

 : Kwasau na Alu dangalin gabas,

‘Y/Amshi : Don na ka gama lafiya,

 Jagora : Don na ka gama lafiya,

‘Y/Amshi : Na Sarkin Gobir na Sambo ginshimi.

 

Haka kuma, a ƙoƙarin wannan mawaƙi na nuna fasaha da naƙaltar harshe da kuma iya siffanta mai ƙarfi da mulki har jama’a su fahimci ƙarfin mulkinsa, Sa’idu ya siffanta sarkin yaƙi Alhaji Sale Abubakar da buda. Shi buda wata irin iskar hunturu ce da take rufe gari har sararin samaniya wanda yake zuwa da hunturu, wato tsananin sanyi (Bargey, 1934: 121). Hikimar mawaƙin na siffanta sarkin yaƙi da buda saboda karfin iskar da yadda take takura jama’a, haka sarkin yaƙi yake ƙage abokan gaba da saka fargaba a gare su. Mawaƙin ya kawo wannan ne a ɗiyan waƙar da yake cewa:

Jagora: Kai ah buda mai jice ƙasa,

‘Y/Amshi: Baban goga Sale ɗan Alu,

: Na Garba sai ka wuce maza ka faɗin,

: Sun tasari ƙwarai.

 

A wani ɗiyan waƙa kuma, Sa’idu Faru ya siffanta dagacin Banga da ginshiƙi. Bargery (1934:387) ya bayyana ginshiƙi da cewa wani gini ne da yake tare rufin ɗaki ya hana shi faɗuwa. Wannan salo na kwalliya ya nuna cewa sarkin yaƙi ginshiƙi ne ga talakawansa, wato mai jiɓintar al’amuransu ne ya hana su kokawa. Sa’idu ya kawo wannan ɗiyan waƙa kamar haka:

Jagora: Zama kai a ginshiƙi,

 ‘Y/Amshi : Kana tsaye, bango ba ya razana,

 : Ko da an shekare ruwa.

 

Hikimar da take cikin salon kwalliya irin ta Sa’idu Faru hikima ce da take ƙara fito da yalwa da martabar da Allah ya yi wa harshen Hausa na tulin kalmomi da suka dace da kwatance wanda kan sa a dunƙule magana cikin kalma ɗaya.

5.1 Kammalawa

Wannan maƙala ta yi tsokaci a kan ɗaya daga cikin salailan da Makaɗa Sa’idu Faru yake sarrafawa a cikin waƙoƙinsa wato salon kwalliya. An zaɓi waƙa guda kuma sha kudun a ɓangaren salo wajen fito da misalai na salon kwalliya a ciki. Haka kuma, an fahimci cewa mafi yawa daga kalmomin da Sa’idu Faru ya yi amfani da su a waƙar, ya zamo waɗanda za su dace da kwarzanta sarkin yaƙi ne da ɗaga martabarsa, har a yi tunanin a filin daga yake.

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