Table of Contents
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Problem Statement
- Understanding Trauma
- Communication
- Effective Communication
- Communication barriers
- Literature Review
- Communicating Trauma in Nigeria
- Current Communication Methods for Supporting Trauma Victims in Nigeria
- Emerging Technology and Innovation in Communicating with Trauma Victims
- Strategies for Communicating with Trauma Victims
- Barriers to Effective Communication with Trauma Victims in Nigeria
- Tailoring Communication Strategies for the Unique Needs and Cultural Sensitivities of Trauma Victims in Nigeria
- Theoretical Framework
- Methodology
- Findings and Discussion
- Conclusion
- Recommendations
- References
Citation: Hassan, J.T., Ibrahim, Z.A., Abdulmumini, A. & Amos, V. (2024). Towards Creating Effective Strategies for Communicating with Victims of Trauma in Nigeria. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 3(1), 62-76. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i01.008.
Towards Creating Effective Strategies for Communicating with
Victims of Trauma in Nigeria
Joan Tirwyn Hassan
Joanhassan1007@gmail.com
Department
of Mass Communication, Kaduna State University
Zainab Aliyu Ibrahim
Zeeny.aleeyu@gmail.com
Department
of Mass Communication, Kaduna State University
Abduljalil
Abdulmumini
abduljalilabdulmumini@gmail.com
Department
of Mass Communication, Kaduna State University
Victor Amos
amosyviky@gmail.com
Department
of Mass Communication, Kaduna State University
Abstract
The rising incidence of trauma cases in Nigeria poses a
significant challenge to the well-being of individuals and communities,
necessitating effective communication strategies for supporting victims. This exploratory
study, grounded in Social Cognitive Theory, explores the multifaceted landscape
of trauma communication within the Nigerian context. Utilizing a qualitative
approach, the study relied on recent research and empirical studies to address
key issues on the subject. The article focuses on the importance of
understanding cultural nuances and tailoring communication strategies to
diverse backgrounds. Building on three key research questions with a focus on
methods of communicating with trauma victims, barriers to communicating with
them and strategies tailored towards meeting the cultural needs of trauma
victims, the study discusses the implications of its findings, highlighting
potential avenues for further research. The conclusion underscores the
importance of a multi-faceted and culturally sensitive approach to trauma
communication in Nigeria. The recommendations provide actionable insights for
stakeholders, including de-stigmatization campaigns, community-based mental
health programmes, cultural competence training, and the integration of
technology. These recommendations aim to guide policymakers, mental health
professionals, the media and community leaders in developing effective and
culturally informed communication strategies for trauma victims in Nigeria to
manage the rising situation.
Keywords:
Communication, Trauma, Barriers, Victims,
Nigeria.
Introduction
Nigeria, a nation
known for its vibrant culture and resilient spirit, is grappling with a
concerning surge in trauma cases that demands urgent attention and strategic
intervention. Recent years have witnessed a notable escalation in various forms
of trauma, ranging from conflict-induced distress to the aftermath of natural
disasters, affecting individuals and communities across the country. This
mounting crisis necessitates a nuanced understanding of the complexities
surrounding trauma and, equally importantly, an exploration of effective
communication strategies to engage with and support victims on their path to
recovery.
In recent years, Nigeria
has witnessed a surge in trauma cases, with violence, conflict, and natural
disasters causing significant harm to individuals and communities. According to
a report by the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2019, Nigeria recorded 19,364
violent deaths, an increase of 1,274 from the previous year (National Bureau of
Statistics, 2020). Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has added to the already
high levels of stress and trauma, with many individuals experiencing social
isolation, financial hardship, and loss of loved ones. In light of these rising
trauma cases, it is crucial to examine effective communication strategies for
trauma victims, particularly in the Nigerian context.
Empirical evidence
reveals a concerning upswing in trauma incidents across Nigeria, with studies
noting a surge in mental health challenges, particularly related to
post-traumatic stress, especially in regions marked by conflict and insecurity
(Akinsulure, 2020; Olayinka, 2022). Additionally, the aftermath of natural
disasters, such as floods and droughts, has left communities grappling with the
psychological aftermath, adding a layer of complexity to the overall trauma
landscape (Igwe et al., 2021).
In the face of this
escalating crisis, effective communication emerges as a vital component in the
holistic approach to trauma recovery. Communication is not only a tool for
conveying information but a conduit for empathy, understanding, and support. As
trauma victims navigate the intricate path towards healing, the information in which
they are communicated can significantly impact their recovery journey (Ewelina,
2023).
The role of effective
communication in trauma recovery cannot be overstated. It serves as a bridge
between the victim's internal struggles and external support systems, fostering
an environment where individuals feel heard, understood, and validated in their
experiences. The literature underscores the connection between positive
communication experiences and improved mental health outcomes for trauma
survivors (Foa et al., 2021; Knaevelsrud & Maercker, 2018). As such,
exploring communication strategies tailored to the unique cultural and
contextual aspects of Nigeria is imperative for addressing the burgeoning
trauma crisis.
This article seeks to
delve into the heart of the rising trauma cases in Nigeria, exploring the various
dimensions of trauma prevalent in the nation and shedding light on the
intricate interplay between trauma and effective communication. Through an
exploration of recent research findings and insights from experts, this study
seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of the challenges posed by trauma
in Nigeria. Furthermore, it aims to propose practical strategies for
effectively communicating with and supporting trauma victims on their journey
to recovery.
Problem Statement
The increasing number
of trauma cases in Nigeria presents a multifaceted challenge that goes beyond
the immediate effects on individuals. Trauma has a profound impact on
communities, puts a strain on healthcare systems, and poses a significant
obstacle to the overall well-being of the nation. The confluence of armed
conflicts, ethno-religious tensions, and environmental disasters has
intensified the prevalence of trauma, creating a pressing need for targeted
interventions (Adeyemi et al., 2020; Johnson et al., 2018).
As trauma cases
continue to rise, existing support structures, both social and institutional,
face considerable strain. The implications extend to mental health services,
community cohesion, and the nation's overall socio-economic development. The
challenge is not just the escalation of trauma incidents but the subsequent
hurdles in effectively addressing and mitigating their repercussions (Smith et
al., 2017; Adeyemi et al., 2020).
Moreover, the
communication gap between trauma victims and support systems exacerbates the
problem. Victims often face barriers in articulating their experiences, and
existing communication approaches may fall short of providing the nuanced
support required for their recovery (Johnson et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2017).
Addressing the rising
trauma cases necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the unique dynamics
at play. The problem extends beyond the immediate impact on individuals and
communities to encompass broader implications for the nation's social cohesion
and resilience. Effectively communicating with trauma victims becomes not only
a matter of individual recovery but a crucial element in rebuilding the social
fabric and fostering a resilient society in the face of ongoing challenges
(Smith et al., 2017; Adeyemi et al., 2020).
Conceptual Clarification
The following
concepts are clarified in the study: Understanding trauma, communication,
effective communication, and communication barriers:
Understanding Trauma
Trauma encompasses
the psychological and emotional response triggered when an individual undergoes
or witnesses an exceptionally distressing event surpassing their coping
capacity (Oshodi et al., 2013). This may involve incidents like accidents,
violence, death, or war exposure (Adejumo & Daramola, 2019). The
repercussions of trauma can be far-reaching, impacting diverse facets of an
individual's mental and physical well-being. Psychologically, trauma may give
rise to a spectrum of symptoms, including intrusive memories, flashbacks,
nightmares, emotional distress, hypervigilance, and heightened arousal
responses (Atilola et al., 2015). On an emotional level, trauma can evoke
intense feelings such as fear, sadness, anger, shame, guilt, and helplessness.
The physical aftermath of trauma varies, presenting as physical pain, fatigue,
sleep disturbances, headaches, and alterations in appetite or weight (Oshodi et
al., 2013). Socially, trauma can disrupt an individual's capacity to trust,
establish, and maintain relationships, potentially leading to social isolation,
withdrawal, and challenges in forming intimate connections (Oshodi et al.,
2013).
Communication
Communication is the
intricate process through which individuals share information, thoughts,
sentiments, and convictions, utilizing diverse methods such as spoken,
nonverbal, and written communication (Berger & Calabrese, 2016). It serves
as a fundamental cornerstone in human interaction, playing a pivotal role in
shaping the trajectory of social, cultural, and personal development.
In the realm of
verbal communication, spoken language becomes the conduit for imparting
significance. This form of communication can adopt either a formal or informal
tone, contingent upon the context and the nature of the relationship between
communicators (Berger & Calabrese, 2016). Whether manifested in dialogues,
orations, presentations, or interviews, verbal communication takes on various
dynamic forms.
On a contrasting
note, nonverbal communication navigates the realm of body language, facial
expressions, gestures, and vocal intonations to convey meaning (Berger &
Calabrese, 2016). Whether purposeful or inadvertent, nonverbal communication
possesses the unique ability to express a diverse spectrum of emotions,
attitudes, and intentions, adding depth to the overall communicative
experience.
Effective Communication
Clear, accurate, and
efficient communication is the hallmark of effectiveness in conveying
information to others. This proficiency extends beyond spoken words, encompassing
both verbal and nonverbal aspects, and is indispensable in personal,
professional, and social interactions. Its significance is pervasive, spanning
various domains like business, education, healthcare, and relationships, where
effective communication contributes to heightened productivity, informed
decision-making, and stronger interpersonal connections.
According to the
National Communication Association (NCA), effective communication is defined as
"the process by which individuals exchange meanings through the use of
verbal, nonverbal, and mediated signs and symbols" (NCA, 2021). This
definition highlights the importance of both verbal and nonverbal communication
in effective communication.
Communication barriers
Communication
barriers refer to obstacles that hinder effective communication between
individuals or groups. These barriers can arise from various sources, including
linguistic, cultural, technological, physical, and psychological factors
(Berger & Calabrese, 2016). Communication barriers can have significant
negative impacts on personal, professional, and social interactions, leading to
misunderstandings, conflicts, and reduced productivity.
Linguistic barriers
arise from differences in language, dialect, or accent. For instance, a study
by Junco and Cotten (2012) found that social media users often experience
linguistic barriers due to the use of slang, acronyms, and abbreviations. This
can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications, particularly among
individuals who are not familiar with the specific terminology.
Divergent values,
beliefs, and norms contribute to the emergence of cultural barriers. For
instance, Hofstede's (1980) cultural dimensions theory posits that those from
collectivistic cultures, such as China and Japan, might lean towards indirect
communication styles, introducing potential challenges when interacting with
individuals from individualistic cultures.
Technological
barriers, rooted in communication technologies like email, text messaging, or
social media, pose another challenge. Kline and Vaughan's (2000) study
highlights that email communication, devoid of nonverbal cues like facial
expressions and body language, can lead to misunderstandings, illustrating the
potential pitfalls of technology-mediated communication.
Physical barriers,
stemming from limitations like hearing or vision impairments, speech
impediments, or physical disabilities, present additional challenges. In
environments with high noise levels, individuals with hearing impairments may
encounter difficulties, and those with speech impediments may struggle to be
understood by others.
Psychological
barriers, arising from individual variations in communication styles,
preferences, and attitudes, form yet another layer of complexity. Gudykunst and
Ting-Toomey's (1988) study reveals that individuals with high communication
apprehension, characterized by a fear of communication, may opt to avoid it
altogether, contributing to potential misunderstandings and miscommunications.
Literature Review
Trauma, often arising
from armed conflicts, ethno-religious tensions, and environmental disasters,
has become a pervasive issue in Nigeria, demanding an exploration of effective
communication strategies to support the growing number of victims. This
literature review examines key themes, including the causes and types of
trauma, the societal implications, communication barriers, and the role of
effective communication in trauma recovery.
Trauma, characterized
by emotional, psychological, and physical responses following exposure to highly
stressful or harmful events, is a significant challenge for individuals in
Nigeria. To implement effective support and intervention strategies, it is
crucial to comprehend the causes and various types of trauma. This article examines
the various causes and types of trauma prevalent in Nigeria, facilitating a
deeper understanding of the mental health challenges faced by its residents.
First is the socio-political
trauma, which Nigerians grapple with, stemming from the country's history of
political instability, corruption, and ethno-religious conflicts (Ojikutu et
al., 2018). Political violence, such as electoral violence, coup d'états, and
human rights abuses, can result in long-lasting psychological distress (Clark
et al., 2018). Furthermore, communal clashes, religious extremism, and acts of
terrorism perpetrated by groups such as Boko Haram severely impact mental
health (Atilola, 2017).
The second type of
trauma common in Nigeria is gender-based violence:
Nigeria grapples with a pervasive issue of gender-based violence,
marked by occurrences such as rape, domestic violence, child marriage, and
female genital mutilation, resulting in considerable trauma among its populace
(Ezejimofor et al., 2020). Survivors often suffer from psychological distress,
PTSD, depression, and anxiety (Izugbara et al., 2019). These traumatic
experiences hinder economic and social development, exacerbating the mental
health challenges in Nigeria.
A third type of
trauma observed in Nigeria is refugee and displacement trauma.
Internal displacement and refugee
crises stemming from conflicts in the northeast region and the ongoing Boko
Haram insurgency contribute to trauma in Nigeria (Mazimpaka et al., 2020).
Displacement disrupts the lives of individuals, causing separation from families,
exposure to violence, and insecurity (Muzorewa et al., 2019). Trauma resulting
from displacement can have severe consequences on mental health, especially
among vulnerable populations like children and women.
Another common cause
of trauma in Nigeria is natural disasters:
Nigeria is susceptible to natural disasters, including floods, droughts,
and disease outbreaks (Oluwadare, 2016). These disasters cause significant
physical and psychological trauma, leading to post-disaster mental health
challenges (Ilesanmi et al., 2020). Loss of loved ones, destruction of homes,
and disruptions to daily life contribute to the trauma experienced by affected
communities.
Interpersonal
violence is another cause of trauma in Nigeria, which encompasses armed
robbery, kidnapping, communal clashes, and cultism (Obindo et al., 2018).
Victims of violence often experience trauma, exhibiting symptoms of PTSD,
anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions (Afolayan et al., 2017).
Child Abuse and
Neglect also trigger trauma in Nigeria. Child abuse and neglect are pervasive
issues in Nigeria, with physical, sexual, and emotional abuse being common
forms (Fakolade et al., 2019). These traumatic experiences have adverse effects
on children's mental health and development (Adams et al., 2019). Without
adequate support and intervention, the consequences of childhood trauma can
extend into adulthood.
It has also been
observed that pregnant women suffer a type of trauma called Perinatal Trauma.
Pregnant women in Nigeria face
significant challenges related to perinatal trauma, including pregnancy
complications, childbirth difficulties, and child loss (Uwakwe et al., 2018).
These traumatic experiences, coupled with limited access to appropriate
healthcare, contribute to maternal mental health issues such as postpartum
depression and anxiety.
It should be noted
that there are so many categorizations of triggers of trauma beyond the ones
discussed above. These are but some of the common ones identified by scholars. Others
have been categorized as sub-types under the above types and causes of trauma
in Nigeria.
Communicating Trauma in Nigeria
Several studies have
investigated the impact of communication strategies on trauma victims in
Nigeria. These studies have consistently demonstrated the importance of
empathy, clarity, and a supportive environment in effective communication with
trauma victims.
A study by Adebayo et
al. (2022) found that empathy-based communication significantly reduced anxiety
and depression in trauma victims compared to standard communication. Their
study employed a randomized controlled trial, comparing two groups: one
receiving empathy-based communication and the other receiving standard
communication. Trauma victims' anxiety and depression levels were measured at
baseline and post-intervention.
A related study by Ogunsola
et al. (2023), investigated the effectiveness of clear and concise
communication with trauma victims in Nigeria. Their study revealed that trauma
victims who received clear and concise information about their injuries and
treatment options exhibited reduced anxiety and perceived greater control over
their situation. The study employed a quantitative approach with assessments
conducted before and after the intervention.
Similarly, Adebowale
et al. (2021) explored the role of supportive environments in facilitating
communication with trauma victims in Nigeria. They found that trauma victims
who felt safe, confidential, and free from judgment during communication
sessions reported greater emotional well-being and a higher willingness to seek
further support. Their study employed a qualitative approach, conducting
in-depth interviews with trauma victims who had experienced different
communication environments. Thematic analysis was used to identify factors that
contributed to or hindered effective communication.
Also, Nwankpa et al.
(2020) emphasized the need for culturally sensitive communication, emphasizing
the importance of understanding and respecting the unique cultural backgrounds
and perspectives of trauma victims in Nigeria. Their study employed qualitative
methods to identify cultural considerations that influence effective
communication in trauma care.
Another related study
by Ajeigbe et al. (2022) explored the integration of traditional healing
practices and beliefs into trauma care, demonstrating that incorporating these
culturally relevant elements can enhance communication and promote healing
among trauma victims. Their hybrid research approach integrated both
quantitative and qualitative methodologies for data collection to evaluate the
influence of conventional healing methods on communication outcomes.
Similarly, Olanrewaju
et al. (2023) advocated for community-based approaches to communication,
recognizing the importance of increasing accessibility and acceptability of
support services for trauma victims in Nigeria. Their community-based
participatory research approach involved community members in designing,
implementing, and evaluating communication strategies to address communication
barriers and promote help-seeking behaviours.
Thinking along the
same line of thought, Salami et al. (2022) highlighted the significance of
gender-specific communication strategies, emphasizing the need to tailor
communication approaches to address the unique experiences and needs of male
and female trauma victims. Their quantitative study compared the effectiveness
of gender-specific and gender-neutral communication strategies in reducing
anxiety and depression among trauma victims.
A related study by Adegbenro
et al. (2021) explored the potential of technology-based communication tools,
demonstrating that utilizing mobile applications can expand access to support
services and facilitate communication with trauma victims in remote areas of
Nigeria. Their pilot study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of using
a mobile application to provide trauma victims with information, resources, and
peer support.
Current Communication Methods for Supporting Trauma Victims in Nigeria
Diverse communication
approaches are currently employed to support trauma victims in Nigeria. Mental
health professionals utilize various techniques which could be categorized
under the broad spectrum of trauma-focused therapy, cognitive-behavioral
therapy, group therapy, and psychoeducation to facilitate communication and
provide support. The overarching goal of these approaches is to establish a
secure and supportive environment, enabling trauma victims to articulate their
feelings, thoughts, and experiences. The strategies encompass:
Psychoeducation as a
trauma communication initiative involves providing trauma victims with
information about the psychological effects of trauma, coping strategies, and
available support services. These programs aim to empower individuals with
knowledge to better understand and manage their experiences (Foa et al., 2021).
Another form of initiative for communicating with victims of trauma is
telehealth services
and crisis hotlines. These platforms allow individuals to access mental health
professionals, counsellors, or trained volunteers who can provide immediate
assistance, counselling, and referrals to local resources (Akinsulure-Smith et
al., 2020).
Community Outreach and Awareness Campaigns
is another potent tool communication
tool. Community-based programs focus on raising awareness about trauma,
reducing stigma, and promoting mental health literacy. These initiatives may
involve workshops, seminars, and informational campaigns to educate communities
on recognizing trauma symptoms and fostering a supportive environment (Odejide,
2021).
Support groups also provide
a space for trauma survivors to share their experiences, express emotions, and
receive peer support. These groups, whether in-person or virtual, facilitate
connection and reduce isolation, promoting a sense of community among
individuals who have faced similar challenges (Foa et al., 2021).
Culturally Tailored Approaches
play a pivotal role in communicating with
victims of trauma. Considering the diverse cultural landscape in Nigeria, some
communication strategies may be tailored to align with cultural norms and
sensitivities. Culturally competent approaches aim to acknowledge and integrate
cultural perspectives into the communication process, ensuring that interventions
resonate with the local population (Hinton, 2015).
Individual therapy
sessions with a qualified mental health professional, as a type of
communication, provide trauma victims with a secure and confidential space to
share their experiences. Therapists employ evidence-based techniques, including
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR), to assist individuals in processing their trauma and developing
effective coping strategies.
Group therapy provides
an avenue for communication with trauma victims with the opportunity to connect
with others who have experienced similar traumas. Sharing experiences in a
supportive group setting can help victims feel understood, validated, and less
isolated. Group therapy allows for peer support, validation, and the sharing of
coping strategies.
Reflecting on this
section, the common communication methods for supporting trauma victims in
Nigeria are psychoeducation, telehealth services and crisis hotlines, organizing
community outreach and awareness campaigns, the use of support groups, the adoption
of culturally tailored approaches, the use of individual therapy sessions, and
organizing group sessions.
It should be noted
that lately, with technological innovation, other methods of supporting trauma
victims have emerged, which are discussed in the next section.
Emerging Technology and Innovation in Communicating with Trauma Victims
As technology
continues to advance, its role in trauma communication has become increasingly
prominent. Innovations in the digital landscape offer new avenues for reaching
and supporting trauma victims. This exploration of technology and innovation in
trauma communication delves into the evolving landscape where digital solutions
intersect with the sensitive needs of individuals navigating trauma.
We have earlier mentioned that
telehealth services and online platforms have
emerged as transformative tools in trauma communication. These platforms
facilitate remote access to mental health professionals, allowing individuals
to receive counselling, therapy, and support from the comfort of their homes.
The accessibility of telehealth services becomes particularly crucial in
regions where traditional mental health resources may be limited or
inaccessible (Akinsulure-Smith et al., 2020).
Another emerging means of communication with trauma victims is the use of
mobile applications for trauma support:
The integration of mobile applications
designed for trauma support provides a personalized and on-the-go approach to
mental health care. These applications often offer features such as mood
tracking, coping mechanisms, and immediate access to crisis helplines. Mobile
apps cater to the evolving needs of trauma victims by providing easily
accessible resources that can be discreetly utilized in real time (Ewelina et
al., 2023).
Virtual Reality (VR)
therapy is also at the forefront of innovative trauma interventions. Immersive
experiences using VR technology allow individuals to engage in controlled and
therapeutic environments. VR therapy has shown promise in treating conditions
like PTSD by exposing patients to virtual scenarios that mirror their traumatic
experiences, enabling controlled and gradual desensitization (Akinsulure-Smith
et al., 2020).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Mental Health Assessment
is
another modern communication tool for communicating with trauma victims.
Artificial
Intelligence (AI) plays a role in mental health assessment, offering the
potential for early detection and intervention. AI algorithms analyze patterns
in communication, such as online posts or text messages, to identify potential
signs of distress or mental health challenges. This proactive approach enables
timely support and intervention for individuals at risk (Ewelina et al., 2023).
Online Support Communities play a crucial role in trauma communication in
the contemporary world.
The
internet has given rise to online support communities where trauma survivors
can connect with others facing similar challenges. Forums, social media groups,
and online chat platforms provide spaces for individuals to share their
experiences, seek advice, and find a sense of community. These virtual support
networks can be particularly valuable for those who may feel isolated in their
offline environments (Akinsulure-Smith et al., 2020).
Wearable Technology for Stress Management has proven to be an effective new
technology for communicating with trauma victims.
Wearable technology, including
devices like fitness trackers and health monitors, now incorporates features
dedicated to stress management. These devices monitor physiological indicators
such as heart rate and sleep patterns, offering users insights into their
stress levels. Wearables may also include features like guided meditation or
breathing exercises, providing tools to assist individuals in effectively
managing stress and anxiety (Ewelina et al., 2023).
Reflecting on the
foregoing, thus, technological advancement and innovation have introduced
advanced tools for supporting communication with trauma victims. Tools such as
telehealth services and crisis hotlines, mobile applications, virtual reality
therapy, artificial intelligence for mental health assessment, online support
communities and wearable technology for stress management. It should be noted
that as the world advances, newer methods and tools for communicating with
trauma victims are introduced to the market and the system.
The next section
dwells on the strategies to be employed in communicating with victims of trauma
using the various methods outlined above.
Strategies for Communicating with Trauma Victims
Effective
communication with trauma victims is a delicate and nuanced process that
requires a combination of empathy, cultural competence, and the establishment
of trust. If society is to communicate effectively with trauma victims using
the different methods discussed above, certain strategies have to be adopted to
ensure efficacy in the communication process. This section discusses the
strategies, encompassing key elements to facilitate meaningful and supportive
communication.
The first strategy is to establish trust, which has
proven to be an effective strategy for communicating with trauma victims.
Building rapport and
credibility is foundational to effective communication with trauma victims.
Demonstrating genuine empathy and interest in the individual's experiences is
crucial, creating a sense of connection and understanding. Consistently
conveying reliability and honesty builds a foundation of trust, assuring trauma
survivors that their concerns are taken seriously (Foa et al., 2021; Cloitre et
al., 2009).
Creating a safe and
supportive environment is equally essential. Communication should prioritize
physical and emotional safety during interactions, fostering an environment
where individuals feel secure in expressing their thoughts and emotions.
Communicating confidentiality and emphasizing the importance of a judgment-free
space contribute to the establishment of trust (Duan & Hill, 2018; Hinton,
2015).
Active listening has also been argued to be a cornerstone of effective communication with trauma victims. Acknowledging and validating the emotions expressed by trauma survivors fosters a sense of understanding and compassion. Demonstrating patience and empathy allows individuals to share their experiences at their own pace, empowering them to control the narrative of their trauma. Utilizing reflective listening and asking open-ended questions are effective techniques to confirm understanding and encourage further expression (Akinsulure-Smith et al., 2020; Cloitre et al., 2009).
Psychoeducation is another strategy said to play a pivotal role in empowering trauma victims with information about the effects of trauma and available support services. Offering clear and accessible information about common reactions to trauma helps normalize emotional responses and reduce feelings of isolation. Communicating that trauma is a natural response to distressing events and encouraging individuals to seek support as a strength rather than a weakness contributes to a supportive communication environment (Akinsulure-Smith et al., 2020; Foa et al., 2021).
Cultural competence as a strategy is integral to effective communication, recognizing that cultural factors influence the expression and interpretation of trauma experiences. Acquiring cultural competence through education and awareness of diverse cultural backgrounds enhances communicators' ability to engage sensitively with trauma survivors. Adapting communication styles to align with cultural preferences and involving cultural leaders or guides facilitates a deeper understanding and bridges potential communication gaps (Hinton, 2015; Street, 2017; Odejide, 2021).
Thus, establishing trust,
creating
a safe and supportive environment, active
listening, psychoeducation, and cultural competence are some of the
major strategies that can be used in communicating with victims of trauma in
Nigeria, considering the rising cases of trauma in the country, if the
situation is professionally managed and contained
Barriers to Effective Communication with Trauma Victims in Nigeria
Effective
communication is crucial in providing support and intervention to trauma
victims in Nigeria. However, several barriers hinder effective communication,
making it challenging to connect with and assist individuals who have
experienced trauma. Understanding these barriers is essential for developing
strategies that overcome communication challenges and provide meaningful
support. This article examines the existing barriers to effectively communicating
with trauma victims in Nigeria.
Stigma and Cultural
Beliefs serve as barriers to communicating with trauma victims. The stigma
surrounding mental health and trauma remains prevalent in Nigerian society.
Cultural beliefs and misconceptions often associate mental health challenges
with personal weakness or spiritual afflictions (Togunde et al., 2020). This
stigma can discourage individuals from seeking help and create barriers to open
communication about traumatic experiences.
Limited Mental Health
Awareness and Education have also been identified as a factor limiting
effective communication with trauma victims.
There remains a significant gap in mental health awareness and
education in Nigeria. Many individuals, including healthcare professionals,
lack proper training and understanding of trauma-related issues (Oladeji et
al., 2019). This lack of awareness hinders effective communication as both
victims and support providers may struggle to recognize and address traumatic
experiences and their associated symptoms.
Language and Cultural
Barriers have been identified as limiting communication with trauma victims in
Nigeria.
The diversity of languages
and cultures in Nigeria presents a challenge to effective communication with
trauma victims. Language barriers can impede the understanding of trauma
narratives, leading to miscommunication and misinterpretation of distress
signals (Oshodi et al., 2019). Cultural differences in the expression and
interpretation of trauma symptoms may also influence communication effectiveness
(Gureje et al., 2015).
Lack of
Trauma-informed Approaches affects communication with trauma victims. A dearth
of trauma-informed approaches in Nigerian healthcare and support systems
compounds communication challenges. Without a trauma-informed framework,
professionals may unintentionally retraumatize individuals, leading to a breakdown
in communication and trust (Adeyemo et al., 2021). The absence of
trauma-informed practices further impedes effective communication and hinders
appropriate support for trauma victims.
Mental Health Service
Accessibility affects
communication with trauma victims in Nigeria. The
constrained availability of mental health services stands as a notable
impediment to establishing effective communication with trauma victims. In
Nigeria, there exists a shortage of mental health professionals and a deficiency
in mental health facilities, particularly in rural areas (Abdulmalik et al.,
2015). The scarcity and cost constraints associated with mental health services
pose significant barriers, hindering trauma victims from seeking assistance and
engaging in meaningful communication with professionals.
Tailoring Communication Strategies for the Unique Needs and Cultural Sensitivities of Trauma Victims in Nigeria
Communication
strategies must begin with a deep understanding of the diverse cultural
landscape in Nigeria. Acknowledging cultural nuances, traditions, and belief
systems is essential for establishing trust and ensuring that interventions resonate
with the local population (Hinton, 2015).
Language Considerations should be considered in communicating with trauma
victims in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious environment like Nigeria.
Utilizing language
that trauma survivors are comfortable with and ensuring linguistic accuracy is
crucial. This includes recognizing regional dialects and expressions to enhance
the accessibility and effectiveness of communication (Foa et al., 2021).
Incorporating traditional healing practices
can enhance the cultural relevance of
communication strategies. Collaborating with traditional healers and
integrating culturally grounded approaches into mental health support
acknowledges the richness of local healing traditions (Odejide, 2021).
Engaging with local
communities and involving community leaders in the design and implementation of
communication strategies fosters community ownership. Collaborative efforts
ensure that interventions align with community values and address specific
contextual challenges (Adebayo et al., 2022).
Leveraging storytelling,
music, dance, and other expressive arts rooted in Nigerian culture provides
alternative avenues for communication. These creative methods allow trauma
survivors to express themselves in ways that may feel more culturally familiar
and therapeutic (Duan & Hill, 2018).
Flexibility and Adaptability are key, by
recognizing the diversity within
Nigerian culture and understanding that individual preferences may vary is
crucial. Communication strategies should be flexible and adaptable to cater to
the unique needs of trauma survivors from different cultural backgrounds
(Street, 2017).
From the foregoing,
ways of tailoring communication strategies for the unique needs and cultural sensitivities
of trauma victims in Nigeria encompass language consideration, incorporating
traditional healing practices, engaging with local communities and leaders, flexibility
and adaptability, leveraging story-telling, music, and dance.
Theoretical Framework
Within the context of
research, a theoretical framework serves as a foundational structure that
steers the evolution of a study. It provides a systematic framework for
comprehending and making sense of the phenomena that form the core focus of
investigation. In the context of "Rising Trauma Cases in Nigeria: How to
Communicate with Victims," a theoretical framework could be developed to
inform the study's design, methodology, and analysis. One theory that can provide a framework for
understanding and supporting effective communication with trauma victims in
Nigeria is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) developed by Albert Bandura.
The Social Cognitive
Theory posits that individuals learn and develop behaviours based on
observation, modelling, and reinforcement. According to this theory,
communication with trauma victims can be enhanced by addressing these components
– self-efficacy, modelling and vicarious learning and reinforcement.
In terms of Self-efficacy,
the theory posits that trauma victims may experience feelings of helplessness
and low self-confidence. By fostering a sense of self-efficacy, communication
can empower trauma victims and facilitate their active participation in their
healing process.
By Modeling,
according to the theory, trauma victims can benefit from observing positive
models and engaging in role-play scenarios. Communication strategies can
include providing examples of successful coping strategies and stories of
individuals who have overcome similar traumas.
Vicarious learning,
as a tenet of this theory, posits that trauma victims can learn from the experiences
of others who have gone through similar circumstances. Sharing narratives of
recovery and resilience can inspire hope and provide a sense of validation to
trauma victims in Nigeria.
The reinforcement
ideal of the theory proposes that encouragement and positive reinforcement are
essential in reinforcing and rewarding adaptive coping strategies.
Communication should focus on highlighting and reinforcing the strengths and
progress made by trauma victims.
, by applying the principles
of the Social Cognitive Theory, communication strategies can help trauma
victims in Nigeria build resilience, develop effective coping mechanisms, and
regain a sense of control in their lives.
Methodology
The study adopts a qualitative
design encompassing an in-depth literature review utilizing electronic
databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar to explore the
phenomenon. The search focused on trauma, communication, Nigeria, and victims.
Articles meeting inclusion criteria (peer-reviewed, trauma cases in Nigeria,
discussing communication strategies with empirical evidence, were selected. Relevant
data on the three research questions were extracted from the articles reviewed.
Relationships between themes of the research questions were explored, and
findings were synthesized and interpreted about existing trauma communication
theories and frameworks for a comprehensive overview.
Findings and Discussion
This
exploratory study reveals an array of interreacting approaches, strategies,
initiatives, causes and barriers to effective communication with trauma victims
in Nigeria. The rising trauma cases in the country necessitates effective
communication strategies that address the unique needs of trauma victims. The
literature review revealed that trauma in Nigeria is caused by socio-political
factors, gender-based violence, displacement, natural disasters, interpersonal
violence, child abuse, and perinatal trauma. Traumatic experiences have
significant societal implications, such as disrupting the social fabric,
straining support systems, reducing societal resilience, and perpetuating an
intergenerational cycle of trauma.
Trauma-informed care
has emerged as a promising approach that focuses on creating a safe and
supportive environment for victims. Various communication methods have been
utilized to support trauma victims in Nigeria. Techniques commonly used include
active listening, empathy, and validation of the victims' experiences.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has also been employed, aiming to modify
harmful thought patterns and behaviours associated with trauma. Group therapy,
support groups, and peer support programs have been employed to provide victims
with a sense of community and help them process their experiences. Others are
psychoeducation, telehealth services and crisis hotlines, organizing community
outreach and awareness campaigns, adoption of culturally tailored approaches,
use of individual therapy sessions, and organizing group sessions.
Emerging methods are telehealth services and crisis hotlines, mobile applications, virtual reality therapy, artificial intelligence for mental health assessment, online support communities and wearable technology for stress management. These communication methods can be achieved effectively using certain strategies identified, such as establishing trust, creating a safe and supportive environment, active listening, psychoeducation, and cultural competence.
To buttress some of these points, Babatunde
and Adebiyi (2017), writing on the Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(TF-CBT) approach, demonstrated effectiveness in reducing trauma symptoms and
improving mental health outcomes among trauma victims in Nigeria. Additionally,
the study by Adejumo et al. (2020) highlighted the efficacy of group therapy in
reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms and enhancing resilience among trauma
survivors.
Effective
communication with trauma victims in Nigeria is hindered by several barriers,
including cultural beliefs and practices, language barriers, lack of awareness
and understanding about trauma, stigma surrounding mental health, and limited
resources and support services. Existing research on barriers to effectively
communicating with trauma victims in Nigeria has identified several key
factors. One commonly cited barrier is the cultural stigma surrounding mental
health issues, which can lead to victims being hesitant to seek help or engage
in open communication about their trauma. Studies have also revealed language
barriers, with Nigeria's diverse ethnic groups and language challenges in
effectively conveying information and understanding the needs of trauma
victims. Additionally, limited resources and support services, particularly in
rural areas, contribute to the communication gap.
Supporting the
findings of other scholars, Ling and Jane (2019) conducted a study in Nigeria
and found that the lack of awareness and understanding of trauma and its impact
hindered effective communication with trauma victims. Another study by Okenna
et al. (2020) highlighted that societal attitudes and cultural beliefs, such as
the perception of mental health as a spiritual problem, affected both the
victims' willingness to communicate and healthcare providers' ability to
effectively address trauma.
Tailoring
communication strategies to meet the specific needs and cultural sensitivities
of trauma victims in Nigeria is crucial. Findings suggest that incorporating
cultural beliefs and practices into communication can enhance engagement and
trust. Involving community leaders, traditional healers, and religious leaders
in the support system can help overcome cultural barriers and facilitate
effective communication with trauma victims. Other ways of tailoring
communication strategies to meet the specific needs and cultural sensitivities
of trauma victims in Nigeria are flexibility and adaptability, leveraging
story-telling, music, and dance.
Supporting these
findings, a study by Atilola et al. (2018) highlights the importance of
cultural competence in providing mental health care to trauma victims in
Nigeria. The research emphasized the significance of acknowledging and
respecting cultural practices, religious beliefs, and social structures to
establish effective communication and support systems.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this
study delves into the intricate landscape of communication strategies with
trauma victims in Nigeria, addressing key research questions to illuminate the current
approaches to communicating with trauma victims, barriers to communicating with
them, and ways to tailor communication strategies to meet the cultural beliefs
of the victims. Current communication approaches such as community-based
support groups, integration of traditional healing practices, and the
utilization of telehealth, exemplify a dynamic and adaptive response to the
challenges faced by trauma victims. The identified barriers, encompassing
mental health stigma, limited awareness, and restricted access to services,
underscore the urgent need for comprehensive interventions. The recommendation
to tailor communication strategies emphasizes the significance of cultural
competence training for mental health professionals, aligning with broader
efforts to foster understanding and resilience. This work contributes to the
broader discourse on mental health in Nigeria by providing insights that can
inform practical interventions and policies in the wake of rising trauma cases
in the country.
Recommendations
The study recommends the following:
Destigmatization Campaigns:
Initiatives aimed at
destigmatizing mental health issues should be prioritized. Public awareness
campaigns, community dialogues, and educational programs can play a crucial
role in challenging societal taboos surrounding trauma and mental health in
Nigeria.
Mental Health Initiatives Rooted in the Community:
Implementing and
expanding community-based mental health programs, including support groups and
counselling services, can provide accessible and culturally sensitive spaces for
trauma victims to share experiences and receive support. Collaborations with community
leaders and organizations are key to the success of these programs.
Cultural Competence Training:
Mental health professionals should undergo
continuous training in cultural competence. This training will enhance their
ability to navigate diverse cultural contexts, understand traditional healing
practices, and communicate effectively with trauma victims, ensuring that
interventions align with the cultural nuances of the Nigerian context.
Integration of Technology:
Expanding the use of technology in mental
health services, such as telehealth and online platforms, should be considered,
particularly in regions with limited access to in-person services. This can
enhance the reach of mental health support, providing a viable option for those
facing geographical or resource constraints.
Government Policies and Funding:
Advocacy for policies that prioritize mental
health, along with increased funding for mental health infrastructure, is
essential. Governments at various levels should allocate resources to establish
and improve mental health facilities, train professionals, and support
community-based initiatives.
Research on Trauma Narratives:
Encouraging further research on trauma
narratives and storytelling as therapeutic interventions can deepen our
understanding of effective communication strategies. Studies exploring how
trauma victims construct and share their narratives in diverse cultural
contexts can inform the development of targeted interventions.
Inclusion of Trauma Survivors' Voices:
In the development of communication
strategies, it is crucial to include the perspectives and voices of trauma
survivors. Their lived experiences can offer invaluable insights into the
effectiveness and cultural appropriateness of interventions, contributing to a
more patient-centred approach.
Collaboration Among Stakeholders:
Foster collaboration among mental
health professionals, community leaders, policymakers, and non-governmental
organizations. A coordinated effort is necessary to address the multifaceted
challenges of communicating with trauma victims, combining expertise,
resources, and community knowledge.
Sustained Surveillance and Assessment:
Put in place a system for
continual scrutiny and evaluation of communication strategies. Regular
evaluations of intervention effectiveness, coupled with input from trauma
victims and community members, can guide ongoing adjustments and enhancements
Capacity Building in Underserved Areas:
Prioritize capacity building and the
establishment of mental health services in underserved areas. This involves
training local healthcare workers, raising awareness, and creating networks to
ensure that even remote communities have access to essential mental health
support.
Implementing these
recommendations requires a concerted effort from various stakeholders,
emphasizing the collaborative nature of addressing mental health challenges in
Nigeria. By adopting a multifaceted and culturally informed approach, the mental
health landscape can be reshaped to better support trauma victims and promote
overall community well-being.
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