Rikida a Kirar Kalma: Tsokaci a Kan Fasalin Kirar Kalma a Hausa

Cite this article as: Muhammad, I.A. & Bashir, A. (2023). Rikiɗa a Ƙirar Kalma: Tsokaci a Kan Fasalin Ƙirar Kalma a Hausa. Zamfara International Journal of Humanities, (2)3, 1-7. www.doi.org/10.36349/zamijoh.2023.v02i03.001.

Rikiɗa a Ƙirar Kalma: Tsokaci a Kan Fasalin Ƙirar Kalma a Hausa

By

Dr. Isah Abdullahi Muhammad
Department of Nigerian Languages
Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
Phone. No: 07037484144
Email:amisah2007@yahoo.com

And

Abdullahi Bashir
Department of Languages and Cultures
Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State
Phone. No: 08036481158
abdulbakori2@gmail.com
abdullahi.bashir@fugusau.edu.ng

Tsakure

Sauyi a ilimin ƙirar kalma batu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Haka kuma, babban guzuri ne na bayanin fasalin ƙirar kalmomi a harshe. A Hausa, fitattun ayyukan da suka yi bayani a kan sauyi, akwai Malumfashi (1986) wanda ya yi a kan sauyi na ƙirar kalma, sai Yakasai (2006) wanda ya mayar da hankali a kan sauyin zati da na nahawu a muhallin ninki a Hausa. Shi kuwa Sani (2011), ya yi bayani ne a kan wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen da akan samu ta fuskar tsarin sauti. Wannan ya nuna salon binciken da aka yi wa sauyi a ilimin ƙirar kalma na zaman ‘yan marina ne, domin kuwa, kowanne da inda ya sa gaba, watau ba a haɗa su wuri ɗaya balle ma a fito da kyawun da yake cikin wannan sauyi. A taƙaice dai, wannan maƙala ta ƙudurci tattaro waɗannan sauye-sauyen tare da yin bayanin kowanensu da kuma yadda yake aukuwa a tsakanin kalmomin Hausa saboda ganin irin muhimmiyar rawar da suke takawa wajen bayanin abin da ya shafi ginin kalmomi. Waɗannan sauye-sauyen su ne: Sauyi na tsarin sauti; kamar a kalmomin gidaa da gidàajee da sauyi na ƙirar kalma; kamar a ràagoo da tunkìyaa da sauyi na zatin kalma; kamar a laalàataa da magoorii da sauyi na al’umma; kamar a kalmar kyâutaa a al’ummar Sakkwato da Kano da kuma sauyi na nahawu; kamar a tàakàa lumui da tàakàlmii ko saura yà yii da sauràyii. Muƙalar ta ƙunshi gabatarwa sai bayani a kan ilimin ƙirar kalma da kuma bayani a kan sauye-sauyen da akan samu a ƙirar kalmomin Hausa.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Ƙirar Kalma, Rikiɗa, Hausa

1.0 Gabatarwa

Harshe al’amari ne tsararre wanda ya ginu bisa tubulan sautuka da ƙwayoyin ma’ana da kalmomi da jumloli waɗanda sukan haifar da ma’ana da nufin isar da saƙo a tsakanin al’umma. Fagen nazarin ƙirar kalma fanni ne da akan yi nazarin ƙirar kalmomi a harshe. Akan yi nazarin ƙirar kalma ne ta hanyar la’akari da ƙwayoyin kalma ko ta fuskar sigar kalma ko kuma ta hanyar duba dokokin tsira da kumbura da hanyoyin ƙera kalma a harshe.

Wannan nazari ya mayar da hankali ne a kan sauye-sauyen da akan samu a wajen ƙirar kalma a Hausa. Sauye-sauyen biyar ne: (a) sauyi na tsarin sauti, wanda yake faruwa a sanadiyar dokokin tsarin sauti, kamar naso na wasali a kan baƙi ko nason baƙi a kan baƙi ko sauyin tsarin karin sautin kalma (Newman 1986). (b) sauyi na ƙirar kalma a sanadiyar jinsi ko adadi. Akwai (c) sauyi na zatin kalma wanda aka samu a kalmomin ‘laalaataa’ da ‘magoorii’ da (d) sauyi na al’umma kamar kyáùtàà a al’ummar Sakkwato da Kano da kuma (e) sauyi na nahawu kamar a taakaa lumui da taakalmii ko saura ya yii da saurayii. Wannan maƙala tana ƙunshe da duk waɗannan sassa, wato gabatarwa da bayani a kan fannin ilimin ƙirar kalma, sai zuciyar nazarin bayani a kan sauye-sauyen da akan samu a ƙirar kalmomoin Hausa. Daga ƙarshe, akwai sakamakon nazari da kuma kammalawa.

1.1 Ilimin Ƙirar Kalma

Ilimin ƙirar kalma fassara ce ta kalmar ‘Morphology’. Kalmar ‘Morphology’ asali harshen Ingilshi ya aro ta ne daga harshen Girkanci, a fassarar kalma-da-kalma, cikin Ingilshi tana nufin ‘shape, form , structure’, ma’ana ‘fasali ko siga ko ƙira’ . An daɗe ana irin wannan nazari a fagen nazarin kimiyyar halituu (Biological sciences). Daga baya ne aka kawo ta a farfajiyar nazarin harshe. Inda ake nazarin fasali ko siga ko ƙira ta kalmomi a harshe (Bauer, 2003). Ƙirar kalma ya ƙunshi:

a.      Nazarin ƙirar kalma ya ƙunshi bayani daki-daki a kan ƙwayoyin ma’ana da kalma ta ƙunsa.

b.      Nazarin ƙirar kalma ya ƙunshi tsantsar bayani a kan fasalin sigar kalma.

c.       Haka ma, ilimin ƙirar kalma ya ƙunshi bayani a kan dokokin tsira da kumbura da kuma hanyoyin ƙirar kalma.

Daga waɗannan ma’anoni ana iya fahintar abu huɗu dangane da ginshiƙin samar da ma’anar ƙirar kalma. Ginshiƙan su ne:

·         Ƙwayar ma’ana

·         Sigar kalma

·         Tsira da kumbura

·         Hanyoyin ƙirar kalma

Bauer (1988, 2003) ya tabbatar mana cewa ilimin ƙirar kalma ya ƙunshi bayani a kan fasali da siga ko dokokin gina kalma. A farkon al’amari nazarin ƙirar kalma shi ne nahawu (Grammar). Daga baya, aka shigo da tsarin ginin jumla da kuma ƙirar kalma a matsayin nahawu. Daga baya, tsarin ginin jumla kaɗai ya kasance a matsayin nahawu. Samfurin nazarin ƙirar kalma a farko, ana yin sa ne domin fayyace asalin harsuna. Daga baya, zamanin da mazhabar ƙirar harshe ta mamaye fagen nazarin ƙirar harshe abin ya sauya alƙibla, haka abin ya ci gaba har zamanin da mazhabar Chomsky, lokacin da aka jingine nazarin ƙirar kalma a gefe, kamin daga baya aka dawo da shi.

1.2 Sauye-sauyen da akan Samu a Ƙirar Kalmomin Hausa

Kalmar ‘Sauye-sauye’ jam’i ne na ‘sauyi’. Sauye-sauyen da ake samu a ƙirar kalmomi a Hausa suna da alaƙa da tsarin sauti ko ƙirar kalma ko kuma tarihi (Bauer 1983). Suna zuwa ta waɗannan fuskoki::

1.2.1 Sauyi na Tsarin Sauti

Sauyi na tsarin sauti, sauyi ne da ake samu a sanadiyyar cuɗeɗeniya dokokin tsarin sauti da na ƙirar kalma. Sani (2011) ya kawo nau’o’in sauyi biyu. Inda ya kira su da tasirin tsarin sauti a kan ƙirar kalma. Sai kuma tasirin ƙirar kalma a kan tsarin sauti. Wuraren da ake samun tasirin tsarin sauti a kan ƙirar kalma a Hausa, su ne:

·         Madanganci

Misaliss Ƙirar ɓoye

-ramin /raamiŋ/ (ƙirar ɓoye)

A ɗafin madangancin /n/ wanda yake a zahiri ɗa ganɗa ya koma ɗan hanɗa /ŋ/, a wannan muhalli a dalilin tasirin tsarin sauti a kan ƙirar kalma.

·         Nasaba

Misali                        ƙirar ɓoye

Sarkin Bauchi                        /sarkjim bautʃii/

Sarkin Kano             /sarkjiŋ kanòo/

Sarkin Yawuri           /sarkjiɲ jàawurìi/

Idan aka dubi waɗannan misalai, za a ga cewa harafin nasaba da yake zuwa a matsayin /n/ bahanƙe ɗan hanci mai ziza, a ƙirar ɓoye lafazance ya koma /m/ baleɓe ɗan hanci mai ziza a misalin farko a dalilin zuwan /b/ baleɓe tsayau mai ziza gabanta, a na biyu ya zo a matsayin /ŋ/ bahanƙe ɗan hanci mai ziza a dalilin zuwan /k/ bahanɗe tsayau maras ziza a gabanta, a misalin ƙarshe ta zo a matsayin /ɲ/ baganɗe ɗan hanci mai ziza, a dalilin zuwan /j/ ‘yar ganɗa gabanta. Wannan ne naso a tsarin sauti ( Sani 2007). Har wa yau, a ganga mai dangantaka, ‘{-r da.....}. Misali:

Motar da Motad da......

Misalin da yake a sama, ya nuna yadda bahanƙe tsayau /d/ ya nashe bahanƙe ruwatau /r/ ta koma /d/.

Haka kuma, akan sami inda ƙirar kalma ta yi tasiri a kan tsarin sauti, kamar haka:

·         Ganɗantawa (Palatalization)

1.      Hankaakaa da hankaak^jii

2.      Katangaa da katang^jii

3.      Baaƙoo da baaƙ^jii

4.      Baawaa da baayii

5.      Ɓaraawoo da ɓaraayii

6.      Ruusaa da ruushee)

7.      Ƙuusaa da ƙuusooshiii

8.      Mootaa da mootoocii

9.      Tuutaa da tuutoocii

10.  Reezaa da reezoojii

11.  Kaazaa da kaajii

12.  Gadaa da gadaaje

13.  Gudu da gudajje

 

·         Kore ganɗantawa (Non-Palatalization)

14.   Hayee da hawaa

15.  Hanʧii da hantunaa

16.  Maciji da macizai

17.  Matashi da matasai

 

·         Leɓantawa (Libialization)

18.  Ɗaakii da ɗaak^wunaa

19.  Jaakii da jaak^wunaa

20.  Maag^jee da maag^wunaa

21.  Keekee da keek^wunaa

 

·         Kore leɓantawa (Non-Libialization)

22.  Kadark^woo da kadarkai

23.  Kalang^wuu da kalangai (Sani, 2011).

 

Waɗannan misalai dai suna nuna inda ƙirar kalma ta yi tasiri a kan tsarin sauti. Kamar a kalmar ‘hankaakaa’ wadda ita ce tilo da take da jam’i ‘hankaak^jii’ a inda nan ne aka sami ganɗantawar, a dalilin ɗafin jam’i na {-ii} sai sautin /k/ ya koma /k^j/. A ɓangaren kore ganɗantawa kuwa, kamar a misalin ‘hayee’, /j/ ‘yar ganɗa ce, kuma an sami haka ne a dalilin zuwan ɗafin {-ee}. Amma da aka dawo ta fuskar kalmar ‘hawaa’ kuwa, sai aka kore ganɗantawar, a dalilin zuwan ɗafin {-aa}. A misalin kalmar ‘ɗaak^jii da ɗaak^wunaa’, leɓantawa ce aka samu, domin da farko tana ganɗantacciya, sai ta leɓance a dalilin zuwan ɗafin {-unaa}. Sannan an kore leɓantawa, a misalan ƙarshe na kalmar ‘Kadark^woo’, a yayin da aka je matakin jam’i kuwa, sai aka nemi leɓantawar aka rasa, a sakamakon zuwan ɗafin {-ai}.

 

Haka kuma, akwai inda akan samu sauyi a kan tsarin karin sauti na asalin kalma. Misali:

 

Tilo Jam’i

24.  Gidaa da gidàajee

25.  Faraa da faràaree

Bugu da ƙari, akan samu inda kalmomi masu ɗauke da wasula masu aure a gaɓar ƙarshe (buɗaɗɗiyar gaɓa) su koma masu ɗauke da wasali da baƙi a gaɓar ƙarshe (rufaffiyar gaɓa), musamman saboda a nuna nasaba ko dangantaka. Kalmar takan kasance tilo, namiji. Misali;

Auratayyar/Tagwaitakar Wasali (Dipthongs)

26.  Tabarau da tabaran karatu

27.  Mai da man ja da sauransu.

Bayan haka, akan samu inda karin sauti yakan canza ma’anar kalmomi dangane da furucinsu ko da kuwa ya kasance sigarsu ɗaya ta fuskar ƙirar kalma. Haka abin yake a wajen tsawon wasali domin kuwa duk kanwar ja ce. Misali;

Karin Sauti (Tone Pattern) Tsawon Wasali (Vowel Length)

28.  Gárí da gáarì da gàrìi

29.  Rámá da ráamà da ràamáá

1.2.2 Sauyi na Ƙirar Kalma

Sauyi ne da akan samu a dalilin dokoki na ƙirar kalma. Da Ingilishi, ana ce masa ‘Suppletion’. Malumfashi (1986:9) ya ce:

“Suppletion: A substitute for a missing form in a word paradigm”.

Fassara:

Lamuni: Musaya ce da harshe yakan yi wa sigar asali ta kalma cikin sahu.

Bauer (2004:98) ya ce:

‘‘Suppletion: is the name given to a situation where etymologically unrelated forms are used in the paradigm of the same lexeme’’

Fassara:

“Suna ne da akan kira al’amarin rashin alaƙa da aka yi amfani da su cikin sahu na suwar saiwar kalma ɗaya”.Wannan sauyi yana faruwa ne a Hausa a sanadiyar ‘jinsi’ da ‘adadi’. Sannan wannan ‘Rikiɗa’ tana iya kasancewa ‘kammalalliya’ ko ‘ragaggiya’. Misali:

Tilo/namiji   Tilo/mace      Jam’i

30.  Bunsuru   Akuya                           Awaki

31.  Rago             Tunkiya     Tumaki

32.  Doki            Goɗiya           Dawaki

33.  Raƙumi    Taguwa          Raƙuma

34.  Saurayi     Budurwa       Samari

35.  Toro          Agwagwa      Agwagi

Idan aka duba waɗannan misalai da suke a sama da kyau, za a ga asali abu ɗaya ne, amma sigar namiji daban da sigar mace, kamar: ‘bunsuru’ da ‘akuya’, ‘rago’ da ‘tunkiya’ da ‘doki’ da ‘goɗiya’. Wannan ita ce cikakkiya ko kammalalliyar rikiɗa wadda takan faru ne a sanadiyar samar da jinsin mace daga namiji. Amma kuma, al’amarin yakan ɗan bambanta a kalmomin jam’i wato ‘akuya da awaki’ da ‘tunkiya da tumaki’ da kuma ‘doki da dawaki’. Suna da kusanci da alaƙa a farkonsu. Wannan ce ‘ragaggiyar rikiɗa’. Bobaljik (2012, 2015) ya kawo fasullan rikiɗa da akan samu a harsunan duniya. Watau akwai masu bin tsarin ‘ABA’, kamar ‘Doki-Goɗiya-Dawaki’. Akwai ‘ABB’, kamar ‘Bunsuru-Akuya-Awaki’ da ‘Rago-Tunkiya-Tumaki’.

1.2.3 Sauyi na Zatin Kalma

Sauyi na zatin kalma da Ingilishi, shi ne ‘Lexicalisation’. Bauer (2004:65) yana cewa:

‘Lexicalisation: is the process of becoming less transparent and fusing into an unanalysable word’

Fassarar marubuci:

‘Sauyi na zatin kalma: Wata hanya ce wadda kalma ta kasance mai wuyar sha’ani wajen li’irabinta ta yadda ba za a iya tsattsaga ta zuwa ƙwayoyin kalma ba’

Misali:

31.   taƙàitaa

32.   laalàataa

33.   magòorii

Waɗannan kalmomi suna da wuyar sha’ani wajen yin li’irabinsu. Domin ɗafin ‘--ta’ mai mayar da suna, aikatau, kamar a ‘gaskiya’ zuwa ‘gasgata’ da ‘ƙarya’ zuwa ‘ƙaryata’. Amma a ‘taƙaita’ da ‘lalata’, idan aka ce ɗafin ‘-ta’ mai aikin mayar da suna aikatau ne ya zo a cikinsu, sai a tambaye ka ina sunan da suka samo tushe a wurinsa? Kuma anya! ‘Taƙai-‘ da ‘lala-‘ sahihan sayyun kalmomi ne? Ansar ita ce, sauyi na zatin kalma ne ya faru a kan waɗannan kalmomi. Wannan ya sa ba za a iya kawo asalinsu ko tushensu ba, amma yadda sauran suke da tushe haka su ma, sai dai sun ɓata. Zamani ya shuɗe da su. Tabbas! Ɗafin ‘-ta’ ɗafin aikatau ne, a cikin waɗannan kalmomi (taƙaita da lalata) ba za a iya fitar da ita ba, sannan sauran jikin kalmomin da aka rage ‘taƙai-‘ da ‘lala-‘, a yanzu ba a karɓe su a matsayin sayyun kalmomi a Hausa ba. Haka ma, kalmar ‘magori’ ta zo da ɗafin ‘ma-‘ mai kama da ɗafa goshi, sai dai kash! Nan ma, sauyi na zati ya afku ta yadda ba za a iya hararo aiki ko ma’anarsa a cikin kalmar ba. Ba kamar a kalmar ‘magini’ ko ‘matsafi’ ba.

Har wa yau, a kalmar ‘Zamfara’ akwai majiya ƙwaƙƙwara ta tarihi da ta tabbatar da cewa, ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin ‘mazan fara’. Sai aka shafe ‘ma-‘, aka bar ‘zan-‘ da ‘fara’ daga baya aka haɗe su wuri ɗaya a matsayin kalma ‘Zamfara’[1].

1.2.4 Sauyi na Al’umma

Sauyi na al’umma da Ingilishi, shi ne ‘Institutionalisation’. Dangane da wannan ga ta bakin Bauer (2004:57).

‘Institutionalisation’: Tha acceptance of one meaning in a particular domain within community tends to prevent the acceptance of the alternative meaning in the same domain’

Fassarar marubuci:

‘Karɓar wata ma’ana (ta kalma) a cikin al’umma wanda ya haddasa hana karɓar wata ma’anar (ta kalma) a cikin al’umma’

Misali:

34.   kyâutaa

35.   tà-zarcè

36.   Kèɓéé

37.   Kànkàréé

38.   Yàrheé da sauransu. 

A Sakkwato akan ce, ‘Allah ya kyauta’ idan ana taya mutum farin ciki. Misali; aure ko naɗin sarauta ko samun wani babban muƙami ko matsayi a cikin al’umma. Amma a Kano abin ya sha bamban domin kuwa akan yi amfani da ita ne domin nuna alhini ga mutum, kamar jaje dangane da wani haɗari ko asara ko samun saɓani a tsakanin juna. da sauransu. Haka kuma, kafin mulkin shugaban ƙasa Sani Abacha, babu wani ɗinki ‘tazarce’, sai dai jumlar ‘ta zarce’. Amma zamaninsa ya sa an samu ɗinkin ‘ta-zarce’ a sanadiyyar yunƙurin ci gaba da mulki da shugaban ya ɗauka, a inda ya rinƙa yin shigar fararen hula ta hanyar sanya doguwar taguwar da ta zarce ƙwaurinsa. Daga nan, sai aka ɗauki irin wannan salo tare da kiransa da ‘tazarce’. Sai kuma kalmar ‘Keɓee’ a Sakkwato wadda asali sunan gari ne, to amma bayan siyasar 2019, watau a lokacin zaɓen gwamnan jihar Sakkwato, Sakkwatawa sun sauya mata ma’ana zuwa sabuwar ma’ana ta rashin tabbas a yayin tattaunawa (hira) a tsakanin al’umma. Har wa yau, kalmar ‘kankare’ a yankin Sakkwato, watau bayan kanakaren gini da ake da shi, akwai kuma na nau’in abinci, musamman shinkafa da wake da mai da yaji wanda hakan yake nufin mutum ya yi babban haɗin da idan ya ci, zai daɗe bai ji yunwa ba sai dai ya yi ta bi da ruwa. Haka nan, a katsina idan aka ce ‘yarhe’ (yarfe) ana nufin yin ɓatanci a wajen ‘yan siyasa musamman a tsakanin junansu ko ga abokan hamayya da nufin samun shiga a wurin iyayen gidansu ko samun karɓuwa a wajen al’umma.

1.2.5 Sauyi na Nahawu

Sauyi na nahawu da Ingilishi shi ne ‘Grammaticalisation’. Sauyi ne da yake shafuwar ajin nahawu na kalma a harshe. Nan ma, Bauer (2004:50-51) yana cewa:

‘Grammaicalisation deals with way in which grammatical structures develop historically from lexical structures or pragmatic structures.....the slogan for grammaticalisation studies from Talmy Givon, is that ‘todays morphology is yesterday’s syntax’

Fassarar marubuci:

‘Sauyi na nahawu ya ƙunshi wata hanya inda fasalin nahawu yake sassauyawa (sai a sami sabon fasali) cikin tsawon zamani na tarihi a sanadiyar sauyawar fasali ko tsarin ma’ana na muhallin kalma, wanda kuma ya yi daidai da kirarin da akan yi wa sauyi na nahawu, watau ‘A yau kake ƙirar kalma amma a jiya ginin jumla!’

Misalin irin waɗannan kalmomi su ne:

39.   Takalmi   tàakàlmii

40.   Saurayi     sauràyii

41.   Budurwa bùdurwaa

42.   Magani     maagànii

43.   Kanlabi    kanlàbii

44.   Taguwa    tagùwaa

 

Waɗannan kalmomi a wata majiya, sun samo tushe ne daga wasu jumloli (Malumfashi 1986), kamar haka:

45.   Takalmi daga taka lumui

46.   Saurayi daga saura ya yi

47.   Budurwa daga ba durwa

48.   Magani daga ma yi ma gani

49.   Kanlabi daga kan labi

50.   Taguwa daga ta guwa da sauransu.

Wannan ya nuna kalmar ‘takalmi’ suna ce, wadda ta samo asali daga aikatau ‘taka’ da kuma bayanau ‘lumui’. Sai kuma kalmar ‘Saurayi’ wadda sifa ce kuma ta samo asali daga kalmar suna ‘saura’ da wakilin suna ‘ya’ da kuma aikatau ‘yi’. Kalmar ‘budurwa’ kuwa sifa ce wadda ta samo asali daga harafin korewa ‘ba’ da kuma suna ‘durwa’. Sai ‘magani’ suna ne, wanda ya samo asali daga wakilin suna ‘ma’ (mu) da aikatau ‘yi’ da wani wakilin suna ‘ma’ da aikatau ‘gani’, a inda aka taƙaita (datse) jumlar zuwa kalma ɗaya tak, watau ‘magani’ wanda akan yi amfani da shi don samun sauƙi ko warkar da cuta da dai sauransu.

1.3 Sakamakon Nazari

Wannan nazari ya gano cewa, akwai hanyoyi biyar na sassauyawar kalmomi a Hausa. Waɗannan hanyoyi, su ne:

a.      Sauyi na Tsarin Sauti

b.      Sauyi na Ƙirar Kalma

c.       Sauyi na Zatin Kalma

d.     Sauyi na Al’umma

e.      Sauyi na Nahawu

 

Kowane daga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauyen an yi bayaninsu da misalai. Sannan idan duba da kyau, sauyi na zati da sauyi na al’umma da sauyi na nahawu suna da alaƙa da zamani ko lokaci (Wato ke nan, Tarihi a taƙaice).

 

1.4 Kammalawa

Wannan maƙala ta yi magana ne a kan sauye-sauyen da akan samu wajen ƙirar kalmomin Hausa. Sannan kuma, ta ƙunshi gabatarwa da bayani a kan ilimin ƙirar kalma a Hausa. A zuciyar nazarin an yi bayanin sauye-sauye guda biyar da akan samu a wajen ƙirar kalmomin Hausa. Daga cikin irin waɗannan sauye-sauye akwai; sauyi na tsarin sauti da na ƙirar kalma da na zatin kalma da na al’umma da na nahawu. Daga ƙarshe, an jero sakamakon nazari da kammalawa da ma manazarta. Kuma hankan ya bayar da dama ga sauran masu nazari wajen samun wata hanya ta musamman da za ta taimaka masu domin gudanar da bincike a wannan fanni na ilimin ƙirar kalma a harshen Hausa ta yadda za a samu abin karantawa da kuma dogaro a nan gaba.

Manazarta

Abubakar, A. (2001). An Introductory Hausa Morphology. Maiduguri: University of Maiduguri.

Amfani, A.H. (2007). Hausa Morphology. In Basic Linguistics For Nigerian Languages Teachers (ed), Ore Yusuf. (Page 138-148).

Aronoff, M. & Fudeman, K. (2011). What is Morphology, (2^nd edition), London, UK: Blackwell Publishers.

Bagari, D.M. (1986). Bayanin Hausa: Jagora Ga Mai Koyon Ilimin Bayanin Harshe. Rabat Marocco: Imprimerie Elmaarif Aljadida.

Bashir, A. & Sambo, M.W. (2021). “Suffixation and Reduplication in Zamfara Dialect of Hausa Language”. Interdisplinary Approach to the Study of African Languages. Festschrift in Honour of Francis Egbokhare. ISSN: 978 – 978 – 966 – 297 – 5. Pp236-243.

Bauer, L. (2003). Introducing Linguistics Morphology Second Edition. Edinburgh:

Bauer, L. (2004). Glossary of Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

 

Bauer, L. (2004). The borderline between derivation and compounding. In: Dressler, W.U et al (eds). Morphology and its Demarcation. Amsterdam. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

 

Bobaljik, J.D. (2012). Universals in Comparative Morphology. England: MIT Press.

Bobaljik, J.D. (2015). Suppletion: Some Theoretical Implication. Annual Review of Linguistics.pp1-18. Edinburgh University Press.

Fagge, U.U. (2004). An Introduction to Hausa Morphology, Kano: Triumph Nigeria Limited.

Fagge, U.U. (2013). Ƙirar Kalma A Hausa. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.

Haruna, A., Idris, Z.B. & Yankara, M.M. (2023). Nazarin Sauye-Sauyen Wasulan Harshen Katsina Da Maraɗi. In Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (JLLC). ISSN: Print 2757-6730 ISSN: Online 2782 - 8182, Volume 2, No. 2. Pp143-151 www.tasambo.com

 

Labov, W. (2007). Transmission and Diffusion. Language, vol.8 no 2. Linguistic Society of America. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40070845

Malumfashi, J. (1986). Suppletion in Hausa Gender. M.A. Dissertation, Department of Nigerian Languages. Bayero University, Kano.

Martins, H. (2010). Understanding Morphology, 2^nd edition, London, UK: An Hachette UK Company.

Mathews, P.H. (1974). The Morphology: An Introduction to the Theory of Word Structure, Cambridge, UK: University Press

Muhammad, I.A. & Shehu, M. (2017). Roots in Lexicalism and Non-Lexicalism: Examples from Hausa. Journal of Linguistics Association of Nigeria (JOLAN), Vol. 20, No. 2.

Muhammad, I.A. (2019). Ginshiƙin Ilimin Ƙirar Kalma A Hausa: Takaitaccen Tsokaci. Maƙalar da aka Gabatar a Taron Ƙara wa Juna Sani a Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Muhammad, I.A. (2020). “Bayani A Kan Wasu Abubuwa Da Suke Faruwa Ga Ɗafi A Hausa”. East African Scholars Journal of Education, Humanities and Literature. ISSN: 2617–443X & 2617–7250, Volume 3, Issue 1 Pp 1-8.

Muhammad, I.A. (2021). “Bayani A Kan Hanyoyin Nazarin Ƙirar Kalma da Siffofinsa. Maƙalar da aka Gabatar a Taron Ƙara wa Juna Sani a Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.

Newman, P. (2000). The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar, London: Yale University Press.

Salima, S.I. (2023). Nazari A Kan Sauye-Sauyen Ɗafi A Cikin Jam’in Kalmomi Da Jimlolin Yara. In Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (JLLC). ISSN: Print 2757-6730 ISSN: Online 2782 - 8182, Volume 2, No. 2. Pp134-142 www.tasambo.com

Sani, M.A.Z. (2011). Gamayyar Tasrifi Da Tsarin Sauti. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.

Yakasai, H. M. (2006). Hausa Redupulcation in The Process of Grammaticalization and Lexicalization. Doctoral Thesis, Warsaw University. Poland.

 

Ratayen Fassarar Wasu Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi

 

 Kalmomi Fassara

1.      Morphology - Ƙirar kalma

2.      Sauyi na tsarin sauti - Morphphonology

3.      Suppletion - Rikiɗa

4.      Lexicalisation - Sauyi na zati

5.      Institutionalisation - Sauyi na al’umma

6.      Grammaticalisation - Sauyi na nahawu

7.      Dipthongs - Tagwan wasula

8.      Nasalizasation - Hancintawa 

9.      Glotalization - Hamzantawa

---

[1] A tsarin sautin Hausa, idan sautin /n/ ta biyo bayan baleɓe to, takan nashe zuwa /m/. Wannan ne ya sa ba a ce ‘zanfara’ ba, sai dai ‘Zamfara’ kamar yadda ake furta ta. 

Download the article: