Hausa A Matsayin Harshen Uwa A Farfajiyar Karatun Boko

Takardar da Aka Gabatar a Taron Ranar Hausa Wanda Ƙungiyar Hausa ta Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato ta Shirya a Harabar Babban Ɗakin Taro na Jami’ar da Ke Mazauninta na Dindindin Ranar Asabar 07 ga Janairu, 2023 da Misalin 11:30 na Safe.

Hausa A Matsayin Harshen Uwa A Farfajiyar Karatun Boko

Daga 

Aliyu Muhammadu Bunza
Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijerya,
Tsangayar Fasaha da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato
Waya: 0803 431 6508
Ƙibɗau: mabunza @yahoo.com

TSAKURE

Hausa a Matsayin Harshen Uwa a Farfajiyar Karatun Boko. Za a yi yunƙuri ne da karɓa kiran Gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya kan a zaburar da harsunanmu na gado su kasance da su ake ba wa ‘ya’yanmu karatu. Na yi ɗan yunƙurin tuntuɓar tsofaffin ‘yan boko da aka koyar da su karatun boko a cikin Hausa, tun boko na sabo-sabonsa. Haka kuma, na tuntuɓi ayyuka da dama na masana fannonin daban-daban domin samun kayan aiki. A gaskiya da na ratsa duniyar Intanet da Google na amfana fiye da yadda na ratsa ayyukan da ke ɗakin karatu. Binciken ya yi fashin baƙin matashiya tare da hararar manufar hukuma a kan wannan yekuwa. A ɗan kalli duniyar mutane musamman yawan mutanen da ke ciki masu adadi fiye da biliyan bakwai. Daga nan aka dubi adadin harsunansu (7,500) a cikin ƙasashen duniya (195) da suka mamaye kowace ƙasa da harshenta take amfani. A gida Nijeriya muna da yawan mutane (200,000,000) ɗauke da harsuna (525) cikin jihohinmu (36). Jihar da ta fi kowace yawan harsuna Bauchi mai harsuna fiye da (66+) kuma Hausa na daga cikin manyan harsunanta (5). Bisa ga samun harshen Hausa na (11) a harsunan duniya, kuma na (1) a duniyar baƙar fata, wanda gida Nijeriya da Nijar akwai jami’o’in tarayya fiye da (13) da ke koyar da ita a digiri da manyan digirori. Wannan ta ba ta damar samun fiye da Farfesa (100) a halin yanzu (2023). Sakamakon haka, binciken ya yanke shawarar yankin Nijeriya ta Arewa, su rungumi Hausa, musamman duba ga gawurtattun daulolinta (8) da ba irin su a faɗin Nijeriya.

Gabatarwa

 Faɗar Hausawa na lokacin abu a yi shi nashin ƙasa ne babu kure. Kowane irin al’amari na duniya yana da lokuta uku zaɓaɓɓu: Lokacin yin sa, watau lokacin yin sa zaɓaɓɓe; lokacin jiran lokacinsa, wato a yi dakon zuwansa; na uku shi ne shuɗaɗɗen lokacinsa, wato lokacin ya zo ya wuce, ko an yi dakon jiransa, har ya zo ya wuce ba a farga ba. To, Hausawa sun ce, lokaci ya haifi mahaukata uku: Wanda lokacin abu ya wakana ya ƙi yarda; na biyu wanda lokacin abu bai yi ba, ya ce sai ya yi; na uku mai ganin kowannensu daidai yake ga tuninsa da ƙwazonsa.Waɗannan uku duk mahaukata ne, amma malaminsu watau na ukun ya fi su hauka. Matsalar lokacin da ya wuce ba ya waiwayowa bale a kira shi. Don haka, kiran da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Nijeriya ta yi na a dawo da rakiyar harshen TURANCI/INGILISHI, a tsarin karatun makarantunmu na boko, a dawo da harshen “uwa” wata sabuwar gudunmawa ce ga cigaban iliminmu. Ba mu da wata makawa face mu fito mu bayar da gudunmawarmu gadan-gadan har sai kowane tsuntsu ya yi kukan gidansu. Haƙiƙa wannan maganar babba ce, babin da za ta mamaye a karatu, babba ne, ko ma mu ce, littafin kanta take nema daga gare mu. A ‘yar mahangarmu ɗalibai ga ɗan abin da na hango:

Tunanin Bincike

Na ɗan yi nazarin hangen irin ra’i daga cikin ra’o’in masana da ya kamata in ɗora wannan aiki. Cikin duba nan, duba can, sai na ga ai kamata ya yi karen da ya yi cizo a nemo gashinsa a yi magani. A kan wannan tunani na ga ya dace in ɗora wannan aiki bisa ga wani fitaccen karin magana ko zantukan magabatanmu da za su yi canjaras da tunanin Gwamnatin Tarayya a kan komawa ga harshen uwa ga karatun boko. A ganina, wannan aikin kamata ya yi in ɗora shi a kan wata fitacciyar maganar hikima da ke fita a bakunan magabata idan sun ga an saɓa wa gaskiya, aka sake dawowa neman agajinta bayan ‘yan dabaru da wayon masu saɓa mata ya ƙare. Za a ji su suna cewa: “DOLE UWAR NA ƘI” (Naƙi) wato da dole da na ƙi ba su taɓa zama a inuwar itaciya ɗaya ba.

 A tunanin zancen an ce ‘Dole” uwar ‘Naƙi” ke nan “Dole” mace ce, Kuma ‘yar da ta haifa “Naƙi” mace ce. A nahawu ai za a ce: Ai Naƙi ita ce uwar Dole. “Dole” kuwa ‘yar “Naƙi” ce. Samun tsigalau “‘yar” ya dangantar da nasaba ga “mace” ba namiji ba, domin ba a ce “ɗan” ba. A tunaninmu ɗalibai da gangan na mayar da su mutane domin in samu damar feɗe biri har wutsiyarsa. A nahawun rubutu, ai kalmar “Naƙi” a rarrabe ake rubuta su: “na ƙi”, ni na haɗe su domin in sama wa “Dole” ɗiya mai suna “Naƙi.” Wannan abin shi ke aukuwa a karatun bokon Nijeriya tun fil azal da harshen uwa ake boko, mulkin mallaka ya haramtar da shi, yanzu ba su, ba mulkin, jirgin bokon Ingilishi ya kasa kai mu ganga, ya kasance bungali shigar mai yarda. Da wuya ta yi wuya, aka ga gara a mayar da na hannu gida, kana a dawo a kama na dawa. Shiga wannan tunani ya ba ni damar samun ra’in wannan bincike: “DOLE UWAR NA ƘI”. Ga yadda na fasalta binciken:

Fashin Baƙin Matashiya

Matashiyarmu an ɗora ta a kan jimla ɗaya mai sassa biyu ga tsarin nahawu. Sashe na farko shi ne: “Harshen Uwa”....A kan haka na ga dole mu lalubo ma’anar harshe domin da shi aka yi turke a matashiyar. Masana sun ce, harshe shi ne:

 Ingilishi:

“The principal method of human communication consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing or gesture.”

 

Fassara:

 

 “Wani fitaccen makamin sadarwa mai ƙunshe da kalmomi da aka tsara su bisa jerin gwanon daidaituwar nahawu aka sadar da su a lafazance, ko a rubuce, ko cikin sigar manuniya.”

 

A wata fassarar masanan sun ce, harshe shi ne:

 “A system of communication used by a particular       country or community.”

 

“Wani tsarin salon sadarwa da wata ƙasa ko wasu al’umma ke amfani da shi.”

 

Babu wai, cikin waɗannan fassarorin mun fahimci harshe na mutane ne, kuma mutane ke sadarwa da shi, bugu da ƙari, tsira yake yi cikin al’umma ba wahayinsa ake yi ba. A ko’ina ya mamaye cikin ƙasa ko al’umma ya zama harshensu kuma da shi ake kiran su, su karɓa. Ga alama, kasancewar “uwa” mafi kusa ga yaran da aka haifa shi ya kawo sunanta ‘Uwa” kusa ga kalmar “Harshe” aka samu “Harshen Uwa”. Uwa a fassarar Ingilishi ita ce: “Mother” wanda Ƙamus ya fassara da cewa:

“Mother is countable noun, your mother is the women who gave birth to you. You can also call someone your mother if she brings you up as if she was this women.”

 

A wata fassarar cewa suka yi uwa ita ce:

 “A female parent.”

 “A women in authority.”

“Uwa suna ne, a nahawu yana cikin suna ƙirgau, uwa ita ce wadda ta haifi mutum (da cikinta). Haka kuma ana iya cewa wata mata “uwa” idan ita ta reni mutum har ya kai hayyacinsa.”

 

Fassara ta biyu cewa ta yi, uwa ita ce:

“Mace mahaifiya.”

 “Mace da ke da cikakken iko.”

 Ɓangare na biyu na matashiyarmu shi ne, “Farfajiyar Karatun Boko.” Farfajiya ita ce iyakoki ko kuma kadadar wani abu da za a duba iya kallon mai kallo. Duniya gaba ɗaya tana iya zama farfajiya, ƙasa na iya kasancewa farfajiya, haka ayyuka da ake gudanarwa na ilimi da fasaha na ɗaukar fassarar farfajiya. A kan wannan fassarar na ɗauki fagen ilimi na Boko ko na Addini, a matsayin wata farfajiyar karkara ga mabuƙata ilmi. Karatun Boko, an yi masa fassarori daban-daban (Newman,2000) da (Adamu, 2000) da (Bunza,2001). A taƙaice, a tawa fahimta fassarar “boko” a wajen Bahaushe biyu ne: Ƙarya, yaudara da ƙwambo, amma ita kalmar daga “book” aka samo ta, duba zuwa ga abu na farko da boko ya zo da shi, shi ne “littafi” sunan abu na farko da za a koya wa yara shi ne “book”. “What is this? It is a book”. Dubi wannan waƙar yara zuwa ga ‘yan boko:

 :’Yan makarantar bokoko,

 : Ba karatu ba salla,

 : Sai yawan zagin Malam.

Harshen Uwa a Tunanin Ma’ilmanta

 Matsalar ilmi a ko’ina ta tsira ba ta rasa alaƙa da al’adun wurin da ta tsira. Zancen harshen uwa ga harshe tunani ne na Turawa da ma’ilmanta domin a daidaita su ne. A tunanin masana harshen uwa shi ne:

 Ingilishi:

 “The language which a person has growwn up speaking from early childhood.”

 

 Fassara:

 

“Harshen uwa shi ne harshen da mutum ya tashi ciki ya tarar da ana yin sa, ya tashi da shi tun a yaranta.”

 

A faffaɗar ma’anar harshen uwa a mahangar masanin ilmin koyarwa ita ce:

 Ingilishi:

“Mother tongue education refers to any form of schooling which uses the languages that children are most familiar with, in order to help them learn. This usually the language that children speak at home with their family. The “mother tongue” does not have to be the language spoken by the mother.”

 

Fassara:

 

 “Harshen uwa shi ne harshen ilmi da ake koyo a makaranta, wanda ake amfani da harshen da yara suka fi sani, domin ya taimaka musu ga koyo wannan harshe a al’ada shi ne harshen da yara ke magana da shi a gida cikin iyayensu da danginsu. “Harshen Uwa” a nan ba dole sai harshen da mamar yaro ke magana da shi ba.”

 

A shekarar 25 July, 2019 an fassara kalmar da:

“The term mother tongue refers to person’s native language that is a language learned from birth. Also called a first language.”

A mahangar Encyclopedia.com 8 June, 2018 Mother Tongue.

 “A general term for the language of childhood home, learned “at one’s mother knee.”

 

“Harshen uwa na nufin harshen gado harshen da aka koya daga haihuwa. A wata fassara ana ce da shi: Harshen Farko.”

 

“Harshen Uwa shi ne harshen da aka tashi da shi tun haihuwa a gida, an koye shi a tun ana dafe da guiwowin uwa.”

 

Harshen Uwa a Tunanin Bahaushe

Bahaushe bai saɓa wa ma’ilmanta a fassararsa ba, sai dai idan an ce “Harshen Uwa” zai ji bin bambarakwai ka ce:

a.      Uwa ke da harshen ba uba ba.

b.      Uwa ta fi uba daraja ga ɗa.

c.       Uwa ke da ɗan ba uba ba.

d.     Ɗan uwa yake bi ga gado ba uba ba.

e.      Uwa ta fi uba ƙarfi ga yaron.

f.        Uba ba ya da wata rawa ga koyon harshen ɗansa.

Waɗannan abubuwa da makamantansu, su ke sa Bahaushe zai ji ɗan ƙaiƙayi idan aka ce “harshen uwa” ga yaron da ke da uwa da uba, ko a raye ko a mace. A wajen Bahaushe gado ga uba ake yin sa ba ga uwa ba. Idan uba na Bagobiri uwa Bakaba, yaron da aka haifa Bagobiri ne, don haka karin harshen Gobirci ne karin harshensa. Ai shi ne dalilin da ya sa, idan an je yi wa irin waɗannan yara tsagar fuskar gado, ta Gobirci ake yi musu. Sai dai idan gefen uwar na da ƙarfi da nacewa, sai a yi tsagar uban ga haɓar dama, ta uwar ga haɓar hagu. Haka nan ke aukuwa ga Hausawan Jamhuriyar Nijar yanzu haka.

 Tunanin waɗannan abubuwa da ka iya tasowa ya sa Bahaushe ya fi natsuwa a ce, “harshen gado.” Da jin haka Bahaushe ya san harshen mahaifiya ake nufi, amma ba harshen da aka tashi ciki ba. Harshen da aka tashi a ciki sunansa harshen gari ko harshen ƙasa ko harshen al’umma, ba dole ya kasance harshen mahaifiyar yaro ba. Wannan tunani ga fassarar harshen uwa yana da kyau a fayyace shi sosai Bahaushe ya lura da shi, wanda ba Bahaushe ba ya san dalilin da Bahaushe yake da su a kan fassara kalmar “harshen uwa”.

Harshen Uwa a Karatun Bokon Nijeriya

A tsarin karatun bokon Nijeriya da an ambaci cewa a dawo da koyar da karatun boko da Hausa rigingimu za su tashi na, wane harshe za a sa ya limanci harsunan da ke cikin ƙasa? Babban abin da ya kyautu ga ɗaliban ilmi a gane shi ne:

                    i.            A duniyar mutane muna da mutane sama ga malaliyar (biliyon) bakwai (7).

                  ii.            Waɗannan mutane biliyon bakwai sun amfani da harsuna fiye da dubu bakwai da ɗari biyar (7,500).

               iii.            Waɗannan harsuna (7,500) suna warwatse cikin ƙasashe ɗari da tis’in da biyar (195) na duniya.

               iv.            Kowace ƙasa daga cikin ƙasashe (195) na duniya tana da harshenta na gado.

                  v.            Gabanin ilmin boko kowace ƙasa da harshenta take gudanar da kowwane irin al’amari na ci gaban al’umarta, kuma ba ta kasa ba, fasaharta ba ta daƙile ba, sai cigaba take har zuwa lokacin da aka samu cigaban zamani.

               vi.            Ilmin boko ya barbazu a kowane lungu na cikin ƙasashen duniya (195) amma har yanzu babu ƙasar da ta dakatar da amfani da harshenta na gado ko ta haramtar da shi, har ya mutu. Don haka ke nan harshen gado mutu ka raba ne ga kowace al’umma ga kowace ƙasa. Ba shi gurbi ya taka rawa ga ilmi dole ne.

 Duba zuwa ga waɗannan hasashe-hasashe da muka lissafa, za mu ga cewa, tunanin a mayar da gami a koma ga harshen gado ba wata matsala ba ce, domin ba kashe harsuna aka yi ba, suna nan yaudararsu aka yi. Haka kuma, matsalar komawa ga harshen gado matsalar duniya ce gaba ɗaya ba Nijeriya kawai ba. Bari mu ɗan waiwayi ƙasarmu mu ga halin da da harsunanmu suke ciki da yadda za su ji, in an ce, a sake reshe a kama uwa.

Harsunan Nijeriya

 A gida harsunanmu suna da yawa. Duk da haka, yawansu ba zai hana a koma ga zaɓaɓɓu daga ciki a bayar da ilmi a cikinsu ba. A ƙiyasin da ma’ilmanta suka yi a Nijeriyarmu ta wannan ƙarni (2023) harsunan da ke cikin Nijeriya sun kai ɗari biyar da ashirin da biyar ko fiye (525) harsunan a yi musu zubi zuwa gida tara (9) kamar haka:

1.      Hausa tana da mutane masu magana da ita fiye da miliyan (80).

2.      Yoruba suna da masu magana da shi fiye da mutum miliyan (50).

3.      Igbo suna da masu magana da su fiye da miliyan (30).

4.      Efik-Ibibiyo suna da masu magana da su fiye da miliyan (15).

5.      Fulfulde suna da masu magana da su fiye da miliyan (13).

6.      Kanuri na da masu magana da shi fiye da miliyan (8).

7.      Tiv na da masu magana da shi fiye da miliyan (5).

8.      Nupe na da masu magana da shi fiye da miliyan (3).

9.      kare-kare, Kupa, Kakanda, Edo, Igala, Idoma, da Izon (miliyan 2-3).

10.  Jimilla za a ga sun kai miliyan ɗari biyu da shida (206)masu magana da rayayyun harsunan Nijeriya.

Nazarin Harsunan a Fagen Karatun Boko

 Ko kusa ban ga wata matsala ga cewa a koma wa harsunan gado ba idan muka dubi yanayin ƙasar nan mai yawan mutane fiye da miliyan ɗari biyu (200,000 000) a samu miliyan ɗari biyu da shida (206) masu magana da rayayyun harsunan gado. Mu yi lissafi mu gani, muna da rayayyun harsuna ɗari biyar da ashirin da biyar (525) muna da yawan mutane fiye da miliyan ɗari biyu (200,000 000). Idan muka raba yawan mutanen da muke da su da harsunan da muke da su, za a samu a ƙalla ko da kowane harshe sai an yi amfani da shi za a samu dubu ɗari biyu da tamanin da ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu (280,952). A duniyar da muke ciki ta yau (2023) babu ƙasa daga cikin ƙasashen duniya (195) da ɗauki irin wannan salon. Don haka mafi adalcin salon da za a zaɓa shi ne:

1.      A dubi yawan masu magana da harshe a ɓangaren da mazauna suke a sa harshen a matsayin harshen karatu. Abin nufi a nan shi ne, misali a Arewa a ce a sa harsuna uku:

                                i.            Hausa mai mutane miliyan tamanin (80).

                              ii.            Fulfulde mai muatne miliyan (13).

                           iii.            Kanuri mai muatane miliyan (08).

2.      Babu laifi idan an kasa Nijeriya Lardi-lardi a ce, duk ƙasar da ke da babban lardi wato (Kingdom) ta zauni harshenta na gado, ke nan abin ya kasu kamar haka:

                                i.            Hausa.

                              ii.            Borno.

                           iii.            Nupe.

                           iv.            Yoruba.

                              v.            Igbo.

                           vi.            Efik-Ibibio

 Ga su nan dai.

Ke nan a nan duk al’ummar da ba ta da ƙasa ta kanta sai ta hanzarta gyara nata harshe, amma dole ta bi ƙasar da take ƙarƙashinta ta yi amfani da harshenta. Wannan tun fil azal haka ake ba zai kawo wata ƙaramar magana ko doguwa ba. Turawa sun so su yi haka, tsoron mu haɗe kai mu yaƙe su, su ka ƙi tabbatar da wannan hasashe.

3.      Hasashe na uku shi ne, ko a duba cikin harsunanmu duk wanda yake da salon rubutu da karatu nasa na gado a ba shi damar gudanar da ilminsa kai tsaye. Haka ake yi tun gabanin tahowar “boko” domin karatun Musulunci ya riga shi. A karatun baƙaƙen Larabci akwai na Hausa akwai na Fulani akwai na Kanuri akwai na Yoruba akwai na Adarawa akwai na Kyangyanci akwai na Zarma (Zabarmawa) ga su nan dai.

Muhallin Hausa a Tsare-tsaren Harshen Karatun Boko

Harshen Hausa ba ya da wata matsala a fuskantar kiran da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta yi na mayar da boko cikin harshen uwa.Abubuwan da za mu duba a nan su ne:

1.      Tun fil azal da Hausa ake karatun addini a ƙasar Hausa.

2.      Addinin Musulunci da Larabci ya zo aka Hausantar da shi.

3.      An gina rubutun Ajami ya riga ya bunƙasa cikin harshen Hausa.

4.      An fassara littattafai masu tsarki Injila da Alƙur’ani cikin Hausa fiye da ƙarni ɗaya (shekara ɗari).

5.      Fitattun littattafan addinin Musulunci an fassara su cikin Ajamin Hausa.

6.      An yi ayyukan addinin Mishon da yawa cikin Ajamin Hausa.

7.      A wannan ƙarni babu harshen da ya kai Hausa ayyukan fassara na fannoni daban-daban cikin harsunan Afirka ɗari bakwai (700).

 Kafin zuwan Larabci Hausa ta yi nisa wajen goyon wasu ƙananan harsuna da yin tasiri cikinsu, da yin maraba da ita, ba tare da faɗa ba. Wannan wata dama ce ta nuna za su fi yarda da miƙa wuya ga Hausa fiye ga sauran harsunan da ba ita ba. Idan aka ba wa Hausa dama a Arewa ba ƙaramin ci gaba za a yi ba, domin ta riga ta fara hanya an rage zango sosai.

Karatun Boko

 A cikin karatun Boko Hausa ta fi sauƙin a je da ita a dawo da ita ba tare da matsala ba. Abin da ya kyautu mu ɗan ce a nan shi ne:

1.      Tun bayyanar boko a Arewa fiye da ƙarni ɗaya ta samar da harufan Karatun Boko.

2.      Da aka kafa makarantun boko da Hausa ake koyar da magabatanmu tun a aji 1-4 sai a aji 5-7 ake saka ƙaƙale (Ingilishi).

3.      Maakarantunmu na gaba da firamare suna Hausa, suna da malaman Hausa, masu ilmin Hausa da koyara da ita.

4.      A makarantun gaba da sakandare ana yin karatun Hausa a Diploma da NCE.

5.      A jami’o’inmu ana karatun Hausa a B.A, B.A (ed), M.A, M.A (ed), PGD, da Ph.D. Sin wau ra takurin boko ke nan.

6.      Yau a shekarar (2023) muna da fiye da Farfesa ɗari (100) a fannin Hausa a duniya, wanda babu harshen da ke da rabinsu daga cikin harsunan Nijeriya (525). Tirƙashi! Ashe girma ya kawo tsoro ya ɗebe.

7.      A fagen fassara tuni Jami’ar Bayero, Kano ta fara fassara littattafan kimiyya zuwa Hausa a matsayin somin taɓi. To! Daɗa ga fili ga mai doki.

Yawan Ƙasa da Jama’a a Arewa

Masu kirdado sun tabbatar da akwai kimanin mutane miliyan (80) masu magana da harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen gado ko harshe na biyu. a ɗan nawa bincike in an ce da “harshe na biyu (L2) to, Hausa za ta haura miliyan ɗari (100) domin ko a daulolin Borno, Nupe, Yoruba, da Fulani za a taras kamar daulolin ƙasar Hausa ne, saboda hatta da sarakunasu da Hausa suke amfani, wasu da Hausa ake yi musu waƙoƙi; kuma akwai kafafen yaɗa labaran Hausa a daulolin. Idan za mu fasalta Hausa bisa ga daulolin da ta kafa da waɗanda take sarauta, za mu ga dauloli kamar haka:

 

	Daula	Karin Harshe	Cibiya
1.	Kano	Kananci	Kano
2.	Katsina	Katsinanci	Katsina
3.	Gobir	Gobiranci/Sakkwatanci	Sabon Birni
4.	Zamfara	Zamfarci	Anka/Gusau
5.	Kabi	Kabanci	BirninKabi/Argungu
6.	Zazzau	Zazzaganci	Zariya
7.	Maraɗi	Maraɗanci/Arabci	Maraɗi
8.	Damagaran	Damagaranci/Arabci/Maraɗanci	Zindar

 

Babu wata ƙabila ko al’umma daga cikin al’umman Nijeriya da ke da yawan tsofaffin dauloli da suka kafa ƙarfafan gwamnati irin daulolin ƙasar Huasa. Abin ban sha’awa duk harshe ɗaya ake amfani da shi, sai dai karin harshe ya ɗan bambanta ko shi kuwa kowa na fahimtar abin da kowa ke faɗa. Bisa ga ƙiyasi kusan kashi 80% na Arewacin Nijeriya da kashi 50% na Jamhuriyar Nijar, Hausa ce babban harshe. Ashe ba ta wuri a tsarin koyar da karatun boko a Nijeriya ta Arewa da ɓangaren Nijar bisa ƙa’ida yake.

Tasirin Hausa ga Sauran Harsunan Nijeriya

 An ce a ko’ina Bahaushe ya je da harshensa yake yawo. Idan ya yi kaka gida a wuri sai dai a koyi harshensa ba dai ya koyi na wasu ba. A wata riwayar ‘yan kasuwar Legas da Ibadan da Aba, sun ce, Hausawa ba koyon harshen suke yi ba, daga sarɓa-sarɓa har su ƙware. Su kuwa ‘yan ƙasa sai dai su zo su koya a wajensu. Akwai ɓurɓushin son kai ga wannan hasashe, na kawo shi domin a tattauna. Ɗan abin duba a nan shi ne, za a ga harshen Hausa ya yi naso sosai cikin harsunan Nijeriya da yawa.

                    i.            Duba cikin Yarbanci hatta da mawaƙinsu Olushola sai da ya sa Hausa cikin waƙar ta’aziyyar Janar Murtala Ramat Muhammad.

                  ii.            Dubi Fulani masu wasan shaɗi. Shaɗi gadonsu ne, amma babu mawaƙan shaɗi Bafulatani dole da Hausa ake yi musu kiɗa da Hausa suke kirari.

               iii.            Dakarkari da Farfesa Mahdi Adamu ke ganin asalinsu Hausawa ne suka rikiɗa saboda nisa da ƙasar Hausa suka tsiri nasu harshe. A waƙe-waƙensu har na jana’iza za a ga suna Hausa: “Zai shiga rami, babu gardama” rugudum! Rugudum! A cashe da kiɗa.

               iv.            Lokacin da Bukar Suka Dimka suka shirya wa Janar Babangida juyin mulki, sun fi goma ‘yan kudancin Zariya, kowannnensu da harshensa daban. Dole da Hausa suka dinga maganganunsu har sai Dimka ya ce: “Kai amma dai Hausawa sun cuce mu, hatta da harshenmu sun cinye.” Don haka ya fitar da tushen Hausa daga Nijeriya, Sakkwato ya ce: “Su koma Nijar”.

Raba Gardama

 Ga ɗan binciken da ya gabata masu ɗari-ɗarin ganin wai, ‘yan bambance-bambancen karuruwan karin harshenmu da cunkoson harsunanmu za su zama mana tarnaƙi ga saka harshenmu na gado ga karatun bokonmu su sake lale. Idan za mu waiwayi tsarin harsunanmu na duniya (7,500) za mu ga:

1.      Harshen Mandarin (Patonghua) shi ne na ɗaya a duniya da yawan muatne biliyan ɗaya da miliyan ɗari huɗu (1.4 billion) masu magana da shi. A cikin “Sin” China akwai harsuna ɗari uku da biyu (302) Mandira ke da kashi 70% ya rinjayi harsunan Vue, Xiang, Min, Gan, Wu Kajia da Hakka. Don cigaban ƙasa kowa ya bai wa Mandari goyon baya, yau (2023) sun kasance harshe na ɗaya a duniyar mutane.

2.      Idan za mu koma ga Ingilishi da ya mamaye mu, ya mayar da mu ƙauyawa tushensa ya karkasu zuwa kashi huɗu:

                                i.            Kentish in the South East.

                              ii.            West saxon in the South West.

                           iii.            Mercian Midland territories of Mercia.

                           iv.            Northumbrain North.

Ingilishi yana da kare-karen harshe (160) a cikin UK kawai akwai karin harshe (40) wanda ke da bambancin furuci, da rubutu, da ginin kalmomi. Turancin Amerika kaɗai yana da mutane miliyan ɗari biyu da ashirin da biyar (225 million), tattare da bambancin Ingilishi na Canada, Australia, Newzeland, South Africa, da India. Waɗannan abubuwa sun isa su kasance misalai ga masu ganin wai akwai matsalar karin harshe ko wani bambancin harshe a cikinmu. Yaya aka yi tattare da waɗannan bambance-bambance suka manta da su, suka zo suka mamaye mu, suka tilasta harshensu a kanmu?

Gurbin Harshen Uwa ga Karɓar Karatu da Bayar da Karatu

 Babbar manufar bai wa harshen uwa damar maye gurbin harsunan ‘yan mulkin mallaka da suka mamaye mu ba girma da arziki shi ne farko mu tabbatar da ‘yanci1n kawunanmu. Wanda duk ba a damu da amfani da harshensa na gado ba, yana na a matsayin bauta komai talalar da aka yi masa da sunan ‘yanci. Tilasta wa mai koyo ko mai koyarwa amfani da wani harshe wanda ba na mai bayar da karatu ba, ba na mai koyon karatun ba, wani tarnaƙi ne babba cikin ilmin koyarwa. Masana sun ce:

 Ingilishi:

 

Mother tongue is a language which a child starts learning after being born and thus it also helps in providing a definate shape by our emotions and thoughts. Learning in the mother tongue also in crutial is enhencing other skills such as critical thinking, skills to learn a second language and literacy skills.

 

Fassara:

 

Harshen gado shi ne harshen da yaro ya faro koyon wasu abubuwa da haihuwarsa. Babu wai, shi zai taimaka wajen daidaita tunaninmu da ƙudurce-ƙudurcen da muke ɗokin aiwatarwa. Tabbas! Koyo da koyarwa cikin harsunanmu na gado zai taimaka wajen agaza wa ƙoƙarinmu da wasa tunaninmu, da kuma himmar koyon harshen da ba na gado ba, da iya sarrafa shi wajen yaƙi da jahilci.

 

Idan ba da harshen gado ake koyar da yaro ba, harsunan biyu yake koyo, amma cikin tunanin harshe ɗaya (na gado). Dole tunani da basira su ragu domin bincike ya tabbatar da cewa:

Ingilishi:

 

Education in the mother tongue is a key factor for inclusion and quality learning, and it also improves learning outcomes and academic performance.This is crutial especially in primary school to avoid knowledge gap and comprehension. www.Unesco.org>article>

 

Fassara:

 

Koyarwar ilmi cikin harshen gado, wani babban makami ne na, inganta ilmi ga zukatan masu koyo. Haka kuma za a samu sakamakon koyarwa ta kasance mai kyau har masu koyo su kasance haziƙai ga darussan da suke koyo karatunsu ya kasance nagartacce. Amfani da harshen gado muhimmi ne ƙwarai musamman a makarantun Firamare domin a kasance koyaushe ana tare da yara cikin darusan da ake koyar da su, sai tazarar rashin fahimta ta taƙaita.

 

Wannan tunanin UNESCO ta fitar da shi bayan da ta yi bincike mai zurfi a ƙasashen da ake koyarwa da harshen gado da waɗanda ake koyarwa cikin harshen da ba na gadonsu ba. Ashe tuni ma’ilmantan duniya sun hango matsayin harsunan gado a farfajiyar karatun boko. Me ya rage ga Nijeriya ta Arewa, in ba aiwatarwa ba?

Ƙololuwar Tunanin Boko

A ko’ina karatun boko ya yanke cibi musamman ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Ingila abubuwa uku ne duwatsun murhun ɗagwaro tukunyar tuƙa tuwon boko da miyarsa. Abu na farko shi ne, a tabbatar da “Harshen Ingilishi” ne limami. Duk wani harshe haramun ne a zurfafa ilmin da za a biya albashi da shi in ba nasu ba. Duk mai hankali ya san ba da ba ilmi ne kan gaban tsarinsu ba, illa tabbatar da al’adu da addinan Birtaniya cikin zukatan ƙasashen da ta yi wa ƙwacen mulki da su tabbata Turawa so da ƙi. Ba don matsalar bayar da ilmi da karɓarsa da “Ingilishi” ba, da ba a san iyakacin cigaban da ƙasashen mallakar Birtaniya suka kai ba.

 Sauran duwatsun girka dahuwar boko su ne, lissafi (mathematics) , Physics (Fisika), Chemistry (Maganaɗiso), da Biology (Ilmin Halittu). Ɗan abin da za a lura, a duniyar mutane waɗanda suka ƙago waɗannan fannoni da waɗanda suka yi zara a ciki a duniyar wannan ƙarni (2023) ba da baƙon harshe suka yi nasarar fice ba da harshensu na gado ne. Fitaccen masanin lissafi a ƙarni na 21st Grigori Perelman (Haihuwa, 13 June,1966) Rasanci ne harshen gadonsa, da shi ya yi karatu. A ilmin Physics (Fisika) a duniya fitaccen masani shi ne, Albert Einstein, Bajamushe ne, da Jamusanci ya yi karatu. A fannin ilmin Chemistry (Maganaɗiso) ƙasashe biyar da suke jagorantar duniyar (2023) su ne: Germany, Ireland, Uk, USA, Australia, da China. Kowannensu da harshensa na gado ake bayar da ilmin boko a dukkanin makarantunsu.

Matakan Cigaba

 Ba mu da wani mataki da ya zarce faɗar Bahaushe cewa wuyar aiki ba a fara ba. Tun tuni mun fara aka zo aka daina, yau mun ga dole uwar na ƙi babu makawa sai mun sake bitar karatunmu. Daga cikin ayyukan da ke kanmu su ne:

1.      Kafa ƙaƙƙarfan kwamitin amintattu masu kishi su ba da shawarorin yadda za a tunkari aikin da ke gabanmu.

2.      Na biyu, dole tunanin kafa wani gawutaccen kwamitin masana na fannoni daban-daban kan yadda za a tunkari fassara ba dare ba rana.

3.      Na uku, dole tunanin yadda za a samar da da ƙwararru daga cikinmu waɗanda masana na fannoni daban-daban da za su bayar da gudunmuwa.

4.      Na huɗu, haɗa kan masana Hausa wuri ɗaya a ba gabaci haƙƙinsa mu yarda gaba da gabanta mu sa magabatanmu gaba a yi aiki tare domin a gudu tare a tsira tare. Mu daidaitu a kan ƙa’idojin rubutu, da wallafe-wallafenmu, da sauran ayyuka mu kasance tsintsiya maɗaurinki ɗaya.

Sakamakon Bincike

 Haƙiƙa tunanin Gwamnatin Tarayya ya kasance a kira shi, faɗuwa ta yi daidai da zama. Wannan bincike ya hango daga cikin yawan mutane biliyan (7) da ke cikin duniya, masu magana da harsuna (7,500) a cikin ƙasashen duniya 195, Nijeriya ke da mutane fiye da miliyan ɗari biyu (200,000 000) tana da jihohi (36) masu harsuna (525). Daga cikin adadin harsunan duniya Hausa ita ce ta (11) don haka a Afirka ko duniyar baƙar fata ita ce ta ɗaya. A Nijeriya ita kaɗai ne al’umma mai dauloli (6) babu kwatankwacinta. Ita ke da tsayayyen rubutu da karɓuwa a farfajiyar boko, mai Farfesoshi fiye da ɗari (100) a fannonin karatu daban-daban. A kan wannan, bincikena na ganin ya kamata a ce, dukkanin daulolin ƙasar Hausa da jihohin da ke ƙarƙashinsu su mayar da Hausa harshen karatun bokon yaransu gaba ɗaya. A halin yanzu akwai jami’o’in tarayya goma sha biyu (12) da ke ba da digiri a fannin karatun Hausa. Na yarda da Makaɗa Sani Sabulu na Kanoma a faɗarsa da ke cewa:

 : Ko ba magana a zura ido,

 : Ta ishi mai hankali.

Kammalawa

 Babu ƙasar da ta cigaba da harshen wasu ba nata ba. Mu sa lura mu ga ƙasashen (G.7) masu arzikin man fetur a duniya babu ƙasar da ba da harshenta take amfani ba. Ƙasashen da ke da saukakkin addinai daga Allah, babu ƙasar da ba da harshenta take amfani ba. Ƙasashen da ke da makamai masu linzami duk da harsunansu suke amfani. Ƙasashen da suka fi kowace ƙasa kuɗaɗe masu ƙarfi da duniya ke ji da su, duk harsunansu na gado suke s amfani da su. Ashe dai, ƙasashen da aka mamaye harsunansu aka hana musu amfani da su, ba su da komai sai tsiya da maguɗi da tashintashina. Allah Ya tsare mu, Ya tsare wuyan raƙuminmu in ji Buzu da ya ga mai maƙoƙo.

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