Mazarƙwaila Da Maɗi A Mahangar Al’ada Da Zamani

Wannan nazari ya dubi yadda ake samar da mazarƙwaila da maɗi tare da amfaninta ga rayuwar al'umma.

 

Mazarƙwaila Da Maɗi A Mahangar Al’ada Da Zamani
Aliyu Rabi’u Ɗangulbi¹
Musa Abdullahi²
Isah Sarkin Fada³ 

^1,2&3Department of Languages and Cultures, Federal University, Gusau

Tsakure

Maƙasudin wannan bincike shi ne a fito da daɗaɗɗiyar sana’ar mazarƙwaila da maɗi a idon al’umma dangane da sauye-sauyen zamani da aka samu a cikin sana’ar. Haka kuma binciken ya taƙaita ne a garuruwan ‘Yanware da Hayin Alhaji a ƙaramar hukumar Tsafe. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da suka haɗa da ziyarar gani da ido a wuraren da ake gudanar da sana’ar da kuma tattaunawa da masu ruwa da tsaki a kan wannan sana’a. Har wa yau, binciken ya yi ƙoƙarin tattaro bayanai daga masana wannan fanni domin fito da ingantattun bayanai dangane da yadda ake sarrafa rake zuwa mazarƙwaila da maɗi, da kuma kasuwancinsu. Har wa yau an yi amfani da ayyukan magabata kama daga littattafai da maƙalu da kundayen bincike da suke da alaƙa da wannan bincike. Daga ƙarshe, binciken ya gano alfanu da illoli da suka jiɓinci wannan sana’a ta mazarƙwaila da maɗi.

Fitilun Kalmomi: Mazarƙwaila, Maɗi, Rake, Sana’a, Bahaushe

 

1.0 Gabatarwa

Bahaushe mutum ne mai basira da hikima wajen gudanar da harkokin rayuwar yau da kullum, wanda ya shafi tsarin shugabanci da kula da iyali da samar da abinci ga iyalansa da tufafi da sana’o’i iri daban- daban da magungunan gargajiya don waraka da sarrafa tsirrai da shuke-shuken da ke kewaye da shi domin bunƙasa zamantakewa cikin al’umma.

Noma na ɗaya daga cikin fitaccen sana’a da Bahaushe ya runguma hannu bibbiyu, don an ce “Noma tushen Arziki, Noma na duƙe tsohon ciniki, kowa ya zo duniya kai ya taras”. A cikin iri-iren noman da Bahaushe ke yi akwai noman rake, domin yana samar da kuɗin shiga da abinci da kayan sha da magunguna idan aka sarrafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban don cimma manufar da ake so a cimma.

Ana noman rake a yankin arewacin Najeriya sosai, inda mafi yawan manoman Hausawa ne da suke harkokin noma da safarar rakken da kuma sarrafa shi ta yadda zai amfanar da mutane.

Ana sarrafa rake ta hanyar tatse shi, a juya shi ya koma suga a gargajiyance wanda ake kira da suna mazarƙwaila da maɗi, kuma a yi amfani da shi wurin abinci da abin sha da kuma mahaɗi ta fannin huɗa wasu magunguna na gargajiya.

Daɗin-daɗewa, wannan aikin bincike ya ɗauki wani ɓangare ɗaya ne da ake irin wannan noman rake da sarrafa shi garin ‘Yanware da Hayin Alhaji a ƙaramar hukumar Tsafe da ke jihar Zamfara, sanin cewa ne taken jihar Zamfara shi ne “Noma shi ne abin alfaharinmu (Farming is our Pride).

Dubarun Bincike

A kowane irin aiki da za a gudanar ana samun dubaru da hanyoyi da ake bi domin samun nasarar aiwatar da shi. Saboda haka, an bi hanyoyi daban-daban domin ganin kwalliya ta biya kuɗin sabulu dangane da wannan bincike. Bisa ga haka, an yi tattaki zuwa garin ‘Yanware da Hayin Alhaji inda ake aiwatar da sana’ar mazarƙwaila da maɗi. Haka kuma, an tattauna da masana a wannan fage domin fito da yadda ake yin mazarƙwaila da maɗi. Daga bisani, an fahimci yadda ake kasuwancin mazarƙwaila da maɗi da kuma yadda ake adana su tsawon lokaci ba su lalace ba.

Ma’anar Mazarƙwaila

Mazarƙwaila wani daskararren suga ne mai launin ƙasa- ƙasa da ake samu daga rake. Masana sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da ma’anar mazarƙwaila. Da farko, Hausawa suna kiransa da “Suga rawar doki” ta yin la’akari da yadda ake amfani da doki wajen tatse rake ga injin kafin a dafa shi ya zama mazarƙwaila. Wato ana ɗaura wa doki itace ko doguwar sanda a haɗa shi da injin sai a riƙa kora doki yana zagaya injin yayin da ake tura rake cikin injinin yana tatse rake. Da zamani ya canja, dawaki sun yi ƙaranci, sai akafara amfani da mashin wajen tatse raken.

 

“Mazarƙwaila wani suga ne mai launin ƙasa-ƙasa da ake samu daga rake” (Abraham: 1959:671). Shi ma a tasa ma’ana, Bergery (1934) ya bayyana cewa, “Mazarƙwaila wani abin zaƙi ne mai launin ƙasa-ƙasa da ake samu daga rake. Mazarƙwaila wani irin dunƙulallen abin zaƙi mai kifi digewa mai ƙasa-ƙasa wanda ake yi daga rake” (Kamusun Hausa (2006:344).

 

Duba da ra’ayoyin masana daban-daban dangane da kalmar mazarƙwaila, za mu iya cewa, mazarƙwaila wani abin sha ne mai zaƙi, mai launin ƙasaƙasa da ake samu daga rake.

 

Maɗi

Masana sun yi bayanai masu kama da juna, dangane da kalmar Maɗi. Kaɗan daga cikinsu, sun haɗa da:

“Maɗi (sn nj). Wani ruwa ne mai zaƙi da ake samu daga matsattsen ruwan ‘ya’yan itatuwa, musamman daga ‘ya’yan itatuwan Afrika. Misali iatacen ɗinya da rake” (Bergery: 1934:740). “Maɗi wani abin sha mai zaƙi da aka haɗa daga ruwan rake (takanɗa) ko kuma wasu itatuwa daban-daban (ɗiyan, kanya, ɗorawa)” (Kamusun Hausa: 2006:314).

 

Kayan Aikin Mazarƙwaila da Maɗi

Kowane abu aka yi nufin sarrafawa, to dole ne a sami kayan da za a yi amfani da su kafin a samar da shi, saboda haka, mazarƙwaila da maɗi su da kayayyakin da ake amfani wajen samar da su, Kayayyakin sun haɗa da:

Rake

a.       Injimin matse rake

b.      Durom/wurin tara ruwan rake

c.       Murhun dafa ruwan rake

d.      Jarkokin kwashe ruwan rake

e.       Makamashin dafa ruwan rake

f.        Matsamin karfe na tace ruwan rake

g.       Muciyar tuƙa ruwan rake

h.      Kwatarnin zuba mazarƙwaila da maɗi

i.        Ƙwaryar ɗebo dafaffe ruwan rake

j.        Ludayin auna mazarƙwaila

k.      Tasoshin zuba mazarƙwaila

l.        Garewanin ko galuluwan zuba maɗi

m.    Kwalayen adana mazarƙwaila

 

Waɗannan abubuwa da aka lissafto su ne kayayyakin da ake amfani da su wajen aikin mazarƙwaila da maɗi.

Yadda ake yin Mazarƙwaila da Maɗi

Akan bi matakai daban-daban kafin a samar da mazarƙwaila da maɗi, daga rake. Matakan kuwa su ne:

Samar da Rake

Rake ita ce mataki na farko da ake buƙata a sarrafa ta kafin a samar da mazarƙwaila da maɗi, wato za a sami gonar rake wadda aka noma domin yin mazarƙwaila. Idan raken ta nuna/ ƙosa, za a cigaba da sara ana tara ta wurin injimin matsar rake kafin a matse ta ta koma ruwa.

2. Hoton Gonar Rake

Injimin Matsar Rake

Injimin matsar rake wani ƙarfe ne da Bature ya ƙera musamman domin matse rake ta koma ruwa. Ana kafa wannan injimin a keɓɓen wuri cikin gona ko gefen gonar rake domin matse raken da za a yi amfani da ita don samar da mazarƙwaila da maɗi.

3. Hoton Injinin Matse Rake

Doki ko Mashin

Ana amfani da doki wajen juya injimin matsar rake. Akan sami mutane biyu su kula da matsar rake, ɗaya ya riƙa kora doki yana zagaya injin, ɗaya kuma ya riƙa tura rake cikin injin tana matsewa.

A wannan lokaci da dawaki suka yi ƙaranci, sai aka ɓullo da dabarar yin amfani da mashin na hawa ana ɗora itace ga kariyar mashin, ana zagayawa, shi kuwa ɗaya na tura rake cikin injin tana matsewa, ruwan na zuba ga abin da aka tanada don tara ruwan.

4. Hoton Dawaki

Wurin Tara Matsattsun Ruwan Rake

A lokacin da ake kora doki yana zagaya, an tanadi wuri na musamman da matsattsun ruwan raken yake taruwa kafin a kwashe shi a kai ga murhun dafuwa. Wasu wurare akan yi amfani da faffaffen durum domin tara ruwan rake da aka matse. A wasu wurare kuma ana yin amfani da fafaffun jarkokin domin tara ruwan rake da aka matse.

5. Hoton wurin tara matsattsun ruwan Rake

Abin Kwashe Ruwan Rake

Ana amfani da abubuwa biyu wajen kwashe ruwan rake daga injin zuwa ga madafa. Na farko, ana amfani da jarkokin roba da ba a fafe ba, na biyu kuma ana amfani da ƙaramin kwano ko ƙwarya wadda za a riƙa kwashe ruwan rake ana zubawa ciki ana kaiwa ga murhun dafuwa. Mafi yawan wurare musamman a garin ‘Yanware da Hauin Alhaji a ƙaramar hukumar Tsafe suna cika jarka uku ko huɗu da matsattsen ruwan rake kafin su ɗauke su, su kai ga murhun dafuwa.

6. Hoton Abin Kwashe Ruwan Raken

Murhun Dafa Ruwan Rake

Murhu wani rame ne da ake ginawa domin a fura wutar dafa abinci. Murhu ko abin ɗora tukunyar dafa abinci da ake yi da duwatsu ko fasassun tukwane guda uku, ko kuma wanda aka yi da garwa. Bayan an tona rame, akan yi masa gini daga sama don kange shi daga iska mai jaye zafin wuta. Irin wannan murhu na dafuwar ruwan rake, akan kafa durom (ɓari) ne a lika shi da uwar murhu da za a riƙa zuba ruwan rake a ciki. Daga bisani a fura wuta tana dafa ruwan har su yi kaurin da za a sarrafa mazarƙwaila da su.

7. Hoton Murhu

Matsamin Ƙarfe

Matsamin ƙarfe, amfaninsa shi ne a riƙa juya ruwan rake da kuma tace ƙazantar da take tasowa daga tafasassun ruwan rake. Za a cigaba da yin haka har ruwan su yi kauri a ƙarkashin kulawar wani masanin aikin.

 

8. Hoton Matsami 

Muciya

Muciya ita ce wani itace ko wani abu da ake tuƙa tuwo ko baba (marina) ko alewa da shi. Ana amfani da muciya wajen juya ruwan rake da aka dafa a murhu har su yi kauri.

 

9. Hoton Muciya

Ƙwarya

Ƙwarya wani mazubi ne da ake samu bayan an kafa duma. Ana amfani da ita wajen kwaso dafaffen ruwan rake daga murhu zuwa ga kwatarnin tuka mazarƙwaila.

10. Hoton ƙwarya

Kwatarni

Kwatarni wani ƙaton makai/wani abu mai faɗi da ake yi da ƙasa domin zuba ruwa, musamman don wankan jego. Ana amfani da kwatarni domin a zuba ruwan rake inda za a cigaba da juyawa/tuƙawa har ya koma mazarƙwaila ko maɗi.

11. Hoton kwatarni 

Ludayi da Tasoshi

Ludayi wani duma mai dogon mariƙi da ake fafewa a yi maɗebin miya ko abin shan ruwa da shi. Ana amfani da ludayi wajen auna tuƙaƙƙen mazarƙwaila, ana zubawa ga tasoshi. Tasoshi masu ƙananan mazubai ne da ake mulmula mazarƙwaila cikin su.

12. Hoton Ludayi da Tasoshi

Garwa/Galon

Garuwa/Garewani wato mazubi ce da ake zuba maɗi idan aka sarrafa shi. Wasu na zuba shi ga garuwa ada, a yanzu kuwa ana sa shi jarkoki.

13. Hoton Jarkoki

Kwalaye

Kwalaye wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi wajen adana mazarƙwaila kafin a kai kasuwa. Ana amfani da kwalaye don adana mazarƙwaila har ta yi tsada ko kuma a yi safarar ta zuwa wasu ƙasashe/garuruwa.

14. Hoton Kwalaye

Amfanin Mazarƙwaila da Maɗi

Kowane abin sha da ake amfani da shi domin samun gamsarwa da wartsakewa, to yana da nashi amfani da kuma akasin haka. Saboda haka, mazarƙwaila da maɗi suna da amfani ƙwarai ga masu amfani da su:

 

Mazarƙwaila da maɗi ana amfani da su a matsayin sanadarin haɗa magunguna, musamman abin da ya shafi sha’anin mata. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da mazarƙwaila a matsayin sanadarin haɗa maganin kuzari ga mata da maza.

 

Masana kiwon lafiya, sun tabbatar da mazarƙwaila da maɗi na taimakawa wajen wanke ƙoda. Wannan dalili ne ya sa da yawa masu fama da wannan cuta na amfani da mazarƙwaila da maɗi lokaci-lokaci (Dr. Tukur Mohammad (7/1/2022).

 

Mazarƙwaila da maɗi na ƙara bunƙasa tattalin arziki yankin da ake yinta, da ma ƙaramar hukuma da jiha baki ɗaya. Saboda hukuma na samun kuɗin shiga ta hanyar karɓar haraji ga masu aiwatar da wannan sana’a.

 

Haka kuma, mazarƙwaila da maɗi na da amfani kwarai, domin suna rage zaman banza ga matasa da magidanta. Hakazalika, tana rage raɗaɗin talauci ga masu yin su.

 

Kasuwancin Mazarƙwaila da Maɗi

Kamar yadda ake kasuwancin ababe da dama a ‘Yanware da Hayin Alhaji, su ma mazarƙwaila da maɗi akan yi kasuwancin su. Masu sayen mazarƙwaila/’yan kasuwa kan zo a bagiren da ake aiwatar da mazarƙwaila da maɗi su saye. Waɗannan ‘yan kasuwa kan saye da dama, a yayin da za a cika kwalaye a ɗaure domin kai ta wurare masu nisa. Wasu kuwa, kan saya domin kai wa ga garuruwa maƙwabta, sai su rarraba ga ƙananan ‘yan kasuwa. Shi kuwa maɗi akan zuba shi ne ga jarkoki ko galam-galam ana sayar wa a kasuwa.

 

Masu wannan sana’a ta mazarƙwaila da maɗi sun tabbatar da cewa, ba a Zamfara ba, kai harma da jihohin Arewacin Nijeriya ana kai mazarƙwaila da maɗi. Bincike ya tabbatar da ana kai mazarƙwaila a ƙasashe maƙwabta, domin sayarwa. Waɗannan ƙasashe kuwa sun haɗa da; Nigar da Ghana, da Togo, da Benin da Sudan da Saudi Arabiya. Saboda haka, kasuwancin mazarƙwaila da maɗi abu ne mai muhimmanci da kuma alfanu ga masu yin sa.

 

Sakamakon Bincike

Kasancewar Hausawa masu riƙo ne da al’ada da samarwa kai abin yi, yasa tun azal Hausawa suke da sana’ar noma. Daga ciki akwai noman rake da aka samo daga ƙasar Brazil. An fahimci cewa, ana iya sarrafa rake zuwa mazarƙwaila da maɗi. Bincike ya gano cewa, mazarƙwaila da maɗi na samar da abin yi kamar yadda ta samar wa mutane da dama a ‘Yanware da Hayin Alhaji.Daga cikin alfanun mazarƙwaila da maɗi ga al’umma, akwai samar da abin sha (juice) domin tariyar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa, mazarƙwaila da maɗi na maganin cututtuka da dama kama da rage raɗaɗin ciwon ƙoda da ƙara kuzari da sauran su. Haka kuma, ana amfani da mazarƙwaila da maɗi a matsayin sanadarin haɗa magunguna.

A hannu ɗaya, sana’ar na tattare da illoli, kama daga gurɓatar yanayin muhalli da haifar da illa ga masu ciwon fuka. Haka kuma, sana’ar na haifar da naƙasu ga dabbobi (dawaki) da ake amfani da su wajen tatse rake, lokuta da dama, idan ƙarfinsu ya ƙare akn aje su a canja wasu.

 

Daga ƙarshe, bincike ya gano cewa kasuwancin mazarƙwaila da maɗi, ba a nan gida Nijeriya ba ya kai har ƙasashen waje. Saboda haka, mazarƙwaila da maɗi, abubuwa ne masu matuƙar amfani da samar da abin yi da kuma haɓaka tattalin arzikin yanki, ƙaramar hukuma da ma jiha baki ɗaya.

 

Shawarwari

Akwai buƙatar gwamnati ta shigo wannan harkar, domin inganta, ta kasance tana tafe da zamani, ta hanyar ba da bashin kuɗaɗe ga masu sarrafa ta da kuma masu kasuwancin ta. A ɓangare guda kuwa, ya kamata a ringa shiraruwa ga gidajen rediyo da talabijin domin jawo hankalin manoma rake da su riƙa sarrafa ta zuwa mazarƙwaila da maɗi.

Kasancewar mazarƙwaila ana iya adana ta tsawon lokaci ba tare da ta lalace ba, akwai buƙatar a rinƙa fayyacewa masu safarar ta yadda ya kamata a tanada ta ba tare da ta lalace ba. Sannan akwai buƙuatar manazarta da su yi rubuce-rubuce akan mazarƙwaila da maɗi da nuna amfaninta domin karantawa ga masu buƙata. Manyan manoma su rinƙa taimakawa ƙanana ta hanyar ba su bashi domin faɗaɗa noman rake da kuma sarrafa ta zuwa mazarƙwaila da maɗi a yankin ‘Yanware da Hayin Alhaji karamar hukumar Tsafe, jihar Zamfara.

Kammalawa

A wannan bincike mai taken “Mazarƙwaila da maɗi a ‘Yanware da Hayin Alhaji” an tattauna muhimman ababe kama daga: Ma’anar Mazarƙwaila da maɗi daga masana daban-daban. Haka kuma an kawo kayayyakin da ake yin mazarƙwaila da maɗi da kuma yadda ake yin su. Binciken ya yi ƙoƙarin fito da amfanin mazarƙwaila da maɗi da kuma kasuwancin ta. Hakazalika, an kawo shawarwari da ya kamata a bi domin inganta wannan sana’a. Daga ƙarshe, an fito da sakamakon bincike.

Manazarta

Abraham, R.C (1989). Hausa English Dictionary. Zaria, Nigeria Ahmadu Bello Press Limited.

Bargery, G.P (1934), A Hausa English Dictionary and English Hausa Dictionary. London Oɗford University Press.

CNHN, (2006), Ƙamushin Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero Kano. Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya.

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