Kalmomin da Suke Iya Zuwa a Yankin Suna a Tsarin Jumlolin Hausa

 … ya ƙunshi nazarin rukunin kalmomin da suke iya zuwa a ɓangaren yankin suna a tsarin jumlar Hausa. A taƙaice…

Kalmomin da Suke Iya Zuwa a Yankin Suna a Tsarin Jumlolin Hausa

Hafsat Muhammad

Tsakure

          A cikin wannan bincike an yi ƙoƙarin nazarin kalmomin da suke iya zuwa a yankin suna kaɗai. Domin kamar yadda masana suke cewa “kowanne jumla a Hausa ta ƙunshi manyan ɓangarori guda biyu”, wato yankin suna (noun phrase) da kuma yankin aiki (verb phrase).

          Manufa: Tsamo kalmomin da suke iya zuwa a yankin suna. Maƙasudin yin wannan bincike shi ne domin gane wasu irin rukunin kalmomi ne suke iya zuwa a wannan yanki na suna.

Dalilin Bincike

          Ɗalibai sun yi rubuce-rubuce da dama a kan nazarin ginin jimla a Hausa ta fuskoki daban-daban amma ni har yanzu ban ci karo da wani bincike irin wannan ba.

          Kasancewar duk wani aiki da ɗan Adam ya ƙudiri aniyar aiwatar da shi akwai dalili. Don haka a nan an ƙudiri aniyar gudanar da wannan binciken ne domin sanin iyakar kalmomin da ake amfani da su a yankin suna a tsarin jimlar Husa.

Muhimmancin Bincike

          Wannan bincike zai ƙara zaburar da manazarta harshe musamman a ɓangaren nazarin ginin jumla (syntax) wannan aiki zai samar da ƙarin takardun nazari ga manazarta a harshen Hausa a matakan karatu mabmabnta. Za a yi nazarin kalmomin ne zalla. Sannan wannan aiki ya zama ƙalubale ga manazarta harshen Hausa wajen zurfafa bincike a wannan fage.

Shimfiɗa

          Wannan nazari da aka aiwatar ya ƙunshi nazarin rukunin kalmomin da suke iya zuwa a ɓangaren yankin suna a tsarin jumlar Hausa. A taƙaice ga jerin abubuwan da wannan aiki ya yi magana a kansu kamar haka:

·        Ma’anar nazarin ginin jumla

·        Ma’anar jumla a Hausa

·        Sassan jumla

·        Goshi (pre-head)

·        Kai (head)

·        Jela/ƙeya (post-head)

·        Ɗora waɗannan sassa a li’irabin Hausa

·        Jawabin kammalawa

Ma’anar Nazarin Ginin Jumla (Syntax)

          Masana da dama sun bayyana ma’anar nazarin ginin jumla. Kaɗan aga cikin waɗannan masana sun haɗa da: Matthew (1997), ‘Yar-aduwa (2008), Yule (1985) & sally (1995), d.s.

          ‘Yar-aduwa (2008), inda ya bayyana ma’anar da cewa “fanni ne na nazarin da ake nazartar dangantakar kalma da wani rukuni a cikin jumla a tsarin nahawu, wanda kuma ya bambanta da nazarin ginin kalma (morphology), har ma ya ba da misali da wannan yankin jumla “waɗannan littafin” wanda ya ce dangantakar waɗannan kalmomi za a bayyana su ne a nazarin wannan fanni na ginin jumla.

          Yule (1985) ya bayyana ma’anar nazarin ginin jumla (syntax) da cewa asalin kalmar ararriya ce daga Girkanci wadda ke da ma’anar “tsarawa” ya ƙara da cewa tana nufin jerantawa ko tsara kalmomi a cikin jumla cikin kyakkyawar tsari.

          Sally (1995) ya bayyana ginin jumla da cewa “hanya ce da akan tsara kalmomi ko yankin jumloli a gina jumla a harshe”.

          Don haka, nazarin ginin jumla watau (syntax) fanni ne daga cikin fannonin nahawu wanda ya jiɓanci nazarin ginin jumla a dubata a ga irin abubuwan da suka haɗa ta, a kuma yi filla-filla da su a feɗe jumlar a ware duk kayan cikinta, a ware ta daga jikin fata, a ware ƙashi da tsoka nata. Tsarin kalmomi a jumla yakan bambanta daga wani harshe zuwa wani. Misali a harshen Ingilishi jumla na da siga kamar haka: subject -> verb -> object, wato aikau-aiki-karɓau.

“The dog bite the man”

          S       Ɓ       O

 

          Haka kuma a jumlar Hausa tsarin ɗaya ne da na Ingilishi.

M.s. Musa ya ci abinci

            Aikau  aiki    karɓau

Ma’anar Jumla

          Jumla ita ce jera kalmomi a cikin magana mai ma’ana. Jumla a Hausa kalma ce da ke nufin yadda ake tsara kalmomin Hausa cikin wata ƙira mai ma’ana tare da bin ƙa’ida, domin bayar da ma’ana wajen yin magana.

          Haka kuma a iya bayyana ma’anar jumla da cewa: Jumla ita ce tarin kalmomi masu bada ma’ana a nahawu; haɗa kalmomi domin su bada ma’ana cikakkiya, da kuma cikakken zance mai ma’ana. Jumla jeri ne na kalmomi na harshe da kan ƙuƙƙullu da junansu cikin wani shiryayyen tsari mai fitacciyar ma’ana domin isar da saƙo na musamman ga jama’a.

Sassa/Nau’o’in Jumla A Hausa

          Kowace jumla a Hausa tana ƙunshe da muhimman sassa ko ɓangarori guda biyu, waɗannan ɓangarorin su ne:

-         Yankin suna (noun phrase)

-         Yankin bayani (verb phrase)

Amma a wannan binciken za ta yi bayani ne kan yankin suna kaɗai.

Yankin Suna (Noun Phrase)

          Wani sashe ne na jumla wanda ke da matuƙar muhimmanci. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna yanki ne da ake samun suna da wasu kalmomi na nahawu a matsayin jigo na jumla. Za a iya raba yankin suna zuwa kashi uku, dangane da sigarsa. Su ne kamar haka:

i.                   Zagi/siffatau goshi (pre-head)

ii.                 Jigo/kai (head)

iii.              Jela/ƙeya (post-head)

Jigo/Kai (Head)

          Kashi na farko shi ne ake kira da “kai” (k²) ko jigon jumla, shi ne maƙasudin zance a jumla. Ma’ana, abin da jumlar ke magana a kai, wanda ya iya kasancewa wannan abin maganar ko maƙasudin zancen. A jumla wannan muhimmin ɓangare ne domin dole ne ya fito a yankin suna. Kalmomin da suke iya zuwa a matsayin kai sun haɗa da:

i.                   Suna

ii.                 Harɗaɗɗen suna

iii.              Wakilin suna

iv.               Sifa

Misalan kai a cikin yankin suna su ne kamar haka

-         Wata mata ce

-         ‘yar yarinya ce

-         Musa ne

-         Ita ce

-         Makullin ɗaki ya ɓace

-         Fari ne d.s.

Zagi/Goshi (pre-head)

          A yankin suna idan aka ce zagi wasu rukunonin kalmomi ne nahawu waɗanda ke zuwa gabannin jigo ko kai a jumla. Kalmomin da suke zuwa a matsayin zagi su ne kamar haka:

-         Siffa

-         Mafayyaci

-         Tsigalau

-         Nunau

-         Nasaba d.s.

A wannan yanki ana iya samun kalma guda ɗaya a matsayin zagi a cikin jumla. Misali:

-         Wani yaro ne

-         Dogo ne

-         ‘Yar yarinya ce

-         Wannan ne

-         Wani ɓaƙin yaro             d.s.

Har yanzu a wannan yanki ana iya samun kalmomi guda biyu su zo a matsayin zagi a cikin jumla. Misali:

-         Wani ɗan yaro ne

-         Wasu baƙaƙen yara ne

-         Wani ƙaramin mutum ne          d.s

Haka kuma ana iya samun kalmomi har guda uku a wannan yankin na zagi. Misali;

-         Wata ‘yar ƙaramar yarinya ce

-         Wani ƙaton farin bijimi ne                  d.s.

A taƙaice zagi a jumloli bai zama dole a jumla ba. Ma’ana zai iya zuwa ko rashin zuwa ba zai hana ma’anar jumla ta cika ba. Abin lura a wannan sashi zagi zai iya ɗaukan kalma guda ko biyu ko uku ko huɗu duk kafin kai a cikin jumla.

Jela/Ƙeya (post-head)

          Jela wasu rukunin kalmomi ne da suke rufa wa jigo baya, wato sukan zo ne bayan jigo a cikin jumla. Kalmomin da suke zuwa a matsayin jela sun haɗa da: siffa, madanganci, nunau gajere, gajeriya mallaka d.s. misali:

-         Yaron baƙi

-         Wani mutum dogo

-         Rigar ce

-         Daƙin nan ne

-         Dokina ne d.s.

Li’irabin Yankin Suna

          Li’irabi shi ne yadda tsarin dangantakar su take a cikin jumla ko abin da ya danganta jumla da jumla. Li’irabi shi ne kusan na biyu a wajen muhimmanci a nahawu. A taƙaice li’irabi shi ne fiɗan jumla. Bayan nan kuma li’irabi ya shafi datse jumla zuwa yanki-yanki akan yi ƙoƙarin nuna rukunan kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin jumla. Wannan ayyuka na nuna datse-datse da gwada danganatakar su da ire-irensu shi ne abin da ake kira da li’irabi.

1.     Wani yaro ne

J = YS + YA

YS = Sft¹ + k² + Sft³

Sft¹ = maf

Maf = wani

K² = sn

Sn = yaro

Sft³ = drk

Drk = ne

 

2.     Matarsa ce

J = Yk sn + Yk Ak

Yk sn = K² + Sft³

K² = Sn

Sn = Mata

Sft³ = mlk + drk

Mlk = gjr

Gjr = mhd + ls

Mhd = mc

Mc r

LS = -sa

Drk = ce

 

3.     Makullin ɗaki ne

 

4.     Musa ne

5.     Wani Wando ya naka ne

J = YS + YA

Ys = Sft¹ + K² + sft³

Sft¹ = maf

Maf = nmj

Nmj = tilo

Tilo = wani

K² = Sn

Sn = wando

Sft³ = srƙ byn + drk

Srƙ byn = brb + ya

Brb = ddt

Ddt = ya

Ys = mlk

Mlk = dgw

Dgw = naka

Drk = ne

 

Baya ga rukunin kalmomin da muka lissafo a baya dangane da waɗanda suke iya zuwa a yanki suna. Har yanzu ana samun wasu jumloli marassa aikatau irin su:

-         Jumla mai dirka

-         Jumla mai cikamako da dirka

-         Jumla mai wanzuwa

Misalan jumla mai dirka:

-         Littafi ne

-         Gida ne

 

Cikamako + Dirka

-         Ilimi ado ne

-         Mafarki ƙarya ne

 

Jumla mai wanzu

-         Ga wandonka

-         Ga wani koren ganye

 

Kammalawa

          A taƙaice wannan bincike da aka gabatar a kan nazarin kalmomi da suke iya zuwa a yankin suna a tsarin jumlar Hausa. Wannan takarda ta kawo ma’anar nazarin ginin jumla daga bakin masana daban-daban, sannan an kawo ma’anar jumla a Hausa, baya ga haka an kawo sassan jumla/ɓangarorinta. In da muka duba zagi/goshi, kai da kuma jela/ƙeya. Sannan kuma muka ɗauki wasu jumloli daga cikin waɗannan sassan muka ɗora su a bishiyar li’irabin Hausa.

 

Madogara

Tuntuɓi masu gudanarwa.