Tsarkure: Wanan maƙala mai suna “Salon Sarrafa Harshe A Waƙoƙin Shata” ta ƙunshi nazari ne a kan salon sarrafa Harshe da tubalansa, waɗanda Alhaji (Dr) Mamman Shata ya yi amfani da su domin ya isar da saƙonninsa cikin sauƙi da burgewa da kuma nuna zalaƙar harshe, ta yadda zai jawo hankalin duk mai sauraronsa tare da gamsar da shi da kuma nishaɗantar da shi a lokacin da yake sauraron waƙoƙinsa. Nazarin ya mayar da hankali ne musamman a kan ‘Muhimman Tubalin Salo’, guda ɗaya cikin bakwai waɗanda masana irin su Thrall da wasu (1960) da Ɗangambo (1981) da kuma Yahya (2001), suka lura da su. Wannan Muhimmin Tubalin Salo ya shafi ‘Mallakar Kalmomi’, inda za a nazarci zaɓen kalmomi, da sarrafa baƙin kalmomi na Ingilishi da na Larabci, da kuma Karin harshe. Muƙalar ta ɗauki wannan muhimmin tubali ne guda ɗaya don binciken ya auna wasu waƙoƙin Shata na Fada domin nazartar yadda mawaƙin ya sarrafa shi. Binciken ya kawo misalan yadda makaɗin ya yi amfani da wannan tubali wajen gina salon sarrafa harshensa. Binciken zai gudana ne a cikin waƙoƙin makaɗin guda huɗu na Fada waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙin Sarkin Daura Mahammadu Bashar guda biyu masu taken ‘’Mai Daura Bashar Ɗan Sanda”, da “Kwana lafiya mai Daura”. Sai waƙarsa ta Sarkin Zazzau Shehu, da kuma ta Malami Sarkin Sudan. An ɗora wannnan bincike ne a kan ra’in ƙawa (Eestethicism theory). Wanda ra’i ne da ya aminta da a nazarci kyau daga aikin fasaha ba tare da la’akari da tarbiya ko aƙida ko kuma dalilan siyasa ba.
Salon Sarrafa Harshe a Wasu Waƙoƙin Alh. (Dr) Mamman Shata
Rabiu Bashir
Deparment Of
Nigerian Languages And Lingustics,
Kaduna State
University
08035932193/08094378162
1.0 GABATARWA
Waƙar
baka wani fage ne mai zaman kansa da yake ƙunshe
da ɗimbin
hikima da basira tare da taskace tarihi da al’adu da adabin al’umma, duk kuwa
da sauyawar zamani. Hakan ya sa kullum ake samun sababbin rubuce-rubuce a ciki.
Idan ana maganar waƙar baka a ƙasar Hausa kuwa, tarihinta ba
zai cika ba, har sai an ambaci Alhaji (Dr.) Mamman Shata Katsina. An haifi
Alhaji Mamman Shata a gundumar Musawa ta cikin lardin Katsina a jihar Katsina
ta yanzu, kuma ainihin sunansa Muhammadu Lawal. Duk da ba za a iya tantance
ainihin shekarar da aka haife shi ba, saboda a daidai lokacin ba a yin rajistar
haihuwa, sai dai a yi la’akari da wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a wannan
lokacin, kamar na yunwa ko fari ko yaƙi,
amma ana ƙiyasta cewa
an haifi Mamman Shata a shekarar 1923, shekarar da ake wa laƙabi da ‘shekarar mutuwar shanu’
(Sheme, da wasu 2006, shf. 43). Asalin mahaifin Shata shi ne Ibrahim Yaro,
wanda Bafilatani ne, mai tarin arziki, kamar shanu da awaki da sauran dabbobin
kiwo, kuma da yana zaune ne a cikin daji kafin daga bisani ya yi ƙaura zuwa Musawa, kuma duk da
haka bai daina kiwo ba. Yana da ‘ya’ya guda uku, wato da Shata da yayarsa
Yalwa, da kuma wani ɗan uwan haihuwarsu.
Kenan a iya cewa Shata Bafilatani ne usulan, duk da dai baya jin fillancin.
Sunan mahaifiyar Mamman Shata Lariya, kuma asalinta Bakanuwa ce daga garin
Tofa, kuma kafin ta auri mahaifin Shata ta taɓa
aurar wani mai suna Musa, kuma ta haifi ɗa
namiji da shi, mai suna Ali. An sa Mamman Shata a makarantar allo tun yana ɗan
shekara biyar da haihuwa, daga bisani Shata ya daina karatun allo, kuma bai
shiga makarantar boko ba.
Bayan Mamman Shata ya bar makarantar allo, sai
ya kama sana’ar sayar da goro ta ‘yan hamsin. A dalilin wannan sana’a ta ɗan
hamsin ne Shata ya fara waƙa,
domin a wannan lokaci idan an je cin kasuwa, yamma ta yi sai samari su haɗu
su shirya wasannin gargajiya iri iri, kuma a kowacce kasuwa akwai filin da ake
taruwa don gudanar da irin waɗannan wasanni, kuma
a wajen ne akan shirya gasa ta waƙa
a tsakanin matasa na unguwanni daban daban. A wannan lokacin ba suna yin waƙar ba ne don kuɗi,
sai dai don nishaɗi a tsakaninsu.
Daga ire iren waɗannan wasanni ne
har Shata ya fara shahara, inda yakan cinye gasar gari da gari, to sai aka fara
kiransa da “Sarkin waƙa”.
Bayan Alhaji Mamman Shata ya bar garin Musawa sai ya koma ƙetare da zama, daga nan sai ya
koma Malumfashi, daga Malumfashi sai ya koma garin Bakori da zama, inda a nan ne
ya yi auren fari ya auri wata mata mai suna Binta, wadda aka fi sani da Hajiya
Iya. A zaman Shata na garin Bakori, ya bar abubuwan tarihi a rayuwarsa. Wato
kasancewar a garin ya yi auren fari, kuma a garin ne ya fara gina gidan kansa
(Sheme da wasu 2006, shf. 77).
Allah ya yi wa Shata rasuwa a
asibitin Malam Aminu Kano. Bayan rasuwarsa sai ‘yarsa Jamila, wadda ita ke
jinyarsa, ta sa aka kai gawarsa garin Daura, inda a can aka yi masa jana’ida
aka binne gawarsa a gidan Sarkin Daura Alhaji Mahammadu Bashar (Sheme da wasu,
2006, shf. 357).
Duk da cewa wasu
manazartan na kallon salo a matsayin wani abu mai wahalar fayyacewa, musamman
ta fusakar ma’ana, Yahya (2001), da Adamu (2002), hakan bai hana masana bayyana
abin da suka fahimta da salo ba. Misali Stephen (2000), ya nuna cewa salon
fasihin waƙa shi ne
yadda fasihin ke kulawa ko sarrafa hikimomin harshe da kuma ƙoƙari
wajen zaɓen
kalmomi da amsa-amo da Karin waƙa
da raujinta da kuma yadda yake sarrafa su daidai da tunaninsa a waƙe. Wato dai salon sarrafa sifofin
harshen a asali gwargwadon zurfin tunanin fasihi da kuma buƙatarsa.
Shi kuwa Baldick
(2004), ya bayyana salo ne a matsayin hanya ta musamman da wani fasihi ko
zamani ko wata mazhaba ko wani fanni ya shahara da shi wajen sarrafa harshe.
Yahya (2001), kuwa
cewa ya yi salo na nufin duk wata dabara ko hanya a cikin waƙa wadda aka bi domin isar da saƙo. Ita wannan dabara ko hanya
tana yi wa waƙa kwalliya
ta yadda saƙon waƙar zai isa ga mai saurare ko
karatun waƙar.
Gusau (1975 da
2003), ya bayyana salo a matsayin wata dabara wadda ake yi wa harshen waƙa kwalliya da ita. Wato a kan
zaɓi
kalmomi ne a zayyana waƙa
da su, a ƙawata ta
sosai ta yadda za a burge mai saurare a kuma jawo hankalinsa.
Ɗangambo
(1981), ya bayyana salo ne a matsayin hanya ko dabara ta isar da saƙo. Sai ya ƙara da cewa lalle ne salo ya ƙunshi zaɓi,
kuma kyan salo ko muninsa ya danganta da yadda kowane mutum ya zaɓi
abubuwan da ya yi amfani da su cikin rubutunsa, ko furucinsa don isar da saƙo.
Idan muka yi
la’akari da waɗannan ma’anonin salo da masana
suka kawo, za a iya fahimtar cewa, babbar manufar salo ita ce, kyautatawa da ƙawata saƙo da sauƙaƙe
hanyar isar da shi da kuma fahimtarsa. Haka kuma daga cikin muhimmancin salo a
kwai kwarzanta waƙa
ko mawaƙi, da nuna gwanancewar fasihi
wajen isar da saƙo,
da bambanta tsakanin mawaƙa
da ita kanta waƙar,
da raya harshe, da kaifafawa da kuma sarrafa tunani, da sosa zuciya, da kuma
fayyace sirrin waƙa.
2.0 Tubalan Ginin Salo
Idan aka yi la’akari
da bayanan da masana suka yi ta kawowa don ƙoƙarin fayyace dangantakar da take
tsakanin harshe da salo, a iya cewa salo wani ɓangare
ne na harshe, domin kuwa da shi ne ake isar da duk wani saƙon da ake buƙata a cikin waƙa. Sai dai shi salo ya fi mayar
da hankali ne a kan ire iren hikimomi da dabaru da suka shafi isar da saƙo da kalmomi walau da baki ko
kuma a rubuce. Kuma kamar yadda Leech da Shorts (1981), suka bayyana a
gargajiyance an fi alaƙanta
shi da ayyukan hikima. Haka kuma salo wani makeken fage ne wanda ke da ruwa da
tsaki a kowane irin furuci na kalma ko jimla da za a furta a waƙa. Sannan salo a waƙa zaɓi
ne na mawaƙi da yake
amfani da shi wajen ƙawata
harshen da yake Magana da shi, ko kuma saƙƙonnin
da yake zubawa a cikin ɗiyan waƙa.
Mukhtar (2004), yana ganin a iya raba manyan
tubalan ginin salo aƙalla
guda huɗu,
inda za a iya nazartar salo ta hanyar nazarin tsarin ginin kalma ‘morphological
schemes’, sai kuma ta hanyar nazartar tsarin ginin jumla ‘syntactic schemes’,
sai kuma ta hanyar nazartar tsarin sauti ‘phonological schemes’, da kuma ta
hanyar nazartar adon harshe ‘schemes of figures’.
2.1 Mallaka/Amfani
Da Kalmomi
Mallakar
kalmomi da iya sarrafa su ta yadda ya dace shi kan bambanta waƙa da zance na yau da kullum. Don
haka masana irin su Muhammad (1978), da Ɗangambo
(1981), da Yahya (1984), da kuma Gusau (2008), suka nuna cewa waƙa kan kasance cikin “Wasu
kalmomi ne zaɓaɓɓu,
tsararru kuma zaunannu”. Wannan dalili ya sa mawaƙi
yake buƙatar ya kasance fasihi wajen zaɓen
kalmomin da zai yi amfani da su a cikin waƙarsa,
domin salonta ya inganta har saƙonta
ya isa ga waɗanda aka nufa da shi. Yahya
(2001), ya bayyana cewa: Fasahar mawaƙi ga abin da ake nufi da mallakar
kalmomi ita ce ƙwarewarsa da sanin kalmar da
ta dace a wuri kaza, ta fuskar
ma’anarta da kuma tasirin da za
ta yi wajen fahimtar maganar (wato ɗango ko baiti ko ma waƙa ɗungurumgun) da ta fito daga cikinta. Saboda haka ashe Mawaƙi ko bayan kasancewarsa mai iya yin
irin wannan zaɓi, tilas ne ya zamo shi kan sa rumbu ne na kalmomi masu sigogin
ma’ana da ƙira iri ɗaya (Yahya 2001, shf 4).
Shi kuwa Ɗangambo
cewa ya yi: Amfani da kalmomi shi ne yin
sharhi dangane da yadda mawaƙi ya yi amfani da kalmomin da
suka dace, da kalmomi masu zurfin ma’ana da ninkin ma’ana da sauransu.
Shi kuwa Kolawale (1997), cewa ya yi a nan ne ake
lura da yadda mawaƙa su ke sarrafa
kalmomin harshe dangane da ma’anoninsu na musamman, da yadda su ke sarrafa
tsohuwar Hausa da ƙirƙirar kalmomi, da kuma sarrafa kalmomi masu alaƙar ma’ana.
2.1.1 Zaɓen Kalmomi
Makaɗa sukan yi ƙoƙari su zaɓi kalmomi da za su yi amfani da su a cikin waƙoƙinsu, saboda mabambantan
turaku da suke amfani da su, kuma kalmomin da za a zaɓo a yi
amfanin da su wajen kiɗan noma ko tauri ba za su dace a ɗauka a yi
wa sarki waƙa da su ba.Haka kuma
sarrafa kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su wajen kiɗan maza ko
kirari, idan aka sarrafa su wajen yi wa attajirai waƙa ba za su dace da su ba. Kalmomin da ake iya zaɓe a yi wa
sarki kirari da su sauƙaƙa ne ga zukata, amma masu faɗi da nauyi
a fassara (Bunza 2009, shf. 134).
Akwai hikimomi da dama da makaɗa kan yi
amfani da su wajen zaɓen kalomomi. Gusau (2002), ya nuna cewa waɗannan
hikimomi sun haɗa da na nuna dangantaka da na karimci da baiwa da kyauta
da son addini da ibada da iya mulki da sauransu.
Alhaji (Dr) Mamman Shata kan yi amfani da ire-iren waɗannan
hikimomi na nuna kyauta da karamci da son addini da ibada da iya mulki da kuma
dangantakar wanda yake waƙewa wajen
zaɓen kalmominsa da ya kan yi amfani da su a cikin waƙoƙinsa, kamar yadda za a iya
ganin misalan hakan daga cikin waƙoƙinsa daban-daban.
2.1.2 Zaɓen Kalmomi ta Fuskar Dangantawa da Asali :
Misali a cikin waƙar uban gidansa sarkin
Daura Muhammadu Bashar inda ya ce:
Jagora: Baba duk asalin Sarauta Daura,
Tun Kal’ana tun Lamarudu,
Tun ga Magajiya Daurama,
Har kuma Ummarun Bagadaza,
Har ta zo garai ɗan Musa.
‘Y/Amshi: Kwana lafiya Mai Daura,
Jikan Audu Gwauron Giwa (Waƙar Sarkin Daura, Ɗa na biyar).
A wannan ɗan waƙar, Shata
ya yi amfani da wannan hikimar ta danganta Sarkin Daura Mahammadu Bashar da
magabatansa, waɗanda duniya ta sani kamar su ‘Magajiya Daurama’ wadda ta
yi sarautar garin Daura tun da daɗewa kafin shi, don ya nunawa duniya cewa sarkin Daura ya
gaji sarautarsa ne daga wurin kakaninsa. Haka kuma ya ce :
Jagora : Daura
taku ce ɗan Musa,
Tun Kal’ana
tun Lamarudu,
Tun da Magajiya
Daurama,
Tun kuma Ummarun
Bagadaza,
Daurawa su ke
Daurarsu,
‘Y/Amshi : Mai
Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda. (Ɗa na shida).
Jagora : Ina
Mamman Waliyin Allah,
Jikan waliyin
Allah,
Ya Allah jiƙan Ɗansammai,
Da Mulka da
Audu tsohon Sarki.
Jagora : Baba
jikan Ummarun Bagadaza,
Da Mulka da
Audu sai kuma Musa. (Ɗa na talatin da shida).
‘Y/Amshi : Kwana
lafiya mai Daura. (Ɗa na sha shida).
A waƙar Shehu Malami
kuwa cewa ya yi:
Jagora: Bawan
Allah mutumin kirki,
Alhaji
Dattijo Ɗan Dattijo,
Malami
jikan Mai Hubbare.
Jagora: Mai ɗammarar yaƙi ɗan Bello. (Ɗa na ɗaya).
Jagora: Na Aɗɗa kwan da
shirin mulki ɗan Bello. (Ɗa na uku).
Jagora: Bamamaki na Alhaji Macciɗo,
Mai hana ƙarya na Sarkin Daura.
Malami mai
Allah ɗan Bello. (Ɗa na biyar).
‘Y/Amshi: Malami
Sarkin Sudan Shehu (Waƙar Shehu Malami Sarkin
Sudan).
Shehu
ɗan
Fodiyo (Mai Hubbare), sanannen mutum ne wanda ya sallama rayuwarsa wurin
jaddada addinin Musulunci, don haka Shata ya zaɓi
ya danganta Shehu Malami da shi a matsayin kakansa don ya wasa shi. Ya kuma
danganta shi da Bello ɗan ɗan
Shehun, da Sarkin musulmi Muhammadu Macciɗo,
da kuma sarkin Daura.
A
waƙar Sarin Zazzau Shehu, Shata ya
yi amfani da irin wannan dabarar, inda ya danganta Sarkin da wani kakansa,
wanda shi ma ya mulki Zazzau a baya. Inda ya ce:
Jagora: Gwauron giwa mai ban tsoro,
Na Garba zakin Malam
Sambo.
‘Y/Amshi : Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu. (Ɗa na bakwai).
Jagora :
Mani Shehu sadauki jikan Sambo.
‘Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu.
Jagora : Shehu jikan Mujaddadi a wajen matarshi.
‘Y/Amshi : Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu (Ɗa na huɗu).
A nan ya dangata shi ne da Shehu Usman Ɗanfodiyo, kasancewar sarkin na auren jikarsa.
2.1.3 Zaɓen Kalmomi ta Fuskar Kyauta
Haka kuma Shata kan
zaɓo
kalmominsa ta hanyar nuna yadda wanda yake wasawa kan bayar da kyauta domin, ya
koɗa
shi ya nunawa duniya cewa gwanin nasa ba marowaci ba ne. Misali:
Jagora:
Dattijo mai raba riguna ɗan Umar. (Ɗa na ashirin
da shida).
Jagora: Mamman
in tafiya ta kama,
Ko
da da damina ko rani,
Ko cikin dare ko rana,
Yakan guzurin doki ɗan Ummaru,
Don ya rabas idan ya
zauna.
‘Y/Amshi: Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda (Sarkin Daura Bashar Ɗan Musa).
A
wannan ɗan
waƙan (Dr) Mamman Shata na koɗa
ubangidan nasa ne, wanda yake nuna cewa duk halin da yake ciki shi mai kyauta
ne, don haka ya zaɓo kalmominsa ta
hanyar nuna yanayi da lokuta mabambanta waɗanda
duk ya sami kansa a ciki ba sa hana shi yin kyauta, ko yana gida, kuma ko da
tafiya ta kama shi cikin damina ko rani, haka kuma ko da rana ne ko kuma da dad
dare kyauta yake yi, wanda yin irin hakan ko a cikin Sarakuna sai wanda Allah
ya zaɓa.
Sannan sai ya ƙara cewa:
Jagora : Mai kyautar dawaki Mamman,
Mai raba riguna ɗan Umar. (Ɗa na ashirin da bakwai).
Jagora: Mai
kyautar mota ɗan Ummaru,
Mai
raba riguna ɗan Sanda.
‘Y/Amshi: Mai
Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda.
Jagora: Mai raba motoci Bashar ɗan Sanda x2,
Idan ya tashi yana alheri,
Har tausai nai nike ɗan Ummar x2,
Idan ya tashi yana raba
kaya,
Tausai nai nike ɗan Ummar,
Baba idan ya tashi yana
raba kurɗi,
Har tausan shi nike ɗan Ummar.
‘Y/Amshi: Mai
Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda.
A wannan ɗiyan waƙar kuwa,
Shata ya zaɓi ya nuna ire-iren kyautar da gwanin nasa yake yi ne,
wato, yakan raba motoci, da riguna, da kuɗi. Sannan yake ƙara nuna cewa saboda yadda gwarzon nasa yake raba
kyautar, idan yana yi shi (Shata) har tausayin sa yake yi.
A wata waƙar kuma ta Sarkin Daura
Muhammadu Bashar, Shata cewa ya yi:
Jagora: Mai
maka tambaya ɗan Sanda,
Komi
nike so Mamman,
Tuntuni
ka riga ka ba ni,
Kai ni ƙasar waje ɗan Ummaru,
Tun ban tad da tsohona ba. (Waƙar Sarkin Daura. Ɗa na talatin da ɗaya).
Jagora : Ga ka kana da rai ɗan Ummaru,
Ga ni ina da rai ɗan Ummaru
Mamman ba ni kukan komai. (Ɗa na talatin da biyu).
A nan Shata ya nuna cewa indai kyauta ce, to duk irin
abin da yake buƙata, Sarkin Daura ya riga
ya ba shi, ya rage kawai ya fitar da shi ƙasar waje
ne don ya ƙara buɗe idanunsa
tun kafin ya rasu. Sai ya nuna cewa idan Sarkin na da rai ba zai taɓa rasa
wani abu ba, don zai bashi.
2.1.4 Zaɓen Kalmomi ta Fuskar son Addini da iya Mulki da Haƙuri
Har wa yau, Shata kan zaɓi
kalmominsa ta hanyar nuna son addini da ibadar wanda yake wasawa. Misali inda
ya ce:
Jagora: Ga ilmi kuma ya san Allah,
Malami Sarkin Sudan Shehu.
‘Y/Amshi: Malami Sarkin Sudan Shehu (Waƙar Shehu Malami
Sarkin Sudan).
A
nan shata ya bayyana gwanin nasa a matsayin mai ilmi kuma wanda ya san Allah,
don haka sai ya ƙara
cewa:
Jagora: Ga
ilimi kuma ya san Allah,
Ba
shi munafunci ɗan Bello,
Ba
a yi mai baban Nana.
‘Y/Amshi: Malami
Sarkin Sudan Shehu. (Waƙar Shehu Malami, Ɗa na tara).
Tabbas
kamar yadda Shata ya bayyana, ga duk kan mutumin da yake da ilimin sanin Allah,
to ba zai yadda da ya yi ko a yi masa munafunci ba, don haka Shata ya zaɓi
ya bayyana gwarzon nasa da wanda ba ya munafunci kuma ba a yi masa.
A
wajen nuna iya mulki kuwa da sanin makamar aiki, ga waɗanda
Shata ya waƙe, za a ga
irin yadda mawaƙin
ya zaɓo
kalmominsa don fayyace gwanayen nasa, kamar yadda ya ce a waƙarsa ta Sarkin Sudan Shehu
Malami :
Jagora: Ga ilimi da basirar aiki,
Kana ga asali gun mulki,
Malami jikan mai Hubbare.
‘Y/Amshi: Malami Sarkin Sudan Shehu. (Waƙar Shehu Malami, Ɗa na sha huɗu).
Shata ya zaɓo kalmomin da suke nuna ƙwarewa da gwanancewar gwanin nasa ne, a wajen mulki da
tafiyar da jama’a, don haka ya bayyana Shehu Malamin a matsayin mai ilimi kuma
mai basira wurin mulki, sannan don ya tabbatar da abin da ya faɗa, sai ya
nuna cewa shi mulkin nasa ma na gado ne, kuma Bahaushe kan ce: “ɗan na gada
ya fi ɗan na koya”.
A
wani ɗan
waƙar kuma saboda iya mulkin
Sarkin Daura da Shata ya nuna, sai ya zaɓi
ya bayyana shi a matsayin dattijo mai tsayar da magana,wanda idan ya faɗi
magana to fa babu abin da zai sa ya canza. Inda Ya ce:
Jagora: Ina Dattijo ɗan Dattijo,
Mai halin mutanen da can,
Bai
da halin mutanen yanzu,
Domin
su mutanen yanzu,
Kui
magana da safe ku ƙulla,
Su
rantse su ce ta zauna,
Yamma
tai su ce sun fasa,
Su
mai da mutum kamar ‘yan mata.
‘Y/Amshi: Kwana
lafiya mai Daura,
Jikan
Audu Gwauron Giwa. (Ɗa na tara)
Tabbas ko a zahiri haka abin yake, domin kuwa mutum ko da
ba Shugaba ba ne, idan yana tsayar da magana, za ka ga mutane na matuƙar ƙaunarsa,
kuma suna girmama shi, ballantana kuma ace Sarki ne.Wannan ya ƙara nuna mana a fili irin yadda Shata ya iya zaɓo kalmomin
da zai bayyana wanda yake waƙewa don ya
nuna ƙaye, don haka sai ya zabo kalmar dattijo ya laƙaba masa, sannan ya zaɓo kalmomin
da suke nuna ɗabi’ar dattijon mutum, kamar tsayar da magana da cika alƙawari. Don kuma ya nuna halayen mutanen yanzu da yadda
suke karya alƙawari ko da sun ɗauka, sai
ya zaɓo kalmomin, ‘rantse’,da ‘ƙulla’,da ‘fasa’ da kuma ‘ ‘yan mata’ ya sarrafa su a waƙar.
Don ya tabbar da iya mulkin nasa sai ya ƙara cewa :
Jagora : Baba
komi ya faɗi ta zauna,
Idan garai da
sauran kwana. (Ɗa na goma).
Duk
da cewa kalmomin da Shata ke amfani da su a cikin waƙoƙinsa
mafi yawa sauƙaƙa ne, waɗanda
jama’a ke amfani da su yau da kullum. hakan bai hana shi zama rumbun kalmomi
ba, don kuwa idan aka duba yadda yake wasa da harshe wajen zaɓo
kalmomi, abin sai dai son barka. Misali a waƙarsa ta Sarkin Zazzau Shehu
yana cewa:
Jagora: Baba kai da garaje,
Ka ƙi garaje,
Na garba jikan Malam Sambo. (Ɗa na sha uku).
A wannan ɗiyan waƙar Shata
ya yi wasa da harshe wurin zaɓo kalmominsa, inda ya nuna cewa Sarki ba ya garaje kuma
ba ya son a yi masa garaje cikin ƙawa.
2.1.5 Zaɓen Kalmomi Masu Kambamawa
Bayan zaɓen kalmomi da makaɗa kan yi amfani da su ta waɗannan
fuskoki, har wa yau akwai kalmomi da makaɗan baka suke zaɓowa su
jejjefa a cikin waƙoƙinsu, waɗanda kan kwarzanta da kambama wanda suke waƙewa, da nuna ƙasaitarsa,
gami da nuna buwayarsa. Idan Sarki ne kalmomin kan nuna isa da ƙarfin mulki, da kuma iya tafiyar da jama’a. Ire iren waɗannan
kalmomi sun haɗa da, ginshimi, da gwauron giwa, da bahagon gulbi, da
bangon diniya, da gamji, da kutunkun ɓauna da dai sauransu. Alhaji
Mamman Shata, makaɗi ne da kan zaɓo ire iren waɗannan kalmomi ya sarrafa su a cikin waƙoƙinsa, musamman waƙoƙin fada. Za
a iya ganin misalan kalmomin kamar haka :
A waƙar Sarkin Sudan Shehu Malami
cewa ya yi:
Jagora :
Son da nake wa gwauron giwa,
Malami mai Allah ɗan Bello.
‘Y/Amshi : Malami Sarkin Sudan Shehu.
Jagora : Malami bango zaɓen Allah. (Ɗa na bakwai).
‘Y/Amshi : Malami Sarkin Sudan Shehu (Shata :
Malami Sarkin Sudan).
Idan aka duba za a ga yadda Shata ya yi amfani da kalmar
‘gwauron giwa’ a ɗan waƙar na
farko, a ɗa na biyu kuma sai yay a zaɓo kalmar ‘bango’,
don ya nuna yadda gwanin nasa yake a tsaye a harkar mulki.
A waƙarsa ta
Sarkin Zazzau Shehu, Shat aya zaɓo irin waɗannan kalmomi, ya sarrafa su don ya waƙe Sarkin. Misali :
Jagora : Gwauron giwa mai ban tsoro,
Na Garba jikan
malam Sambo (Ɗa na bakwai).
‘Y/Amshi : Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu.
Jagora :
Mugun madambaci baban Jekada.
‘Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu. ( Ɗa na talatin da
ɗaya).
Jagora :
Wandara maƙi sake ɗan Malam Mamman.
‘Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu. ( Ɗa na talatin).
Jagora : Rimi adon gari baban Jekada.
‘Y/Amshi :Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu. (Ɗa na takwas).
Idan aka duba kalmomin da aka ja wa layi, za a ga cewa
kalmomi ne da ke nuna matuƙar ƙarfi na wanda makaɗin ke waƙewa.
A waƙar Sarkin Daura kuwa, Shata
cewa ya yi :
Jagora: Faskara koyo bajimin Ummaru,
Mamman maganin abu
Allah.
Giwa tafi
da haƙo Bashar ɗan Sanda.
‘Y/Amshi : Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda.
Jagora :
Ƙi
kabago Bashar ɗan Sanda.
‘Y/Amshi: Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda. (Ɗa na ashirin da bakwai).
Idan aka lura da irin yadda wannan fasihi ya bi hanyoyi
daban-daban ya zaɓo kalmomi da sassaƙa su don ya
gina waƙoƙinsa, ta hanyar nuna gwanancewa da kaifin basira, don ya isar da saƙonninsa, ya isa
ya tabbatar mana da irin shaharar makaɗin wajen iya sarrafa kalmomin harshen Hausa, da kuma
yawaitar rumbun kalmomin. Hakan nuni ne da kasancewarsa fasihi mai tarin basira
da zalaƙar harshe, gami da iya yi wa harshen waƙoƙinsa kwalliya.
2.2 Baƙin kalmomi
Baƙin kalmomi
su ne kalmomin da makaɗi ko mawaƙi kan iya
amfani da su a cikin zancensa don ya isar da wani saƙo waɗanda ba na harshen da ake magana da shi ba ne. Harshen
Hausa ya samu shigar wasu harsuna a cikinsa a kai tsaye ko kuma a kaikaice. Harshen
Larabci da na Ingilishi suna daga cikin harsuna manya da suka yi
kaka-gida a cikin harshen Hausa. Gusau, (2002, shf. 63).
Makaɗa
na aron kalmomi daga wasu harsunan su jefa a cikin waƙoƙinsu
don su ƙara burge masu saurarensu, kuma
su nuna cewa lallai fa ba wannan harshen da suke waƙa da shi kawai suka iya ba, a’a
akwai wasu harsunan da ban.
Ɗangambo, (1973), ya nuna cewa (Dr)
Mamman Shata ba kasafai yakan yi amfani da baƙin
kalmomi ba, sai dai abin da ba a rasa ba daga harshen Larabci ko Turanci,
kuma ko da ya yi amfani da ararrun kalmomi daga wani harshen, za ka iske cewa
kalmomin sun kusa zama na Hausa. Za a iya ganin misalan aron kalmomin kamar
haka:
2.2.1 Kalmomin Ingilishi
Alhaji
(Dr) Mamman Shata kan yi amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi a cikin waƙoƙinsa
jefe-jefi, hakan na faruwa ne sau tari saboda irin mutumin da yake yi wa waƙar. Haka kuma kasancewarsa mai
yin ma’amala da mutane da yawa ta kowane ɓangare,
tun daga saraki da ‘yan kasuwa da kuma ‘yan boko, hakan kan yi tasiri a kansa. Za
mu iya ganin misalai na yadda Shata ya yi aro dagar harshen Ingilishi kamar
haka:
A waƙarsa ta Sarkin Daura mai
taken “Kwana Lafiya Mai Daura” cewa ya yi:
Jagora: Baba
ɗan Kofur
Haru da Haruna,
Da
Amadu Malamin dabbobi.
’Y/Amshi : Kwana lafiya mai Daura, (Sarkin Daura Bashar, Ɗa na arba’in).
Wannan kalma ta ‘Kofur’ wadda Shata ya yi amfani da ita a
wannan ɗan waƙar, kalma
ce ta Ingilishi (copral), mai nuna muƙamin ɗan Sanda
mai igiya biyu, duk da dai a iya cewa kalmar ta Hausance.
A wani wurin kuma
cewa ya yi:
Jagora: Mahammadu
zamani na Bature,
Ɗan
Mamuda na Hakinci’
Ya
yi zamani da siyasa,
Jikan
Audu ya yi Minista,
Yanzu a
zamanin Turawa,
Ɗan Mamuda ka
zama Sarki.
‘Y/Amshi: Kwana
lafiya mai Daura,
Jikan
Audu Gwauron Giwa. (Ɗa na ashirin da bakwai).
A nan kalmar ‘Minista’ wadda Shata ya yi amfani da ita
kalma ce ta Ingilishi mai nufin wani babban jami’in gwamnati.
A waƙar Shehu
malami kuwa, ya yi amfani ne da kalmar daba (Durba), wadda asalinta kalma ce ta
Ingilishi, in da ya ce :
Jagora : Daga
kai kallo ya ƙare,
Sokoto in an taron
daba. (Ɗa na ashirin).
2.2.2 Kalmomin Larabci
Alhaji
(Dr) Mamman Shata kan yi amfani da kalmomin Larabci a waƙoƙinsa,
wanda yin hakan babu mamaki, ko don kasancewarsa Musulmi, kuma yawanci waɗanda
ya yi wa waƙa Musulmai
ne, duk da dai da yawan kalmomin da ya yi amfani da su, sun riga sun zama jiki
a wurin Hausawa, watau a iya cewa sun Hausance.
Misali:
A waƙarsa ta Sarkin Sudan Shehu
Malami inda ya ce:
Jagora: Ya
Allah don Allah, Allah,
Don albarkar Manzon Allah.
‘Y/Amshi: Amin don Rasulullahi. (Ɗa na sha
shida).
A wannnan ɗan waƙar, Shata ya yi amfani da kalmar ‘Allah’ da kuma
‘Rasulullahi’ (SAW), watau Ubangiji da kuma Manzo waɗanda duka daga
Larabci suke, duk da dai suma sun Hausance.
Haka nan kuma ya ce:
Jagora: Muhammadu yau Bashar ke mulki.
‘Y/Amshi: Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda.
(Waƙar Sarkin Daura
Mahammadu Bashar)
Shata ya yi amfani da kalmar ‘mulki’ a wannan ɗan waƙar, kuma kalma ce ta Larabci (Mulk) wadda ita ma za a iya
cewa ta zama ta Hausa.
Jagora: Muhammadu
tunda Allah yai ka,
Tabaraka yai ka sarkin birni.
‘Y/Amshi: Kwana lafiya mai Daura.(Ɗa na sha huɗu)
2.3 Karin Harshe
Harshen
Hausa yana da kare-kare da dama, baya ga daidaitaccen kari wanda masana suka
samar, wanda ake amfani da shi a hukumance da makarantu da kuma kafafen yaɗa
labaru.
Zulyadaini
(2003), ya bayyana karin harshe da cewa shi ne yadda fasihan waƙa kan sarrafa Karin harshe a
cikin waƙoƙinsu
saboda dacewa da buƙatunsu
na ƙawata ayyukansu na fasaha ko
fita daga wata larura irin ta waƙa.
Abba,
da Zulyadaini (2000), sun kawo kare-karen harshen Hausa da suka haɗa
da ‘Sakkwatanci’ da ‘Kananci’ da ‘Zazzaganci’ da Dauaranci’ da ‘Gudduranci’ da
‘Haɗejiyanci’
da sauransu.
Shi
kuma Gusau, (2003) cewa ya yi : Makaɗan
baka suna aiwatar da waƙoƙi ne cikin yawancin kare -karen harshen Hausa da ake da
su, tamkar Sakkwatanci da Gobiranci da Kananci da
dauranci da Katsinanci da
Zazzaganci da sauransu. Amfani da karin harshe a cikin waƙa ya danganta ne daga nahiyar da makaɗi ya
fito, amma duk da haka an ɗauka cewa karin harshen Sakkwatanci shi ne fitaccen
Karin waƙar Hausa, ta yiwu don Sakkwatanci yana da isasshiyar balaga
da rumbunan kalmomi masu ɓuɓɓuga da kuma sauƙin sarrafawa.
Baya
ga amfani da karin harshen ‘Sakkwatanci’ kamar yadda yawancin mawaƙan Hausa kan yi, a kusan dukkan
waƙoƙinsa,
Shata kan tsattsarma wasu karuruwan harshen Hausa, kamar ‘Katsinanci’ wanda shi
ne karin harshen da ya girma da shi, kuma shi ne karin harshen mahaifinsa. Sai
kuma ‘Kananci’, wanda bai rasa alaƙa
da asalin mahaifiyarsa, wadda take Bakanuwa ce daga garin Tofa kamar yadda ya
tabbatar da bakinsa a waƙar
“Gagara Badau”, sannan ya ƙara tabbatar da hakan a waƙar Iro Sarkin Malamai.
2.3.1
Karin Harshen Sakkwatanci
Karin
harshen Sakkwatanci, kari ne wanda mutanen yamma suke amfani da shi, waɗanda
suka haɗa
da Sokoto, da Zamfara, da Kabi da kuma Gobir. Za a iya ganin misalan karin
Sakkwatanci kamar haka:
A cikin waƙar
Sarkin Daura ya yi amfani da Karin Sakkwatanci a inda ya ce :
Jagora : Baba idan ya tashi yana raba kurɗi,
Har tausai shi nike ɗan Umar.
Y/Amshi: Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda (Shata : Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda).
Haka kuma a cikin
waƙar Sarkin Zazzau Shehu, nan ma
za a iya ganin misalan karin Sakkwatanci kamar haka:
Jagora: Shehun gusun da Sakkwato jikan
Sambo. Sarkin Zazzau, Ɗa na sha takwas).
Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau
Shehu.
Jagora : ɓauna sanuwar sake Usmanu na Zariya.
Jagora : Naɗin sarautar zakin Zariya,
Ashahura ya ban mamaki.
Jagora : Zage zagi wa ab
babbanku,
Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau
Shehu (Ɗa na sha tara).
Idan aka duba kalmomin da aka ja wa layi a ɗiyoyin waƙoƙin za a ga cewa na Sakkwatanci ne. Kmar kurɗi daidaitacciyar kalmar shi ne (kuɗi), tausai (tausayi), gusun (kudu), sanuwa (saniya),
Ashahura (Ashafura) da kuma wa ab (waye).
2.3.2 Karin Harshen Katsinanci
Har wa yau baya ga karin Sakkwatanci, Shata na amfani da karin harshen
Katsinanci. Za a iya ganin misalai a waƙoƙinsa daban daban kamar haka :
A waƙar Sarkin Zazzau cewa ya
yi :
Jagora : Tsaya bani shan ruwa
in huje kohin.
Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau
Shehu.
Jagora : Ranar karɓar sandar Sarki Asha hura ya ban mamaki.
Y/Amshi : Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu.
Jagora : Na ce mashi Asha hura Ala
ma albarka.
Y/Amshi : Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu.
Jagora : A a Jakadiya kukan mi
za ki.
Aminu dai na nan bai kau
ba.
Y/Amshi : Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu.
Jagora : Tsaya in Aminu ya kau
an ba Shehu.
Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau
Shehu.
Jagora : A ukkun ga wa za
kui wa habaici.
Mallawa dai dangi nai ne,
Bare bari kuma dangi nai ne,
Yo bare Katcinawa
kakanninsa.
Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau
Shehu (
Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu Ɗa na arba’in da uku).
A waƙar Sarkin Daura kuwa cewa ya
yi:
Jagora: Tahi baba ka gyaran
tsohon birni,
Inda Magajiya
taz zauna.
Y/Amshi : Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda.
Jagoara : Cike hili na
Daura baban Sa’i.
Y/Amshi: Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda.
Jagora : Mahammadu ba fasawa baban Baushi.
Y/Amshi : Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda.
( Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda, Ɗa na sha uku).
A wata waƙar kuwa ta Sarkin Daura, ya yi amfani ne da Karin
Katsinanci a wuraren da ya ce:
Jagora: Ruwan zahi Bashar ɗan Sanda’
Baka da gehe gwauron giwa
‘Y/Amshi: Kwana lafiya mai Daura,
Jikan Audu gwauron giwa. (Ɗa na ashirin
da bakwai).
Jagora: Idan bacin Bashar ɗan Ummaru,
Da na daina ɗan-ɗan-ɗan.
Ga ka ina gani ɗan Ummaru,
Mamman bani kukan komi. (Ɗa na ashirin
da shida).
Idan aka duba duk
kan misalan da aka ja wa layi a ɗiyoyin
waƙoƙin,
za a ga cewa misalai ne na karin harshen Katsinanci. Misali kohi daidaitacciyar
ita ce shi ce (kofi), hura (fura), mi (me), nai (nasa), yo (to), tahi (tafi),
hili (fili), zahi (zafi), gehe (gefe), bacin (bayan),
2.3.4 Karin Harshen
Kananci
Karin harshen Kananci, na daga cikin kare-karen da Mamman Shata kan yi
amfani da shi a cikin waƙoƙinsa. Za a iya ganin misalai kamar haka:
Jagora: Dattijo ruwan dafi ɗan Sanda,
Da sannu ya kas kutukun ɓauna.
Y/Amshi: Kwana
lafiya mai Daura,
Jikan Audu gwauron giwa.
Jagora :
Baba in kwan in gai da Sarki Buzu.
Y/Amshi Kwana lafiya
mai Daura
Jikan Audu gwauron giwa. ( Ɗa na talatin da huɗu).
Jagora :
Baba kai ni ƙasar wajen ɗan Ummaru,
Tun ban tad da tsoho na ba.
Y/Amshi: Kwana
lafiya mai Daura,
Jikan Audu gwauron giwa ( Kwana
lafiya mai Daura. Ɗa na talatin da uku).
A waƙar Sarkin Daura kuwa cewa ya yi:
Jagora: Mai guzurin
doki ɗan Ummaru,
Don ya rabas idan ya zauna.
Y/Amshi: Mai Daura Bashar ɗan Sanda.
A waƙar Sarkin Zazzau Shehu kuwa ya
yi amfani ne da Karin harshen Kananci, a inda yake cewa :
Jagora:
Ran ba da sandar Sarkin Zazzau,
Asha hura ya ban mamaki. (Ɗa na talatin da huɗu)
Y/Amshi: Alhaji Sarkin Zazzau Shehu.
Jagora: Haji Asha hura Allah ma
sakayya. (Ɗa na talatin da shida)
Y/Amshi: Alhaji
Sarkin Zazzau Shehu.
Jagora : Jakadiya zauna bari
kuka,
Aminu dai na nan bai kau
ba. (Ɗa na arbain da tara)
‘Y/Amshi : Alhaji Sarkin
Zazzau Shehu.
(Shata :
Alhaji Sarkin Zazzu Shehu).
Kalmomin da aka ja wa layi na karin harshen Kananci ne, misali kalmar kwan,
daidaitacciyar ta ita ce (kwana), rabas (rabar), yakas (ya kashe), gai
(gaishe), tad da (tarar da), rabas (rabar), ran (ranar), haji (Alhaji).
3.0
Kammalawa
Ƙoƙarin wannan maƙala na ɗora
salon sarrafa harshen Shata a bisa ma’aunin muhimman tubalan salo, don ya gano
ire iren hikimomi da dabaru da makaɗin
ya sarrafa. Binciken ya tabbatar da cikar fasaha da zalaƙar harshen fasihin, inda ya
tabbatar da cewa Shata mutum ne fasihi wanda yakan gina harshen waƙarsa da salo mai burgewa kuma
mai armashi. Haka kuma binciken ya tabbatar da cewa Shata makaɗi
ne da ya gwanance wajen iya zaɓen kalmomin da yakan
sarrafa. Maƙalar ta
tabbatar da cewa Alhaji Mamman Shata na zaɓo
kalmomi ya kuma sarrafa su ta hanyoyi da dabaru iri daban-daban. Sannan yakan
aro kalmomi ya kuma sarrafa su daga wasu harsunan kamar Ingilishi da kuma Larabci.
Haka kuma Mamman Shata kan yi amfani da Karin harshe daban daban kamar na
Sakkwatanci da Katsinanci da kuma Kananci.
MANAZARTA
A tuntuɓi mai takarda domin samun manazarta.
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