Cite this article as: Abdullahi, I. S. S. (2014) “Al’adar Karan Ƙirji a Al’umar Maguzawa” in HARSHE Journal of African Languages, Department of African Languages and Cultures, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. - Pages 141-152. ISSN: 978-125-100
Karan Ƙirjin Maguzawa
Daga,
Dr. Ibrahim
Abdullahi Sarkin Sudan
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan
Nijeriya,
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.
e-mail: ibrasskg@gmail.com
Tel: 0803 6153 050
1.0
GABATARWA
Daga
cikin fa’idojin da ake samu na zaman mutane a wuri ɗaya kuma su
kasance al’uma ɗaya shi ne samar wa kansu waɗansu
hanyoyi na rayuwa waɗanda suka aminta da shi a matsayin
abin alfanu a gare su. Irin wannan tunani ne
MaƘasudin wannan
nazari, shi ne duban yadda Maguzawa suke gudanar da wata al’ada ta bayyana
shigar ciki ga amarya. Maguzawa suna ba wannan al’ada muhimmanci ne saboda
la’akari da irin kunyar da ke tattare da matakan samun cikin farko ga amarya.
Wannan al’ada tamkar wata hanya ce ta yaye yanar kunya da take lulluɓe
bayyana wa amarya da sauran jama’a cewa, ta sami shigar ciki. Haka kuma a tasu
fahimtar, shigar cikin wani muhimmin mataki ne da ke nuna albarkar aure. Wannan
ya sa aka tanadar masa waɗansu al’adu na musamman a
matsayin wani mataki a al’adar haihuwa a rayuwar tasu. A wannan nazari, za a
kalli yadda Maguzawa suke aiwatar da wannan al’ada ta karan Ƙirji da kuma
hikimomin da ke tattare da ita. An keɓe wannan nazari ne
ga mutanen da ake Maguzawa da tunanin cewa su ne Hausawa asali waɗanda
akasarin al’adun Hausawa na gargajiya suka samo asali daga garesu.[1]
2.0 FASHIN BAƘI
Wannan
fasali zai yi ƘoƘarin yin sharhi ne
a
A yunƘurin lalubo
bayanan da za su amsa waɗannan tambayoyin an fahimci
cewa, jinsin mata na Maguzawa ake aiwatar wa wannan al’ada. Haka kuma ba a
Kafin matan gida (’yan’uwan ango da iyayensa) su fara
zura ido don ganin alamomin samun juna biyu ga amarya, sukan so su san shin an
ma fara saduwar aure tsakanin ango da amarya? Abu ne mawuyaci Maguzawa su yarda
su bayyana saduwa a tsakanin ma’aurata. Al’adar kunya da hidimomin da ake
gudanarwa da rana da tsarin muhallin da ake zaune, ba su ba da damar ango ya keɓanta da amarya da rana
tsaka ba. Ma’aurata sukan yi amfani da damar lokacin kwanciya barci ne da dare kawai
domin su ɗebe sha’awa a tsakaninsu. Sukan
ji kunya matuƘa
idan har suka
Akan
sami tabbacin lallai ango ya kusanci amarya ne ta hanyar la’akari da sauyawar
yanayin tafiyarta idan gari ya waye. Duk yadda amarya ta kai ga juriya,
tsofaffi daga cikin matan sukan fahimci alamomin jin rauni a gaban mace
musamman idan yarinya shataf aka auro. Wannan kan sa wata tsohuwa
ta kusance ta, ta farsa mata gabanta da ruwan ɗumi. Haka dai za a ta yi sannu a hankali har ta saba. Tun
daga wannan lokacin ne manyan mata a gidan za su ta ƘoƘarin
kula da alamomin da suke sa ran su gani na sakamakon waɗannan saduwar.
3.0 ALAMOMIN SHIGAR CIKI
Yanayin
tsarin jikin Maguzawa bai bambanta da na sauran al’umomi na duniya ba. Wannan
ya sa ba wasu alamomi na daban Maguzawan suka keɓanta da su a matsayin
alamomin shigar ciki ba. To sai dai fasahar kowace irin al’uma dangane da
kowane lamari yana iya bambanta. A nasu tunanin, akwai wasu ’yan sauye-sauye da
kuma halaye ko ɗabi’u da sukan yi la’akari da
su idan amarya ta sami shigar ciki. Waɗannan alamomi sun fi fitowa a fili ga macen da ba ta saba
ba. Ita wadda ta saba, suna ganin tana iya ɓoye wasu lamurra ta yadda za a kasa tsinkayarsu kai
tsaye.
Akan gane amarya ta sami shigar ciki ne idan aka ga ta
faye yawan kukan ciwon ciki da zubar da yawu (miyau) da amai. Ga wadda ba ta
saba ba, za ta shiga cikin damuwa da tunanin ko wani rashin lafiya ne. Sauran
mata da ke lura da ita musamman tsofaffi, za su shiga murna suna cewa, “lallai
Wance ta sami shigar ciki.” Tabbacin haka yakan Ƙara bayyana ne idan an lura da tana sauya kamanni, tana
yin haske kuma tana Ƙara Ƙiba. Haka ma za a ga ta fara zaɓen abinci. Wato ta ce ba ta son wannan, ko ta fi son abu
kaza, ko ba ta son jin warin abu kaza da dai sauransu. Wata alama kuma da
Maguzawa ke la’akari da ita wajen gane mace ta sami shigar ciki ita ce, idan an
ga kan nononta ya yi baƘi.
Wannan abu ne mai sauƘi kowa
ya lura da shi domin a kowane lokaci amarya da ma sauran matan gidan Ƙirazansu a buɗe suke. Suna ɗaura zani ne a kwankwaso kawai. Duk wata alama da ake son
gani a nonon mace musamman amarya ana iya lura da ita ba tare da an ta ’yan
dabaru ba.
Ga matar da ba ta saba haihuwa ba, ɓatan wata, wato rashin ganin jinin al’ada a lokacin da ta
saba gani ita ce alamar farko. Sauran jama’a ba za su lura cewa, ba ta ga jinin
wata ba, saboda ba wani tanadi na musamman da al’adar ta yi da za a gane ana
al’ada kamar yadda mata Musulmi ke barin yin salla. Wasu amaren sukan gaya wa
matan da suke kusa da su cewa, ba su ga jini wannan watan ba. Su kuma sukan
gargaɗe su da
kada su gaya wa kowa saboda abin kunya ne mace ta fito fili, ta bari a gane ba
ta ga wata ba.
4.0
DABARUN
KARAN ƘIRJI
Bayan
mutanen gida sun sami tabbacin amarya ta sami juna biyu, sai a fara shiryen-shiryen
aiwatar da wannan al’ada ta Karan Ƙirji amma cikin sirri, ba
tare da amaryar ta sani ba. Bambancin da ake samu a tsakanin muhallin Maguzawa
daban-daban ya samar da dabarun da suka saɓa wa juna na yadda
ake aiwatar da ainihin wannan al’adar. Ga huɗu daga cikinsu.
4.1 Ɗaura Sabon Zani a Rufe Ƙirji
Idan
alamomin da aka yi la’akari da su sun bayyanar da shigar ciki, matan gidan za
su zaɓi
rana ta musamman da za a yi mata karan Ƙirji. Kafin wannan ranar, iyayen ango mata, za su tanadi sabon zani su ajiye. A
ranar da za a yi karar Ƙirjin,
za a shirya da ɗaya daga cikin matan da ke da dangantaka da gidan kamar matar wan miji, ko
wata Ƙanwar uban miji. Ita za a miƘa wa wannan zanin, ta yi ta kiwon hankalin amarya, tana
cikin gudanar da lamurranta na gida, sai ta ɗauko zanin ta zo ta bayanta ta ɗaura mata a Ƙiji, ta
fufe mata nono. Da amarya ta ga haka, za ta ji kunya ta fahimci an gane ta sami
shigar ciki. Za ta rufe fuskarta da tafin hannuwanta, ta gudu zuwa ɗakinta tana kuka.
Bayan wani ɗan lokaci, sai a sami waɗansu matan su shiga ɗakin su rarrashe ta, su ba ta haƘuri. Tun daga wannan lokacin zanin zai kasance ɗaure a Ƙirjinta. Ko da ta sake wani zanin, dole ta ɗaura shi ya rufe mata nono
har lokacin da ta haihu. Duk wanda ya shigo gidan ya ga Ƙirjinta a rufe zai fahimci an yi mata wannan al’adar ta
karan Ƙirji, wanda ke nuna ta sami shigar ciki. Wannan zai sa a
yi ta taya ta murna, ana mata fatar a sauke lafiya. Amarya za ta kasance cikin
takunkumin sakin jiki a gidan har na kimanin kwana uku. Daga
baya kuma ta fara gudanar da lamurra kamar yadda ta saba.
4.2
Ɗaɗɗaki
Ɗaɗɗaki
wani suna ne da kuma dabara da wasu Maguzawan suke amfani da ita a matsayin
karan Ƙirji.[2]
A tasu al’adar, bayan an tabbatar da shigar ciki ga amarya, za a tanadi wani
zani a ajiye. Za a haɗa kai da wata tsohuwa, a ba
ta zanin ta shammaci amarya ta ɗaura mata shi a Ƙirji. Amarya na ganin an ɗaura mata wannan zanin za ta gudu ta shige ɗaki tana jin kunya. Haka dai za ta ci gaba da rufe Ƙirjin har sai ta haihu. Hikimar sa tsohuwa ta aiwatar da
wannan al’adar yana da nasaba da tunanin kada kunyar da ke tsakaninta da matan
gidan ya kau.
4.3
Amfani
Da Ɗanyen
Man Shanu
A
maimakon zanin da ake ɗaura wa amarya a Ƙirji, Maguzawan
Gidan Gwarzo a Ƙasar
Sayaya ta Ƙaramar
hukumar Matazu cikin jihar Katsina ɗanyen man shanu
suke amfani da shi. Idan iyayen ango (mata) suka gama lura da bayyanar alamomin
shigar ciki, za su tanadi ɗanyen man shanu a asirce su
ajiye. Za a sa rana, a shirya da wani Ƙanin angon ko taubashinsa
wanda shi ake son ya aiwatar da wannan al’adar.
Wannan
Ƙanin
angon zai
4.4 Lulluɓa
Zani A Kai
A
al’adar Maguzawan Kaibaki ta Ƙasar
Fago a Jihar Katsina, idan an ga alamar shigar cikin za a aika wata mata ta faɗo
wa iyayen amarya a asirce. Su kuma bayan wani lokaci sai su ɗinko wani farin zani su bayar a kawo. Ba za a
5.0 DADDAGE
Karan Ƙirji shi ne abu na
farko da yake bambanta matakan rayuwar Maguzawa. Idan aka ɗauki
aure a matsayin mataki na farko, to da wannan al’ada ake shiga mataki na biyu,
wato haihuwa. Amarya tana cikin wani yanayi na amarci a gidan miji za a yi
amfani da wannan al’adar a nuna mata ta shiga mataki na biyu na rayuwa
(haihuwa). Karan Ƙirji
tamkar wani mabuɗi ne na shiga al’adun
haihuwa. Wannan fasali zai kalli hikimomin da ke Ƙunshe a cikin
wannan al’ada ta karan Ƙirji.
Al’adar
ta karan Ƙirji
wata hanya ce ta sanar da jama’a da ’yan’uwan amarya da na ango cewa, an sami
shigar ciki. Ko da ba a gudanar da shi a gaban mutane ba, da zarar an gan ta da
zani a ɗaure a Ƙirji, to an fahimci cewa
lallai ta sami ciki. Wannan saƘo
yakan kwantar da hankalin duk wanda yake da dangantaka da auren, domin an sami
albarkar da kowane aure yake so. Ta amfani da wannan saƘon ne za a fara
duk shirye-shiryen da suka dace masu alaƘa da haihuwa. Duk
mai hakki zai fara tunanin hanyoyin sauke abin da ya rataya a wuyansa ta
la’akari da wannan ishara da aka nuna masa.
A
al’umar da ake ba haihuwa muhimmanci, kwanciyar hankalin kowane ango ne ya san
ya auro matar da za ta haifar masa ’ya’ya. Sakamakon farko ga Maguzawa na ɗawainiyar
aure shi ne su ga mace ta sami shigar ciki. Wannan saƘon na al’adar
karan Ƙirji
abin farin ciki ne ga miji da kuma hannunka mai sanda na ƘoƘorin yin tanadin
abin da ya rataya a wuyansa. Haka su ma iyayen ma’auratan, wannan al’adar ke
tabbatar musu da cewa, ’ya’yan da suka haɗa aure, lafiya lau
suke ta fuskar yaɗa zuri’a.
Haka kuma wannan al’adar ita ke ba amarya
damar dangin miji su ɗauke mata hidimomin gida da
al’ada ta rataya mata don renon cikin da tabbatar da nata lafiyar. Idan da za a
bar yanayin nata a ɓoye, to za a sa ta cikin Ƙuncin fama da laulayin
ciki da kuma aikace-aikacen gida da na gona har sai cikin ya bayyana.
Ganin
irin kunyar da ke tattare da bayyana abin da ke faruwa tsakanin ma’aurata kafin
a ce ciki ya shiga, abu ne mawuyaci a ce mace ta iya shaida wa ’yan’uwanta ga
halin da take ciki. Wannan al’adar ta karan Ƙirji, ita ta yaye wannan yanar. A ɓangaren ’yan kallon kuma, shi zai ba da damar mutane su
yi ta tofa albarka da fatar alheri na abin da suka gani na Ƙaruwa. Maguzawa suna sane da fa’idojin da ke tattare da
tofa yawun albarka daga mutane a kan abin alheri. Haka kuma sukan guji yin abin
da mutane za su ta tofa yawun assha.
Al’adar karan Ƙirji ga Maguzawa wata dama ce ga amarya ta saki jiki ta tambayi duk abin da
ya dace mai alaƘa da
haihuwa. Idan da an bar abin a duƘunƘune, to kunya za ta yi mata takunkumin kasa bayyana wa
mutanen da ke kusa da ita halin da take ciki na damuwa, ko rashin lafiya ko
kuma sanin makamar wasu sauye-sauye da ba ta saba gani ba. Al’adar karan Ƙirjin da aka riga aka gudanar ya bayyana wa jama’a halin
da take ciki, ba sauran abin ɓoyewa. Wannan zai ba ta damar samun shawarwari da
magunguna da fahimtar ladubban da al’ada ta tanada a kan kulawa da kanta da
abin da take ɗauke da shi.
A wannan al’ada ta karan Ƙirji, nonon mace shi ne muhimmin abin da ake rufewa daga
ganin mutane. A
al’adance, cikar nono tana da alaƘa da shigar ciki. Haka kuma
nono yana daga cikin abin da ke saurin jan hankali da ban sha’awa da motsa kwaɗayi
ga wanda ya gani. Wannan al’ada ta rufe nonon mace a lokacin da aka fahimci ta
sami ciki, wata kariya ce daga idanun miyagu. Maguzawa sun aminta da cewa, kwaɗayin
maita yana iya matsawa idan an lura da cikar Ƙirjin mace. Barin shi a buɗe zai iya jefa ta cikin haɗari. Ko ba kamai an nuna cewa, mayu suna sha’awar mace
mai ciki ballantana sun gan ta a tuɓe.
Al’adar karan Ƙirji, wata dama ce ta Ƙarfafa
wasannin barkwanci tsakanin amarya da dangin miji wanda hakan kan Ƙara danƘon
zumunci. Taubasan ango da Ƙanninsa
maza da mata za su sami kwarjinin yin ba’a da wasanin raha a tsakaninsu da
amarya. Ita kuma a nata ɓangaren, shigar ciki da tabbatar da shi ta hanyar wannan al’adar yakan
samar mata da karɓuwa ga dangin miji musamman waɗanda tun farko suke da adawa ga Ƙulla auren.
6.0 NAƊEWA
Wannan
nazarin ya fito da al’adar karan Ƙirji a fili musammasn ga waɗanda
ba su san shi ba. Kamar yadda nazarin ya nuna, al’ada ce ta rufe Ƙirjin amaryar da aka
ga alamar ta sami shigar ciki. Wannan al’ada kasancewarta matakin farko na
al’adun haihuwar Maguzawa, saƘo
ne ga amarya da sauran jama’a cewa, aure ya yi albarka, irin da aka shuka ya
tsiro. Duk da yake wannan al’ada ba ta sami wata kafa a rayuwar Hausawa
(musulmi) ba, fa’idojinta suna da yawan da ke tabbatar da Maguzawa mutane ne
masu tsararren rayuwa mai la’akari da kare mutunci da ba kowa hakkinsa a cikin
al’uma.
7.0 MANAZARTA
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M. (1976), “The Spread of Hausa Culture in
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and Crafts of the Maguzawa and some Educational Implications. Gaskiya Corporation Limited. Zaria – Nigeria.
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Charanchi, R.
(1999), Katsina Dakin Kara: Tarihin Katsina Da Garuruwanta, Northern
Nigerian Publishing Company Limited, Zariya.
Fletcher, D. C. (1929) “The Kai-na-Fara.”
Extract from Re-assessment Report on ’Yanɗaka District,
Katsina Emirate,
Greenberg,
J. (1946) The Influence of Islam on a Sudanese Religion: Monographs of
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(1915), “Maguzawa” Archiu, Anthropologies, NF Vol. XIV.
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farko, Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato.
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L. (1973) “Attitudes And Customs In Childbirth Amongst Hausa Women In Zaria City,”
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Tremearne,
A. J. N. (1913) Hausa Superstitions And Customs. John Bale, Sons and
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[1] Maguzawa
su ne Hausawan da ba Musulmi ba, masu gudanar da rayuwarsu ta hanyar bin
tanadin da aka yi a al’adunsu da addininsu na gargajiya.
[2] Maguzawan Ƙauyen Gidan Bakwai a Ƙasar Faskari cikin jihar Katsina su ke kiran wannan al’ada da Ɗaɗɗaki
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HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.