For citation: Haruna Umar Maikwari da Muhammad Shu’aibu. Tasirin Adabi a Makarantun Ilimi na Ƙasar Hausa. Takardar da aka gabatar a taro na ƙasa na takwas (8th) don ƙara wa juna sani da ƙungiyar Malaman Kwaleji (COASU) yankin Arewa maso Yamma suka shirya a ranar 8 zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba, 2021.
Tasirin Adabi a Makarantun Ilimi Na Ƙasar Hausa
Na
Haruna Umar Maikwari
Department of Hausa Language.
Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau
maikwariharuna@gmail.Com
(+234) 07031280554
Da
Muhammad Shu’aibu Abubakar
Department of Hausa Language.
Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau
msabubakar@gmail.Com
(+234) 08031835262
Tsakure
Wannan maƙala mai taken “Tasirin Adabi a Makarantun Ilimi na Ƙasar Hausa” za ta fayyace irin tasirin da adabi ya yi wajen koyarwa a
makarantu. Manufar wannan maƙala ita ce, fito da rawar da adabi ya taka wajen ilimantar da al’ummar
Hausawa, bayyana hanyoyin da adabi ya yi tasiri a makarantun Hausawa tun daga
na gargajiya har zuwa makarantun zamani, sai nusar da al’umma muhimmancin
amfani da adabinsu wajen ilimantar da ‘ya’yansu. Hanyar da aka bi wajen aiwatar
da wannan maƙalar ita ce, ta karance-karancen bugaggun littattafai da kundayen bincike
da mujallu na ilimi daga makarantu daban-daban. An kuma zaɓi a ɗora wannan binciken (Maƙala) a kan ra’in kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory) wanda aka fi danganta
samuwarsa daga MC Dougal, (1871). Sakamakon binciken da wannan maƙalar ta fitar shi ne, an gano cewa ba ƙaramar rawa adabi ya
taka ba wajen koyarwa a makarantun ƙasar Hausa tun daga na
gargajiya har na zamani. Maƙalar ta gano cewa waƙoƙin nan da ake yi a makarantu ko ma don tatsuniyoyi su ne suke ƙara jan hankalin mai saurare wajen fahimtar saƙon da ake isarwa. Maƙakalar ta taɓo bayanai da suka haɗa da adabi, waƙa, makaranta, lokuta da muhallan koyarwa na gargajiya da na addini da na
zamani. An kuma zo da bayani a kan wararen da adabi ya taka rawa ga sha’anin
koyarwa.
1.0 Gabatarwa
Sha’anin ilimi al’amari ne da ya ƙunshi rayuwa kacokam, da
ma dai masu iya magana sun ce, “Ilimi gishirin rayuwa”. Ko shakka babu wannan
haka yake. Dukkan al’ummun duniya sun kasance suna neman ilimi ko dai na
gargajiya ko na addinin ko na zamantakewa. Al’adun al’umma da adabinsu, su ke
yi masu jagora wajen al’amurransu na rayuwa. A ƙasar Hausa ilimi babban abin tiƙaho, kowa ya yadda ana ƙawa da shi. Tun fil
azal, Hausawa suna da makaranta ta gargajiya wadda suke ilimantar da ‘ya’yansu.
Wannan makaranta kuwa ta samu ga Hausawa tun kafin su samu addinin musulunci da
na zamani. Makarantar Hausawa ta farko ita ce tatsuniya da ita suke ilimantar
da yaransu, wannan ita ce makarantar gargajiya wadda ba za a iya cewa ka
lokacin da Hausawa suka fara amfani da ita ba. Bayan zuwan addinin musulunci
kuma, Hausawa suka duƙufa nemansa a makarantun tsangaya. Da tafiya ta yi tafiya ilimin ya bunƙasa sai kuma aka samu
makarantun Islamiyya. Da turawan mulkin mallaka suka samu damar shigowa ƙasar Hausa kuma sai suka
fito da makarantun zamani na boko. A yau makarantun zamanin (makarantun boko)
su ne ke cin karensu ba babbaka (makarantun boko aka fi mayarwa hankali a
ko’ina faɗin ƙasar Hausa). Adabi kuwa shi ne hoton
rayuwar al’umma, sji ne babbar hanyar nishaɗantar da al’umma da faɗakar da su. Ƙasar Hausa kuwa tana nan a Afirka ta Yamma. Wannan maƙala ta mayar da hankali
wajen duba irin tasirin da adabi ya yi a makarantun ilimi na ƙasar Hausa.
1.1
Manufar Bincike
Babbar manufar wannan binciken ita ce, fito da tasirin da adabi ya yi a ƙasar Hausa. Akwai kuma
wasu manufofi da suka haɗa da:
i.
Rawar da adabi ya
taka wajen ilimanta da al’ummar Hausawa
ii.
Bayyana hanyoyin
da adabi ya yi tasiri a makarantun Hausawa tun daga na gargajiya har zuwa
makarantun zamani.
iii.
Nusar da al’umma
muhimmancin amfani da adabinsu wajen ilimantar da ‘ya’yansu.
1.2 Hanyoyin Gudanar da
Bincike
Wannan maƙalar ta kammala ne ta hanyar
karance-karancen bugaggun littattafai da muƙalu da masana da manazarta suka
gabatar musamman waɗanda suka shafi adabi da rawar da ya taka wajen ci gaban al’umma. Mai
wannan maƙalar ya taso ƙasar Hausa, kuma ya yi karatu a ƙasar Hausa, dukkan makarantun ƙasar Hausa gwargwado sai da ya ratsa
ta cikinsu kafi ya iso wannan mataki. Bin waɗannan hanyoyi shi ya ba da damar:
i.
Gano irin tasirin
da adabi ya yi a makarantun ilimi na ƙasar
Hausa
ii.
Sani rawar da
adabin ya taka a makarantun ilimi na ƙasar
Hausa
iii.
Bayyana adabin a
matsayin wata hanya ta dabarun koyarwa cikin sauƙi.
1.3. Ra’in Kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory)
An zaɓa ɗora wannan maƙala a kan ra’in kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory) kalmar motivation ta samu fasara daga masana
da dama, Garba, (2012:65) ya fasara kalmar motivation a matsayin zaburarwa
wadda ya ce, “hanya ce da ake sanya mutum ƙamin cimma wata manufa. Wannan ra’i an fi
danganta samuwarsa daga MC Dougal, (1871-1838) a wani littafi nasa mai suna An
Introduction to Social Psychology ya bayyana cewa zuciya da tunanin mutane
na da wani halittaccen wani hali wanda ke da ƙarfin ingiza yin duk wani tunani ko aikata wani
aiki.
Ado, (2017) a maƙalarsa mai taken Sarkin Gardin Sarkin Katsina
Allhaji Amadu Na Lado Gwarzon da ya yi Fice a Sana’ar Gardanci a Ƙasar Katsina wadda ta fito a littafin The Heros and Heroiness
of Hausa Land, ya ce shi dai ra’in kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory)
ra’i ne wanda yake yin bayani kan ɗabi’a da halayyar ɗan Adam ta fannin bayar da dalilin da ke sanya ko a zaburar da ɗan Adam a lokacin da yake ƙawa ko sha’awa ta mausamman, na aikata wasu ayyuka ko wani ƙuduri ko nuna wata buƙata ta rayuwa. Don haka an ɗora wannan maƙala ne a kan wannan mazhaba ta
kwaɗaitarwa ga ‘yan makaranta masu neman ilimi a ƙasar Hausa.
2.0 Adabin Hausa
Kalmar adabi an aro ta ne daga
harshen Larabci, aka mayar da ita ta zama kalmar Hausa.
Masana irin su Gusau (1986) cewa ya yi kalmar na
nufin dukkan abubuwa na rayuwa da suka shafi al’adu, ɗabi’u da fasahar al’umma da
harkokin rayuwar yau da kullum. Shi kuwa Ɗangambo (1985), cewa ya yi
kalmar adabi tamkar wani hoto ne ko madubi na haska rayuwar al’umma wadda ta ƙunshi tunaninsu da ɗabi’unsu da fasaharsa na karantar da matasa
gargajiya da sarrafa hanyoyin rayuwa.
A gudummuwa irin wannan za mu iya
cewa, “Adabi na nufin wata hanya ta musamman wadda bil-adama (ɗan adam) yake bi don sadar da abubuwan da suka shafi
rayuwarsa da ta ‘yan uwansa. Abubuwa da yakan sadar ɗin kuwa, mafi yawansu abubuwa ne da suke daɗaɗa masa rai watau annushuwa, ko suka munana masa zuciya don nuna baƙin cikinsa da ƙin abin; watau a taƙaice dai adabi madubi ne
na rayuwar ɗan adam dukkaninta”.
An kasa adabi gida biyu watau, adabin
baka/gargajiya/ka da adabin zamani/rubutaccen adabi. Kuma kowanensu ya kasu
gida uku wato labari da waƙa da wasa a adabin gargajiya, a na zamani kuwa zube,
rubutacciyar waƙa da wasan kwaikwayo. A wannan maƙala waƙa ce ke a gabanmu don haka ga ma’anar waƙar domin sanin inda muka
dosa.
2.1 Ma'anar waƙa:
Ra'ayoyi mabambanta na masana adabi sun ta cin karo
wajen tsayar da ma'ana guda ɗaya ta waƙa. Sai dai abin sha'awa, duk
ma'anonin za a same su suna magana ne da siga iri ɗaya. Kaɗan daga cikin su sun haɗa da: Umar, (1980) yana ganin
"waƙar baka a Hausa kamar sauran harsuna tana zuwa ne a
rere, cikin sautin murya ko rauji. Rerawar da ake yi wa waƙa ya sa
ba ta zuwa a shimfiɗe gaba ɗayanta sai dai ta zo gunduwa-gunduwa tare da amshi
a tsakaninsu".
Ɗangambo,
(1982) ya bayyana ma'anar da cewa, "Waƙa wani saƙo ne da ake gina shi kan tsararriyar ƙa'ida ta baiti, ɗango, rerawa, kari (bahari),
amsa-amo (ƙafiya), da sauran ƙa'idojin
da suka shafi daidaita kalmomi, zaɓensu da amfani da su cikin sigogin da ba lalle ne
haka suke ba".
Shi kuwa Yahya (2007) cewa ya yi "waƙa tsararriyar magana ce da ta ƙunshi saƙo cikin
zaɓaɓɓun kalmomi da aka auna domin
maganar ta reru ba faɗuwa kurum ba".
ƙamusun
Hausa a tashi ma'anar waƙa na nufin "wata
tsararriyar magana da ake yi kan kari ko rauji" (CHNH, 2006:466).
A irin gudunmuwa ta wannan aiki dangane da abin da
ya shafi ma'anar waƙa da cewa, Waƙa tana nufin ƙololuwar hikima da fiƙira da basira da hazaƙa da fasaha ta sarrafa
kalmomi bisa ga tsari madaidaici tare da amfani da baiti ko ɗiya a cikin rauji mai daɗin gaske domin nishaɗantarwa tare da jan hankalin mai sauraro ga abin da ake
isarwa na saƙo a gare shi.
2.2 Tatsuniya
Muhammad, (1985), yana cewa,
“Tatsuniya ƙagaggen labari ne da magata kan shirya musamman don tarbiyya bisa ga tsarin
gargajiya”. Umar, (1985), ya ce, “romon kai ce ko ba da labarin wani bai ɗaya, da bai faru ba a zahirin haka nan kuma a wannan
labarin yana da tsohon tarihi saboda kaka da kakanni suka ƙirƙira shi suka sadar da shi zuwa gare
mu a tsawon tarihi, wani abu muhimmi da ma’anar su M.B. Umar ta zo da shi, shi
ne ƙagaggen labari na kaka da kakanni. Sun ƙirƙira shi ne a matsayin wata hanya ta
cusa wa ‘ya’yansu tarbiyya domin su ta shi a matsayin Hausawa masu tunani da ɗabi’u da halaye masu bin al’adun waɗanda al’ummar ƙasar Hausawa ta yadda da su. Tatsuniya ƙagaggen labari ne da
Bahaushe ya tsara domin ya tarbiyantar da ‘ya’ya a kan lamurran duniya da kuma
al’adunsu.
3.0 Makaranta
Cherles D.B. PhD (2017) a nasa
ra’ayi, makaranta na nufin duk wani wuri da aka samar domin taruwar ɗalibai da zimmar koyon wani darasi da ya shafi rayuwa da
siyasa da lafiya da kuma kimiyya da fasaha.
Shi kuwa Bahaushe a nasa tunani
yakan ce “Duniya Makaranta” wato a nan Bahaushe yana kallon duk wata farfajiya
ko wuri da ya haddasa canjin ɗabi’a, tunani ko hali na ɗan Adam sakamakon halattar wani wuri.
Dangane da waɗannan ra’ayoyi da muka zo da su za mu iya cewa
“Makaranta” dai tana nufin duk wani wuri da aka samar ko tanada domin hulɗar koyo da koyarwa.
3.1 Lokaci Da Wurin
Koyarwa Na Ilimin Gargajiya
A tsarin ilimi na gargajiya babu
wani takamaiman wuri da lokaci da za a ce ana gudanar da aikin koyarwa a
cikinsa. Domin irin wannan tsari na ilimi ko’ina kuma kowane lokaci idan mutum
ya aikata ba daidai ba ana nuna masa kuskurensa, wannan yanayi yana sa a
karkato mutum ko dai ta hanyar magana wato a yi masa magana ko a shirya
tatsuniya domin a yi hannunka mai sanda a kan abin da ake buƙata yara su sani ko su
aikata. Haka kuma akan yi amfani da hanyar horo wato dan yara suka aikata
kuskure sai a lurar da su ta hanyar tsawatawa ku nunawa da gaɓoɓi ku kuma bugu wanda ba ya wuce adadin laifin da suka aikata don su gyara.
Irin wannan lamari ana gudanar da shi a kowane lokaci kuma kowane wuri misali
kamar gida, gona, makaranta, kan hanya, kasuwa, da dai sauransu.
3.2 Lokaci Da Wurin
Koyarwa Na Ilimin Addinin Musulunci
A tsarin bayar da ilimi na addinin
musulunci kuwa ana bayar da ilimi a gidan malami ko a zaurensa ko a garkarsa
wato ƙofar gida ko a kusa da itaciya da ke kusa da gidansa ko a masallaci.
Dangane da lokaci kuwa a tsarin
musulunci ana yinsa ne kwanaki biyar na kowane mako. Galibi akan yi karatun a
rakakku kamar Assabar, Lahadi, Littanin (Attanin) Talata da Laraba. Akan yi
hutu a ranakkun Alhamis da Jumma’a. A wasu wuraren kuma Alhamis kaɗai ce ranar hutu.
Ana yin wannan karatu sau uku a
kowace rana wato da safe da rana da kuma dare. Dukkan waɗannan lokuta yara suna da masanniya kuma za su taru su
dinga ɗaukar karatu wajen malamai.
3.3 Lokaci Da Wurin
Koyarwa Na Ilimin Zamani
Shi kuwa wannan tsari na ilimin
zamani wato ilimin karatun boko wanda Turawa suka zo muna da shi, ana koyarwa
ne a wani keɓaɓɓen wuri da ake kira makaranta wato inda ake karatu.
Makaranta dai wani gini ne da aka yi aka fitar da ajujuwa da ofis-ofis na
malamai tare da wasu kayayyakin aikin koyarwa da suka haɗa da: kujeru da tebura, da wasu littattafai na karatun
boko da allunan da ake aiki da su yayin koyarwa da kuma alli ko biron da ake
rubutu da shi a kan allo wato Marker
a turance. Haka kuma za a iya samun shuke-shuke na alfarma kamar fulawa da ƙararrawar da ake bugawa
don caccanza lokaci, kuma ana samu fili don yin wasanni ga yara da kuma itace
domin inuwa.
Dangane da lokaci kuwa, galibi akan
yi karatu a ranakkun aiki biyar na kowane mako, wato ranar Attanin (Littanin),
Talata, Laraba, Alhamis da Jumma’a. ana barin ranar Assabar da Lahadi a
matsayin ranar hutu.
Ana kasa tsarin karatu zuwa zango
uku in ƙaramar Makaranta ce kamar Furamare da Sakandare, amma a makarantun gaba da
sakandare akan kasa zango zuwa zuwa gida biyu a kowace shekara.
Dangane da lokutan karatu kuwa a
makarantu irin na Furamare da sakandare galibi akan yi karatu da safe misalin ƙarfe takwas har zuwa
lokacin tashi wato ƙarfe goma sha biyu saura kwata ga yara ‘yan aji ɗaya zuwa uku (8:00am zuwa 11:45am). Amma ga yara waɗanda suke aji huɗu har ya zuwa aji shida sukan sai ƙarfe ɗaya na rana suke tashi. Wato(1:00pm).
Daga cikin wannan lokaci da ake
gudanar da karatu akan yi darussa da dama kafin a kai ga tashi. Wato akan
karkasa lokutan daidai da yawan darussan da za a koyar a kowace rana. Kuma waɗannan darussan za su iya zama darasin Lissafe ko Kimiyya
ko Harshe kamar Hausa, Arabiyya, Ingilishi, da Faransanci da dai sauransu haka
kuma ana iya samu darussan koyon zamantakewa kamar Sacial Studies da kuma
darussan koyon na’ura mai ƙwaƙwalwa da dai sauransu.
Saboda sauyawar zamani da yawan ɗalibai da kuma wasu gyare – gyare da aka yi wa kundin
tsarin koyarwa na ƙasa ya sa a yau ba da safe kawai ake har ma akwai waɗanda suke karatu da rana, wato lokacin da wasu suka tashi
lokacin su kuma wasu za su zo don su ɗauki darasi.
A fannin karatun boko kuma akwai
wasu ɗaiɗaikun ranakku na aiki waɗanda ba a aiki a cikinsu kamar ranar yara ta duniya,
ranar bukin salla, ranar bukin kirisimeti, ranar bukin sabuwar shekara, ranar
bukin samun ‘Yancin ƙasa, ranar Ma’aikata, ranar Bukin Samun Siyasa, ranar Good Friday da Esther Monday da dai sauransu.
4.1 Adabi a Makarantar
Gargajiya
Tatsuniya ita ce makarantar
gargajiya a taƙaice. Ana amfani da waƙa domin isar da saƙon da ke cikin tatsuniyar. Waƙa ta fi sauƙin shiga kai wannan ya sa masu yin
tatsuniyar suke rera waƙa domin su ja hankalin mai sauraro.
Ana samun waƙa a mafi yawan
tatsuniyoyin Hausawa kamar:
a)
Tatsuniyar Yara
da Kada. Misali.
Idan aka
lura da yara suna zuwa rafi ko gulbi ko tafki ko wani kududdufi yin wanka za a
zauna a shirya masu tatsuniya wadda za ta sa su ji tsoro su bar zuwa a can dun
yin wanka.
Maraba-Maraba da ƙannani,
Ƙannanai sun zaka wanka,
In ci kwaikwai
in ci kwai-kwai.
Maraba-maraba
da yannai,
Yannai
sun biyo ƙannai,
Ƙannanai sun zaka wanka,
In ci
kwaikwai in ci kwai-kwai.
Maraba-maraba
da Inna,
Inna ta
biyo yannai,
Yannai
sun biyo ƙannai,
Ƙannanai sun zaka wanka,
In ci
kwaikwai in ci kwai-kwai.
Maraba-maraba
da Baaba,
Baaba ya
biyo Inna,
Inna ta
biyo yannai,
Yannai
sun biyo ƙannai,
Ƙannanai sun zaka wanka,
In ci
kwaikwai in ci kwai-kwai.
-------------------------------------------
Akwai sauran waƙoƙi da ake yi a cikin makarantunmu na
gargajiya wato tatsuniya. Waƙoƙin sun danganta daga tatsuniya zuwa tatsuniya. Haka kuma sun bambanta daga
wani gari ko yanki zuwa wani. Akwai tastuniyoyi da yawa kamar:
b)
Tatsuniyar Bora
da Mowa
c)
Tatsuniyar Musa
d)
Tatsuniyar Fada
da Tsohuwa da makamantansu.
e)
Tatsuniyar Gizo
da Ƙoƙi
f)
Tatsuniyar Kanu
g)
Tatsuniyar Ɓaure da sauransu.
4.2 Gudummuwar Adabi a
Makarantun Allo
Gudummuwar
adabi ga al’umma ta fi mayar da hankali ne ga rawar da adabi yake takawa a hali
na zamantakewa. Kuma tana duba yadda adabi yake tafiya da al’adu da fasahohi na
al’umma da suke daɗa inganta rukunonin rayuwa. Gusau, (2008:13). Waƙa na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman rukunnan
adabin al’umma da ke da matuƙar tasiri ga rayuwarsu. Bahaushe ya ɗora waƙa a wani matsayi mai girma inda yake amfani da ita a
kusan dukkanin ɓangarorin rayuwarsa. Wannan kuwa ya
haɗa da tattalin ariziki (inda ake da
mawaƙan sana’o’i daban-daban), da zamantakewa (inda ake da mawaƙan jama’a, da mawaƙan fada, da
makamantansu). Da ma dai adabi dukansa madubi ne na hango hoton rayuwar
al’umma. Gobir da Sani, (2018: 3). A taƙaice dai waƙoƙi wani ɓangare ne na adabi da ke mamaye da
al’adun Bahaushe.
Akwai wasu
harufa da suka haɗu suka bayar da ayoyi da ake koyarwa da ƙidan baƙi waɗanda idan aka faɗe su sai a ji kamar suna da wani rauji da zai ba da damar fasara su. Sau
tari domin nishaɗi almajirai sukan bayyana hoton rayuwarsu da
abubuwan da suke a cikin ransu a cikin waɗannan ayoyi. Wannan ba ya nufin
sun yi fasara, sai dai sun saka nishaɗi da zai sa su ji sha’awar
wannan karatu. Misali, a wasu harufa da suke gina wani ɓangare ko sashe na wata aya ko wasu ayoyi kamar:
Bismillahir rahmanir rahim بسم الله الرحمن الر
حيم
Ba, sin, mi’ara, ali, lallan, hakuri, ali, lan, ra, haa ƙarami, min, alijja, nu’ara, ali, lan, raa, haa ƙarani, yaa, mi’ara. ب س م ا ل ل ه ا
ل ر ح م ن ا ل ر ح ي م
Wannan Basmala ce har ƙarshe aka yi da tsari ƙidan baƙi. Duk wani rubutu da za fara shi a kan allo to ya zama wajebi a yi
basmala. Don haka duk lokacin da wani (almajiri) ya zo zai karanta to sai ya
fara da wannan basmala.
Maaliki Yaumid diin ملك يوم الدين
Min, lan, kaulasan, raa, wau, mi’ara.
م ل
ك ي و م
Da bilbili da jemage sun bi ruwa sun tafi
Amajirai
suna bi kari (raujin) waɗannan baƙaƙe suna maye su da wani sauti. Irin wannan yana hardasa nishaɗi a cikin karatu. Yin irin wannan yana ƙara masu shauƙin dagewa da naƙaltar wannan karatu da suke yi. Faɗin da bilbili da jemage sun bi ruwa sun tafi ba shi ne fasarar
wannan baƙaƙe da suka bi tsarin karinsu wajen karatu ba.
A wasu baƙaƙen ma irin wannan lamari yana aukuwa, wannan ya bambanta daga makaranta
zuwa wata makaranta. Har wa yau ga wasu baƙaƙe da aka yi wa irin hikima:
Nunguda, a’ilikkafa, baa, dal. Na’abudu نعبد
Mariya na can na tuyar ƙosai ن ع ب د
Almajirai kan ɗora karin sauti faɗar ƙida baƙi na kowane sauti (harafi) a mizanin hawa da saukar murya yayin faɗarsa. Don haka wannan ma sun tanadar masa da wata jimla da za ta hau
daidai wannan kari na baƙaƙen (harufa). A lokacin faɗin wannan sukan nishaɗantu, hakan, kan ja hankalinsu
da su matsa ƙaimi wajen koyon waɗannan baƙaƙe (harufa).
A wani sashen ƙidan baƙin suna cewa:
Wa’iyyaka وإياك Wau, Ali, yaa, ali baƙa, kaulasan. و إ ي ا ك
Maalam
yaa kamata a tasshe mu
Da wannan
suke maye gurbin karin ƙidan baƙin “Wau, Ali, yaa, ali baƙa, kaulasan.” A lokacin da muna a makarantar
allo, na san duk lokacin tashi ya gabato idan har malam da sauran manyan
almajirai masu kama wa malami koyarwa ba su kula ba, sai ka ji sauran almajiran
sun ɗauki wannan karatu don su yi wa malami ishara
cewa lokacin tashi ya yi.
Wassamudal laziina jaabus sahra bilwadi
وثمود
الذين جابوا الصخر بالواد
In kunu ya buwaya sai a kai shi Mungadi[1]
Wannan aya
ce sukutum. Kuma suka ɗora ta a mizanin karin faɗar ta da masu tunani. Wasu sukan ƙara da cewa, ”Inda malam Habibu su ka gyara mai yami (Tsami)”. Da yawan
almajirai sukan ji shauƙi yayin da suka samu kansu suna
amfani da irin wannan raha.
A wata ayar kuma sukan yi amfani
da raujin (kari) sai su bayyana nishaɗi kamar haka:
Fadakhulu fi ibadii, wadakhuluu Jannati فادخلوا في عبادي، وادخلوا جنتي
Sai su ce:
Wani gari baabu wake, wani garii ko akwai[2].
Almajiran
sukan maye gurbin karin wannan aya da muradun zuciyarsu. Dama dai almajiri yana
da buƙata ta abinci, don haja ba abin mamaki ba ne don
ya zaɓi wake daga cikin nau’ukan abincin da ke cikin
zuciyarsa, ya ɗora a mizanin faɗar karatunsa.
4.3 Adabi a Makarantar
Zamani (Makarantar Boko)
A wannan fanni adabi ya yi tasiri
matuƙa domin kusan a matakin farko duk wani darasi da ake koyar da yara da waɗa ake koyar da shi. Waƙa ta fi shiga kai wannan ya sa
malamai masu hikima suka fi yin amfani da ita. A matakin koyon haruffa waƙa ce farko, a matakin
koyon ƙirga da Hausa da waƙa ake farawa, a matakin tattara yara a makaranta da waƙa ake tattara su. a matakin bayyana
wa yara manufofin tattaruwarsu a makaranta da waɗa ake yi, koyar da wasu darussa kamar tarihi, lisafi,
al’adu, wasanni, matakan rayuwa, gaskiya, tattalin arziki, duk da waƙa ake fara koya wa yara
su kuma gane. Bugu da ƙari a matakin gaba da naziri wato firamare da sakandare da ma makarantun
gaba da sakandare da jami’o’i duk akwai wasu darussa da ake amfani da waƙa.
4.3.1 Adabi wajen
Tattara Yara
Malami mai hikima a lokacin da
musamman a ƙauye ba ya taron latti, in ya kwatanci lokacin zuwa makaranta ya yi sai ya
nemi kaɗan da suka zo sai su zagaya a cikin
gari unguwa-unguwa, suna waƙa. Misali:
Malami: Ku zo mu je, ‘yan yara ku zo
mu je makaranta,
Yara: Ku zo mu je, ‘yan yara ku zo mu je makaranta,
Malami: Ku duba huskar ɗan yaron da ba ya son makaranta,
Yara: Ku zo mu je, ‘yan yara ku zo mu je makaranta,
Malami: Ku duba
huskar yarinyar da ba ta son makaranta,
4.3.2 Adabi Wajen Koyar
da Haruffa
A wajen koyar da haruffa, malami
yakan rera waƙa domin ya samu hankalin yara. Dama dai su yara suna son waƙa, don haka da su ji
raujin waƙa na tashi sai hankalinsu ya koma a can. Misali:
Malami: a, ba ca da ce, a, b, c, d, e.
Fa, ga, ha, i, ja f, g, h, i, j.
Ka, la, ma, na, o, k, l, m, n, o.
Ra, sa, ta, u, wa, ya za. R, s, t,
u, w, y, z.
Yara suna amsawa, gwargwadon yadda malami ya rera.
4.3.3 Adabi Wajen Koyar
da Lissafe
A darussan lissafe malaman Hausa na
amfani da adabi wajen rera waƙa domin yara su ji shauƙin wannan darasi nasa. Misali:
Malami: Ɗaya mafarin ƙirga,
Biyu idanun dabba,
Uku, duwatsun murhu,
Huɗu, ƙafafun tebur,
Biyar, na yatsun hannu,
Shidda, kwanakin aiki,
Bakwai, kwanakin mako,
.........................................
4.3.4 Adabi wajen Koyar
da Al’adu
A wajen koyar da al’adu kuwa malamai
sukan rera wa yara waƙoƙi masu daɗi don fizgar hankalin yara. Akwai
wasu waƙoƙi da ake koyar da yara a makarantun boko koyar da al’adun mazauna wannan
muhalli (Hausawa). Misali:
a)
Waƙar Neman Aure ta yara
b)
Waƙar kai amarya
c)
Waƙoƙin wasanni
Ga misalin kaɗan na wata waƙa daga waɗannan.
Mai bayarwa: Ayyaraye ayye naye,
Masu amshi: Ayyaraye Ayye naye,
Mai bayarwa: Ayyaraye ayye Dije,
Masu amshi: Ayyaraye Ayye Dije
Mai bayarwa: Ayyaraye ayye daure-daure
Masu amshi: Ayyaraye ayye daure-daure
Mai bayarwa: Zaman gidan wani tilas ne,
Masu amshi: Ayyaraye ayye daure-daure
Mai bayarwa: Bakanki aka fara ba,
Masu amshi: Bakanki aka fara ba,
Mai bayarwa: Ba kanki ne za a ƙare ba,
Masu amshi Ba kanki ne za a ƙare ba,
-----------------------------------------------
4.3.4.1 Adabi a Matakan
rayuwa (Aure)
Matakan rayuwar Hausawa sun haɗa da aure, da haihuwa da mutuwa. Waƙoƙin da ake yi masu nuni da waɗannan a makarantu. Misali:
Mai bayarwa: Assalamu alaikum, assalamu alaikum,
A cikin wannan rana.
Masu amshi: Amin, alaikus salamu, amin, alaikus salamu,
A cikin wannan rana.
---------------------------------
4.3.4.2 Adabi a Wasanni
Waƙoƙi da ake yi na wasanni a makarantu
suna koyar da wasu darussa kamar juriya da motsa jiki da dabarun zaman duniya.
Misali
Waƙar Ɗam maliyo, maliyo,
Mai Bayarwa: Ɗan maliyo, maliyo,
Masu Amshi: Maliyo
Mai Bayarwa: Ɗan maliyo nawa,
Masu Amshi: Maliyo
Mai Bayarwa: Ka je ina ne,
4.3.5 Adabi a Wajen
Koyar da Tarihi (History)
a)
Waƙar Nijeriya ta Alh. Shehu Shagari. Misali:
“Yan yara ku zo mu faɗa maku,
Ku ji labarin
Nijeriya,
In an tambaiku ku ce masu,
Ku taku ƙasa Nijeriya,
Don kan da yawa aka tambaya,
Shin wai mi an
Nijeriya,
--------------------------------------------
b)
Waƙar Arewa Jamhuri ko Mulukiyya ta Sa’adu Zungur.
In za ka faɗi, faɗi
gaskiya,
Ko mi taka ja maka
ka biya.
Sai mu raƙi Allah shi ɗaya,
Don shi ne Sarkin
gaskiya.
Ya mallaki dukkan talikai,
Na kwari da tudu
da samaniya.
------------------------------------------------
Kammalawa
Dabarun da Hausawa suke amfani da su na amfani da waƙa wajen isar da saƙo san yi matuƙar tasiri musamman idan
aka duba makarantu. Ko shakka babu waƙa ta fi saurin shiga kai. Ayyukan da Majaddadi Shehu
Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ƙanensa Abdullahin Gwandu da ‘ya’yansa da almajiransa za a ga cewa waƙa suka yi amfani da ita
wajen yaɗa manufpfinsu na jihadi. A
makarantunmu na gargajiya wato tatsuniyoyi ana yin amfani da waƙa wajen fizgar hankalin
masu saurare. Haka a makarantunmu na addini musamman a tsangaya da ma Islamiyya
duk ana amfani da waƙa wajen koyar da yara. Da ma dai karatun Al’ƙur’ani Mai tsarki ba kara zube ake
yinsa ba, akan yi shi ne rere. Makarantun zamani kuwa, ana amfani da waƙa wajen koyar da
haruffa, ƙidaya (ƙirga ko lambobi), koyar da kalmomin Hausa, wasu darussa, kamar tarihi
(History), Al’adu da halaye da ɗabi’un al’umma (Culture, noams and value). A mataki na manyan makarantu
kuma ana koyar da waƙoƙi a cikin nazarin harshe. Wannan maƙala ta yi bayanin irin tasirin da adabi ya yi wajen
koyarwa a makarantun ƙasar Hausa.
Manazarta.
Abdullahi M. (1998), An Introduction
To Media And Method Gidan Dabino Publishers Kano.
Adedeji I.O & Bello M.B (2008) An
Introdunction To Teacher Education. Ultimate
Printers Kaduna-Nigeria.
Alhassan H. Da Wasu (1991), Zaman
Hausawa, Islamic Publishes Bereau Lagos.
Baba N.M (2007) Basic Of Principle
And Method Of Teaching Joyce Publishers
Kaduna.
Bunguɗu H. U. Da Maikwari, H. U. (2016). Waƙa Zancen Hikima: Gusau. Nasara Printers. Zamfara
State
Calving C.Y. (1984) Nazarin Hausa A Ƙananan Makarantun Sakandare. Littafi na farko, Nelson Pitman Limited Lagos.
Ɗangambo A. (2008), Rabe-Raben Adabin Hausa (Sabon Tsari)
Amana Publishers Kano.
Ɗangambo A. (1981) Ɗaurayar gadon feɗe waƙa, SHN BUK, Kano
Dorson R.M. (1971), American Folklor Chicago Anda The Historians University Chicago Press.
Encyclopedia Of Social Science Britania Vol. 1. 496 London.
Galadanci M.K.M da Wasu (1992), Hausa
Don Ƙananan Makarantun Sakandare. Na Biyu Longman Nigeria Plc.
Gusau S.M, (2008) Dubarun Nazarin
Adabin Hausa Benchmark Publishers Kano.
Madauci I. Da Wasu, (1968), Hausa
Custom, NNPC Zaria
Maikwari, H. U. Da Ƙaura H. L (2021) “Rawar Wa Adabi Ya Taka Wajen
Koyarwa A Makarantun Allo.”Takardar da aka gabatar a taron ƙasa da ƙasa na haɗaka don ƙara wa juna sani da jami’ar An-Nahda haɗin guiwa da Kwalejin ilmi ta
Jihar Jigawa da ke Gumel, Nijeriya, ta shirya a ranar Laraba, 31 ga Maris zuwa 2 ga Afrilu,
2021.
N.T.I (2000) Nigerian Certificate In
Education, Course Book On Education Circle (s), Module 5,7 &8. NTI Kaduna.
Skinner N. (1980), An Anthology Ofa
Hausa Literature In Translation, NNPC Zaria
Tafida C.A (2005) The Teacher And
Nigerian Civil Servise. Baraka Press
And Publishers Kaduna – Nigeria.
Umar M.B. (1980), Adabin Baka Don
Makarantu, Hausa Publication Center Zaria
Yahaya I.Y. (1971), Tatsuniya Da Wasannani 1-6, Ibadan Oxford University Press.
Yahaya I.Y. (1992) Darussan Hausa Dom Manyan Makarantun Sakandare. University Press Ibadan.
Zarruk R.M. (1979) Siffofin Aikin
Koyarwa. Oxfort University Press, London
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