Bayanin takarda: Haruna Umar Maikwari da Muhammad Chibaɗo Aminu, (2021). Nason Wasu Al’adun Hausawa A Littafin Malam Inkuntum. Maƙala da aka gabatar a taron ƙarawa juna sani da jami’ar jihar Kaduna ta shirya a kan wasan kwaikwayo da finafinai a ƙarƙashin gudanarwar sashen nazarin harsunan Nijeriya. A ranar 3 zuwa 5 ga Disamba, 2021.
Nason Wasu Al’adun Hausawa a Littafin Malam Inkuntum
Daga
Haruna Umar Maikwari
Department of Hausa Language.
Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau
maikwariharuna@gmail.Com
(+234) 07031280554
Tsakure
Wasan kwaikwayo mai
taken “Malam Inkuntum” an shirya shi ne domin raha. Wannan wasa ta fito da wasu
al’adun Hausa na malanta. Duk da cewa an saka raha da yawa a ciki, wannan ba ya
nuna cewa duk abin da aka zo da shi ciki yana aukuwa a zahiri. Maƙalar tana da manufar fito da wasu al’adun Hausawa da suka bayyana a cikin
wannan wasa. Haka kuma a bayyana irin muhimmancin da ke tattare da waɗannan al’adu. Hanyoyin
da aka bi wajen gina wannan maƙala kuma sun haɗa da; Karance karancen bugaggun littattafai da kundaye da mujallu na ilimi
daga wasu jami’o’i. Sakamakon da wannan maƙalar ta fito da shi kuma
shi ne an gano akwai wasu al’adun Hausawa da suka bayyana cikin wannan wasar
kamar dai Aure, ɗaurin aure, auren sadaka, yi wa mace toshi, yi wa mace huɗuba da jan kunne, Imani
da ƙwanƙwamai, sarauta, sarautar shantali, gaisuwar sarauta sauke baƙo da sauransu.
1.0 Gabatarwa
Al’ada aba ce da
ta shafi dukkan ɓangarorin rayuwar al’umma. Wannan ne
ya sa kalmar ‘al’ada’ ta daɗe tana jan ra’ayin masana da manazarta da dama. Asalin kalmar al’ada ba
Bahaushiya ba ce aro ta aka yi. Kuma an are ta daga harshen Larabci. Tana nufin
abin da aka saba yi a Larabce. Duk da cewa akwai kininta a harshen Hausa.[1]
Akwai rubuce-rubucen ilimi da bincike-bincike da aka gudanar a matakan ilimi
daban-daban game da al’adun Hausawa. Masana da manazarta sun yi ƙoƙarin ba da ma’anar wannan kalma. A
cewar Ibrahim (1982: iii) “al’ada” tana nufin: “abubuwan da mutum ya saba yi a
cikin rayuwarsa ta duniya”. ɗangambo, (1987:5) cewa ya yi: “Al’ada ita ce sababbiyar hanyar gudanar da
rayuwa, wadda akasarin jama’a na cikin al’umma suka amince da ita.” Bunza,
(2006:7) na da irin wannan ra’ayi inda yake cewa: “Al’ada tana nufin dukkanin
rayuwar ɗan Adam ce tun daga haihuwarsa har
zuwa kabarinsa.” Idan aka duba waɗannan ma’anoni da ma wasu da dama makamantansu, za a tarar da cewa, al’ada
dai na nufin hanyar rayuwar al’umma ta gaba ɗaya. Wannan kuwa ya haɗa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kiyon lafiya da
dukkannin abin da ya shafi rayuwar al’umma.
Dangane da ma’anar kalmar wasan kwaikwayo kuwa, za a iya
cewa manazarta irinsu Ogunbiyi (1981) da ‘Yar’adua (2008) da Yahaya da ɗangambo(2004) duk sun kawo ma’anar wasan kwaikwayo a siga
daban-daban. Wasan kwaikwayo yana nufin nau’ine na wasa da yake ɗauke da koyi,ko tsarin zamantakewar mutane ta yin amfani
da ‘yan wasa da lokaci na musamman (Ogunbiyi,1981:3).
Muhimman Kalmomi: Naso, Al’ada,
Wasan Kwaikwayo,
1.1 Hanyoyin
Gudanar Da Bincike
An zaɓi hanyoyi biyu don gudanar da wannan maƙala Hanyoyin da aka bi
wajen tattara muhimman bayanai domin aiwatar da wannan maƙala sun haɗa da tattaunawa da ma’abuta ilimi da kuma karatun
littattafai domin samun nasarar aiwatar da wanna maƙala. An samu karanta littafin nan na
wasan kwaikwayo mai suna “Malam Inkumtum”. Karanta wannan littafin shi zai ba
da damar ganin abin dan da ake son a fito da shi daga cikinsa. Da yake manufar
wannan muƙala shi ne a fito da wasu al’adu da aka ci karo da su a cikin littafin na
“Malam Inkuntum”.
1.2 Al’adun Hausawa
Rayuwar al’umma a
kammale ita ake kira da al’ada, wato dai ɗungurungum na abin da ya shafi rayuwa da mu’amalarsu ta yau da kullum.
Saboda haka, al’adar Hausawa ta shafi duk wani abu da ake gani (Tufa ko abinci
da makamantansu) ko wanda ba a gani (kunya, tarbiyya da makamantansu) wanda za
a iya danganta su da Hausawa. Kenan dai, al’ada aba ce da akan san wata al’umma
da ita. Akan gane wannan al’umma da irin al’adarta.
Masana al’ada da zamantakewar al’umma (Anthropologist)
sun bayyana cewa, an samu ma’anar al’ada tun a ƙarni na sha tara (Ƙ19). Misali a littafin
Edward Burnett Tylor (1871) Primitive
Culture(Al’adun Jahiliyya) a sakin layin farko yana cewa: “Al’ada ita ce
duk wani abu da ya ƙunshi ilmi, da addini, da sana’o’i, da ɗabi’u, da dokoki, tsarin rayuwa da duk wata halayya da
mutum ya koya a matsayinsa na ɗan wata al’umma. Haka kuma Tylor (1881) ya ƙara da cewa al’ada ta shafi ɗan Adam ne kawai saɓanin dabbobi”.
Wasu masanan zamantakewar al’umma (Anthropologist) wato
Kroeber da Clyde Kluckhohn, (1952) sun ciro ma’anonin al’ada kimanin (164) kuma
ma’anonin akasarin su sun tafi a kan cewa, al’ada koyar ta ake yi ba halitta ba
ce.[2]
Masana da manazarta da dama sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu
dagane da al’ada. Misali. Bargery, (1934: 16) ya ba da ma’anar kalmar kamar
haka: “Tada ko ɗabi’a ko hanya ko haila wato fashin
salla ko jini ko bin wata ko wanki.” Abraham, (1962: 17) ya bayyana al’ada da “
aure, da buki da haila (al’adar mata) da magana da ciwon kai wanda aka saba da
yi, ya kuma ce an al’adantai. Peil, (1977) ta bayyana cewa, “Al’ada ta ƙunshi abinda mutum ya
tashi da shi na rayuwa, kuma ita al’ada koyonta ake yi ba halitta ce ba. Ta ƙara da cewa, al’ada ba
ta canzawa a cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, amma koma idan daɗe takan sauya ko ma ta mutu.”
Shi kuwa Ibrahim, (1982: iii) ya ce al’ada na nufin:
“Abubuwan da mutum ya saba yi a cikin rayuwarsa ta duniya. Ta haka al’ada ta
shafi yanayin rayuwar al’umma da harkokin da take gudanarwa na yau da kullum.”
Shi kuwa ɗangambo, (1987:5) cewa ya yi:
“Al’ada ita ce sababbiyar hanyar gudanar da rayuwa, wadda akasarin jama’a na
cikin al’umma suka amince da ita.” A cewar Bunza, (2006:7) ‘’Al’ada tana nufin
dukkanin rayuwar ɗan’Adam ce tun daga haihuwarsa har
zuwa kabarinsa. CNHN (2006:9) an bayyana al’ada da: “(i) hanyar rayuwar al’umma
(ii) jinin haila (iii) wani hali na daban na mutum (iv) magani ko tsafi”. A
Sa’id, da wasu (2006: 9) an bayyana
ma’anar al’ada da: “Hanyar rayuwar al’umma ko jinin haila ko magani ko tsafi ko
wani irin hali daban na mutum.” Shi ma Gusau, (2010: 2) ya yi nuni da cewa,
al’ada ta ƙunshi dukkan ɓangarorin rayuwar ɗan Adam. Ya ce:
“Al’ada ta ƙunshi tafarki wanda wata al’umma take rayuwa a cikinsa dangane da yanayin
abinci da tufafi da muhalli da rayuwar aure da haihuwa da mutuwa da wasu hulɗoɗin rayuwa kamar maƙwabtaka da sana’o’i da kasuwanci da shugabanci da bukukuwa da sauran
abubuwa waɗanda suke da alaƙa da haka.” Gusau,
(2010: 2)
A gudummuwa irin wannan za a iya cewa, al’ada wata hanya
ce ta tafiyar da rayuwar dukkan halittu da suke a doron ƙasa, kuma wannan hanyar ta kasance
ana tu’ammali da ita lokaci zuwa lokaci na rayuwar wannan halitta.
Na zaɓi halitta ne domin na lura ba mutane kaɗai ne suke da al’adu ba, hatta ma dabbobi da ƙwari kowa da irin tasa
hanyar gudanar da rayuwa kuma da yadda yake aiwatar da tsarin rayuwarsa, kama
daga kuka, da nema, da cin abinci da tanadi ga masu yin tanadi da sadarwa
tsakanin su da wasu da dai makamantan su.
1.3 Littafin Malam Inkuntum
Littafin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna
“Malam Inkuntum”, littafi ne da yake da shafuka 41. An tsara wannan littafi a
bisa ga tsari na rabo-rabo. Wato rabo na farko zuwa rabo bakwai. Kowane rabo
yana da kanun batu da aka yi. Littafin an rubuta shi ne bisa jigon malanta a ƙasar Hausa.
1.4 Nason Al’adun Hausawa a Littafin Malam Inkuntum
Al’adun Hausawa sun kasance abin tinƙaho gare su. Hausawa na
son su musamman ma sun zame masu wasu hanyoyi da suke amfani da su domin koyar
da halaye na gari. Wannan ya sa a cikin dukkan sha’anoninsu na rayuwa ba su
barin al’adun sai sun bijiro da su. Marubucin littafin “Malam Inkuntum” ya
kasance mai amfani da tsohon salon rubutu, kuma a yunƙurinsa na isar da saƙon da ke tattare da
wannan wasa ya bijiro da al’adu waɗanda sun keɓanta ga Hausawa. Akwai al’adun aure
da kuma gaisuwa da sarautu da imani da iskoki da kuma kyautata wa baƙo.
1.4.1 Auren Sadaka
Wannan auren an fi yinsa a ƙauye kuma a wancan
zamani na dauri. Ana ɗaura wa yarinya aure a kai ta gidan miji ba tare da ya sani ba ko ya nemi
warin zamanta.
Irin wannan aure wanda yake da ɗiya kuma yake da ƙudurin yin sadaka da ita, sai ya zauna da iyayenta da duk
wani mai haƙƙi ya gaya masu cewa zai yi sadaka da wance, cewa da ɗiyarsa za su amsa masa, sai ya yi shawarar wanda zai ba.
Yana iya barin abin a zuciyarsa kuma yana iya kallon hankalin yariyar da kuma
kiyon hankalinta tare da duba hankalin wanda yake neman ya haɗa su da shi.
A wancan lokaci idan za a yi sadaka
da mace, akan duba a gani cikin masu hulɗa ta nema da ita wa ta fi so? Ko a nemi wani almajiri wato mai neman ilimi
wanda aka san cewa, zai iya zama da mata cikin koyarwa ta shari’a tare da bin
dokokin al’adun Hausawa, sai a ɗaura aure uban yarinya ya biya sadaki ya yi komai ya kaita gidan mijin da
zai ba sadaka ba tare da wanda za a ba matar ya san cewa shi za a kai ma ba.
A littafin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna
“Malam Inkintum” wannan al’adar ta auren sadaka ta bayyana a shafi na 6 zuwa 7.
Misali.
BAMAGUJE: Towo! Ai ka san ban san Larabci ba, yi mini Hausa. Kai ni tafowa
na yi da ɗiyata “Yarkudunu in gwada ma ita don
a ba yaron nan ɗan babban malamin nan da ya mutu ita
aure. Sadaka ko na ba shi.
LIMAN: (yana murmushi, ya ga yarinya
daƙwalwa guda kyakkyawa). To, to madalla abu ya
yi, watau ka riga ka faɗa masa, ko tukuna?
BAMAGUJE: Ban faɗa masa ba, amma dai si na yi niyya.
LIMAN: To Allah ya amsa.
BAMAGUJE: Allah ya amshi me? So ka ke ta mutu halama?
LIMAN: A’aha wai sadakar da ka yi na ce Allah shi sanar maka.
BAMAGUJE: Kai ni ban iya salalan nan naku ba. Ladan dai ya karɓa.
Wannan ya nuna cewa an zo da al’adar
auren sadaka a ciki duk kuwa da cewa Bamaguje ne ya zo zai bayar da aure.
Wannan ya nuna cewa ba addini kaɗai ba hatta ma al’adar Hausawa ta aminta da yin auren sadaka.
1.4.1.1
Haɗuwa da Mace Kafin Aure
Ga al’ada ana haɗu tsakanin namiji da mace a wurare daban-daban. Wannan ya
danganta da inda aka haɗu. Ana iya haɗuwa a kasuwa ko gidan buki ko asibiti
ko dandali, ko wani muhalli na daban. A wasan “Malam Inkuntum” an nuna inda
Malam Inkuntum ya haɗu da Asabe har ma suka daidaita maganar aure. Ga dai yadda abin ya gudana a
shafi na 11. Misali.
HALIMA: “Yar na ki je ki sayo muna taba a kasuwa mana.
ASABE: Kai ni na gaji da tafiye-tafiyen nan tun dai ba zuwa kasuwa ba.
HALIMA: Saunar wofi – irin lalacin da ya hana ki bazawari kenan – im ba ki
fita ana ganinki ba, wa zai san da ke ma a garin nan.
ASABE: To iya ba
ni in tafi – amma dai uhm- (kuka ke nan).
HALIMA: Af – to
mene ne na kuka kuma?
MAISHELA: to, ga
Asabe can ta ci ado ta nufi kasuwa ta sayo ma Halima taba. Ga Ladan can ya
hange ta har ta tafi wujenta.
LADAN: Aham,
aham, (Asabe ta waigo)
LADAN: Ina son mu
gana da ke.
ASABE: sabon yaushe?
LADAN: Ai ɗai rana ake sabo. Ina dai son mu gana da ke. Ga gidana
can
1.4.1.2 Yi wa Mace Toshi (Yin Kyauta ga Wadda Ake Nema)
Al’adar Hausawa ta yadda da wanda ke neman
mace ya yi mata kyauta. Babu shakka wannan kyauta na ƙara danƙon soyayya tsakanin masoya. Yi ma
mace toshi ba sabon al’amari ba ne. kuma yin kyautar shi ke nuna akwai ƙauna tsakanin namiji da
mace. Wannan yana daga al’adar Hausawa. A littafin wasan kwaikwaton “Malam
Inkuntum” an bijiro da irin wannan al’ada a shafi na 13. Misali.
LIMAN: (ya zabura ya shiga gida ya fito da goro da
kuɗI da turare) Ga ɗan goro kya ci hure. (Asabe
ta karɓa a haɓar zane ta tashi) sai na aiko ɗaurin aure – amma sai an gama na yaran nan tukuna, kin ji?
ASABE: Ji kai,
sai an jima (Ta zunɗI Liman ta tafi abinta)
1.4.1.3 ɗaurin Aure
Aure alaƙa ce ta halaccin zama tsakanin miji da mata. An yin sa ne domin shi aure
sunna ce ta Annabi Muhammadu Rasulullahi (S.A.W.) domin tsarkake zuri’a. Aure
muhimmin abu ne ga al’umma saboda haka akwai hanyoyi da matakai na tabbatar da
shi. Mataki na farko shi ne neman aure. Aure wata yarjejniya ce a tsakanin
namiji da mace da kuma bin wasu ƙa’idoji da dokoki da wannan al’umma ta tanada
domin samun zuri’a ta gari (Magaji, 1999).
A Musulunci kuwa aure na nufin wani ƙuduri tsakanin namiji da
waliyyansa da sadaki da kuma shaida. Amma a cewar wani masani mai suna Habib
Alhassan da wasu “Aure yana nufin wata yarjejeniya ta zama tare tsakanin namiji da mace bisa
ga wani tsari na addinin ko al’ada.”
Shi kuwa ɗaurin aure, ana tara al’umma ne su shaida cewa an aurar
da wance ga wane bisa wasu sharuɗɗa. Addini da al’ada duk sun yadda da aure. Haka kuma akwai wasu abubuwa da
suke tattare ga ɗaurin aure kuma sai waɗannan abubuwan sun kammala sannan za a yi auren. Wasan
kwaikwayon nan mai suna “Malam Inkuntum” an zo da ɗaurin aure a shafi na 15. Misali.
MAISHELA: Sai kuma aka yi ta dariya ana kallonsu aka watse daga wasa. Ga
liman can ya shirya goro da kuɗI don a ɗauro masa aure da Asabe. Ga mutane
nan masu zuwa ɗaurin aure, amma Ladan shi ne uban
tafiya.
LIMAN: To ku sanya ɗana Ladan gaba – shi ne uban tafiya. Kai ko Ladan ko me ka yi na yarda.
Misalin sadaki ba.
LADAN: To jama’a kada ku yi mamaki. Ni za a ɗaura wa aure da Asabe, ba da Liman ba.
MALAM SULE: Me za a yi?
LADAN: Ni za a ɗaura wa aure ba Liman ba. Amma a tambayo ta wanda ta yarda a ɗaura da shi.s
1.4.2 Huɗuba da Jan Kunnen Amarya
Al’adar Hausa ta yi tanadin duk
lokacin da aka kai amarya a gidan mijinta, to a yi mata huɗuba wato a gaya mata halayyar zaman aure da kuma abubuwan
da ya dace ta yi. Galibi a wancan lokaci kafin a kai mace a ɗakin aurenta akan koya mata dukkan al’adun zaman aure.
Idan kuma an kai ta za a ƙara jaddada mata. A littafin wasan kwaikwayon “Malam
Inkuntum” an zo da wannan al’adar a shafi na 7. Misali.
TSOHUWA: Salamu alaikum ɗan Malam.
LADAN: Maraba, abin ko Ladan ba a cewa?
TSOHUWA: To ga abin da Bamaguje ya ce a kawoma, mata ce ka riƙa da amana.
LADAN: (Ladan baki buɗe yana dariya) Madalla, madalla, na gode, Allah Ya gode.
TSOHUWA: To, a yi zaman girma da arziki ‘Yarkudunu. Hura mai kyau, tuwo mai
kyau, ki ci sai kin yi kat.
1.4.3 Imani da Ƙwanƙwamai (Iskoki)
Bahaushe ya yi imani da iskoki. An
yi lokacin da yake bautawa iskoki. Wannan kuma ko shakka babu al’ada ce
tsintsa. Tsafi ya samu ne ga al’ummar Hausawa sanadiyyar buƙatun rayuwa na kariya da
magani da biyan wasu buƙatoci na rayuwa. Wannan buƙata ita ta haifar da tsafi da magani da kuma ma su
magani. Waɗannan buƙatoci suna nan har yanzu a cikin
zukatan mutane. Misali: mutane na buƙatar kariya ga gidajensu da gonakinsu shi ya sa suke da
tsafi na kafi a gida ko gona ta yarda wani mugu ko ɓata gari ba zai sami damar shiga ya yi masu ɓarna ba ko ya cutar da su. Haka ma ta fuskar biyan buƙatoci na rayuwa, Hausawa
kan yi amfani da magani domin neman farin jini ko kwarjini a wajen neman aure
ko a sana’ar da suke gudanarwa don su sami karɓuwa a cikin al’umma. Wasan kwaikwayon “Malam Inkuntum” an
samu wanna al’ada a shafi na 9. Misali.
LIMAN: Bari dai ai wata rana kuwatawa zai yi, don zan sakam masa ƙwanƙwamai in same ki daga ni sai iska. (sai ya yi kwance)
1.4.4 Sarauta a Littafin Malam Inkuntum
Sarauta wani tsari ne shugabanci da ake gudanarwa a tsakanin jama’a da manufar
kyautata rayuwarsu. Sarauta wani yunƙuri ne na yin sulhu tsakanin jama’a domin kyautata
zamantakewarsu da kula da haƙƙoƙinsu. Wato sarauta dai wani tsari ne na shugabanci da al’ada ta shimfiɗa wanda aka gada kakanni da iyaye.
Wasu kuma suna ganin cewa sarauta
wani salon jagoranci ne wanda akan nuna kwarjini da dabaru ko hikimomi
daban-daban domin mulkin jama’a da nufin samar da zaman lafiya tsakaninsu.
Sarki kuwa wani mutum ne da akan naɗa domin ya jagoranci wani rukuni na al’umma.
1.4.4.1 Sarautar Shantali
A gargajiyance akwai sarautar
shantali. Wannan sarauta dai wani ake naɗawa kuma babban aikinsa shi ne riƙa wa sarki shantali. Shi kuma shantali wani makayin ruwa
ne da aka yi shi da laka kuma aka yi shi daidai da riƙon mutum. Babban aikin wannan
makayin shi ne a zuba ruwa a cikinsa don amfani kamar dai tsalki (ɗahara) da alwala da wasu ayyukan ibada da za a iya yi da
ruwa kwatankwacin wanda wannan shantali ke ɗauka. Wanda aka naɗa sarautar shantalin kuma babban aikinsa shi ne riƙe wannan shantalin don amfanin
sarki. A wasan “Malam Inkuntum” an nuna akwai wannan sarautar a shafi na 22.
Misali.
LADAN: Shantali - ɗauki shantalina ka riƙa in na ratse in taɓa ruwa.
SHANTALI: (Ya ɗauko shantali). Ga shi.
LADAN: Wuce mu tafi zagi – kai kuwa Shantali komo nan daura da ni ka taya
ni riƙon tasbaha.
1.4.4.2 Gaisuwar Sarauta
A al’adun Hausawa komai yana da bagirensa,
kuma komai yana da tsari. Sarauta tana da irin nata tsari kuma ta bambanta da tsarin
talakawa. Don haka duk abin da aka ce na sarauta ne, yana da bambanci da wanda
ba na sarauta ba. Gaisuwa dai wani sashe ne na al’ada daga cikin sassan al’adu.
A wasan Malam Inkuntum, an samu irin wannan al’ada a shafi na 26. Misali.
GATARI: Ran sarki
ya daɗI, ai da gani babu tambaya.
MALAM INKUNTUM:
Lafiya ran sarki ya daɗe
1.4.5 Sauke Baƙo
Kalmar “baƙo” takan ɗauki ma’anoni daban daban ga yadda Bahaushe ke kallonta
da sarrafa ta. Fitacciyar ma’anarta ita ce, “wani mutun da ya fito daga wata
nahiya, ko ƙasa, ko jiha, ko gunduma, ko gari, ko unguwa, ko gida zuwa wani wuri wanda
ba nasa ba, da niyar zama ko yada zango, ko wata lalura ta daban.” (Bunza
1991:2)
Akwai bayani a kan baƙunci kuma wanta za mu
iya cewa kusan duk abu ɗaya ne, saboda kalmar “baƙunci” ta samu ne daga kalmar “baƙo” bayan da aka yi mata gyaran goshi
kamar dai yadda masana ilmin harsuna suka fayyace, (Bunza:1991:2) a cikin
(Rufa’i, 1982). Wanda duk Bahaushe ke kira “baƙo” a kan ma’anar farko da aka bayar,
to halin da yake ciki a wurin da ya sauka to shi ne baƙunci.
Hausawa na da al’adar sauke baƙo da karrama shi da kuma
tsare mutuncinsa. A wasan Malam Inkuntum wannan al’adar ta bayyana a shafi na
27,32,34 da 39 kamar dai yadda za a gani.
SARKI: A faɗa wa sarkin gida a kai masa shimfiɗa da abinci da kome da kome wanda ya kamata. Shafi na 27
SARKI: To Jakada a tafi a saukad da malam inda aka saba, yadda aka saba.
Shafi na 32.
Wannan yana nuna irin halin sauke baƙo da Hausawa kan yi.
1.4.5.1 Karrama Baƙo
Hausawa na karrama baƙo, ta hanyar ba shi
abinci da abin sha da guzuri in zai koma. Haka kuma dukkan tsawo zamansa a
muhallin Hausawa ba su bari ya tozarta, ko wani ya tozarta shi. Irin wannan
lamari ya bayyana cikin litafin wasan kwaikwayo na “Malam Inkuntum” a shafi na
27. Misali.
SARKI: A faɗa wa Sarkin gida a kai masa shimfiɗa da abinci da komai da komai wanda ya kamata.
SARKIN GIDA: Gafara
Malam, ga abin da Sarki ya ce a kawo maka sauka.
MALAM INKUNTUM:
Madalla! Madalla! In jin tuwon shinkafa ne?
SARKIN GIDA: Ai
nan acca muke ci, sai shanana da mai.
A wancan lokaci idan Bahaushe ya yi
baƙo yakan sa a yi masa abinci na musamman. To a al’adar Hausawa gidan sarki
koyaushe ba a rasa abinci na marmari. Baƙon sarki wato malam Inkuntum, a nasa tunani tuwon
shinkafa. A zamanin daka rubuta wannan wasan tuwon shinkafa babban abin marmari
ne. Sai sarkin gida ya gaya masa ce ai tuwon ma da yake tsammani wanda aka kawo
masa ya fi shi.
Baya ga tarbon baƙo da karrama shi akwai
tsare mutuncin baƙo wanda al’ada ta tanadi a tsare masa mutuncinsa. Don haka wannan wasa na
“Malam Inkuntum” ya zo da irin wannan al’ada a shafi na 34. Misali:
MAGAJI: Ai sai a sa dogarai a tsare kowace hanya mai fita garin nan. Can
masaukinsa a sa dogarai su tare don in an ga zai gudu a kamo shi.
SARKI: Kamu! Haba Magaji! Yaya mutum zai ci amanar baƙonsa? Na yarda a sa a tsare, amma
indai har ya fita da niyyar gudu, kada su taɓa shi, kada kuma su ce masa komai. Su dai ga inda ya
nufa, su zo su ba mu labari.
FADAWA: Haka nan ne. Haka shi ne daidai ranka da daɗe.
1.5 Kammalawa.
Wannan wasa ta fito da wasu al’adun
Hausawa na gargajiya. Tun asali Hausawa suna da tsarin rayuwa wanda shi ne
al’adunsu. Wannan kuma ba za a yi mamaki ba don al’adun al’umma sun bayyana a
adabinsu. Dama dai al’ada ita ce dukkan rayuwwar ɗan Adam. Wasan kwaikwayo na “Malam Inkuntum” yana isara
da saƙon raha ne koma an zaɓi jigon malanta a ƙasar Hausa aka isar da shi a cikin raha. Wani abu da aka zo da shi a ciki
na raha wanda wani ke ganin in haka al’adar malanta take a ƙasar Hausa to akwai
gyara, ba haka abin yake ba. Tabbas akwai malanta a ƙasar Hausa tun bayan samuwar addinin
musulunci. Wani abu da ya zo don bayar da dariya wannan daban ne. Maƙalar ta gano wasu al’adu
kamar dai abin da ya shafi aure kama daga ganin matar aure, toshi, ɗaurin aure, huɗuba wa amarya, kai ta ɗakin miji da sauransu. Haka kuma akwai sarauta da tsarin sarautu kamar
Sarki, Sarki gida, Sarkin fada, shantali da gaisuwar sarauta sa sauransu. Akwai
al’adar baƙunta da kuma yadda ake karrama baƙo da tsare masa mutuncinsa duk a wannan wasa.
MANAZARTA
Adamu, A. (2009). Rupert Moultrie East: Gudunmuwarsa Ga
Adabin Hausa Da Kuma Sharhi Kan Ayyukansa. Kundin Digiri Na Uku. Kano: Jami’ar
Bayero.
Abbas, H. (2009). “Gudunmuwar Hukumar Wallafa Littattafai
ta Arewacin Nijeriya Wajen Havaka Adabin Hausa. 1966-2006”. Kundin Digiri na
Biyu. Sakkwato: Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya. Jami’ar Usmanu Xanfodiyo.
Aliyu, S. I. (2007). Raha A Wasanin Ƙasimu Yaro: Tarken Wasannin
Karanbana.
Kundin Digiri Na Biyu. Zaria: Sashen Nazarin
Harsunan Nijeriya da Afrika. Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.
Abraham, R.C. (1977). Dictionary of the Hausa Language:
London Sidney Auckland Toron: Hodder and Stoughton.
Ahmad, U. (1985). Taxonomy
of Hausa Drama. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.
Auta, A.C. (2008). “Rubutattun Waƙoƙin Hausa na Faɗakarwa a Ƙarni na Ashirin kundin Digiri na Biyu. Sashen Koyar da
Harsunan Nijeriya da Kimiyyar Harshe Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Auta, L.A. (2017).
Faɗakarwa A Rubutattun Waƙoƙin Hausa. Bayero University Press.
Balbasatu, I. (2009). Gudunmuwar Mata Ga Haɓakar Rubutaccen Adabin Hausa. Kundin Digiri na Uku.
Sakkwato: Jami’ar Usmanu Xanfodiyo.
Bargery, G.P. (1993). An
English-Hausa Dictionary an English-Hausa Vocabulary. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello
University Press.
Bello, B.N. (2000). “Jirwaye Mai Kamar Wanka, Tura Ta Kai
Bango a Sigar Wasan Kwaikwayo” Kundin Digiri na Farko, Kano: Sashen Koyar da
Harsunan Nijeriya Jami’ar Bayero.
Bugaje, H. (2005). Kishi a Rubutaccen Wasan Kwaikwayon
Hausa. Kundin Digiri Na Farko, Zaria: Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da
Afrika. Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.
Bunza, M. S.(2009). Gudummuwar Shehu Jibrin Golovo Ga
Bunqasar Wasan Kwaikwayon Raha A Hausa. Kundin Digiri Na Biyu. Sakkwato: Sashen
Koyar Da Harsunan Najeriya. Jami’ar Usmanu ɗanfodiyo.
Bunza, U.A. (2014). Waiwaye Adon Tafiya: Faɗakarwa a cikin Ƙagaggun Labaran Hausa. In Harsunan Nijeriya Journal of Nigerian Languages and Folklore
Vol. XXIV Bayero University Kano. ISSN: 1116-0691. Page 47-65.
Bunza, U.A. (2015). Talife-Talifen Hausa a Zamanin Mulkin
Mallaka: Yanayinsu da Sigoginsu. Kundin Digiri na Uku, Sakkwato: Jami’ar Usmanu
Xanfodiyo.
Bunza, U.A. (2017). Ci Gaban Mai Ginar Rijiya: Nazarin
Salailan Warwarar Cikin Litattafan Zuben Hausa. Takardar da aka Gabatar a
Babban Xakin Taro na Tsangayar Fasaha Jami’ar Umaru Musa ‘Yar Aduwa, ranar
Alhamis 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 2017.
Chorko, M. (1994). Yadda Wasan Kwaikwayon Hausa Ya Yi
Tasiri a kan na Qabilar Marghi” Kundin Digiri na Farko, Maiduguri: Jami’ar
Maiduguri.
Dabai, L.M. (1991). “Kwatanta Tskanin Duniya Budurwar
Wawa da Kulva Na Varna “kundin Digirin Farko, Kano: Sashen Koyar da Harsunan
Nijeriya jami’ar Bayero.
Diaomeng, S. (2004). “Rubutaccen Wasan Kwaikwayon Hausa A
Rukunan Adabin Hausa: Havakarsa da Muhimmancinsa” Kundin Digiri na Biyu Zaria:
Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.
ɗangambo, A. (2008). Rabe-Raben Adabin Hausa (Sabon Tsari).
Kano: K.D.G. Publishers.
Garba, R. (2009). Mace A Rutaccen Wasan Kwaikwayo. Misali
Daga Umar Gulma Da Kulva Na Varna Harshe
Journal of African Languages Department of Nigerian and African Languages Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. ISSN 978-125-100.
Haspelmath, M. (2008). Framework-Free Grammatical Theory. To appear in Heine (eds). the Oxford
Handbook of Grammatical Analysis. Oxford: University Press.
Ibrahim, F. (2010). ‘Nazarin Gina Halaye Nagari A
Rubutattun Ƙagaggun Labarai na Gasar 1933 da ta 1980’ Kundin Digiri na Biyu, Kano:
Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya Jami’ar Bayero.
Jibril, A.S. (2010). “The Status of Women In Hausa
Literature: A Focus on Hausa Plays”. Kundin Digiri na Biyu. Zaria: Sashen
Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya Da Afrika. Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.
Khalis, M.I. (1995). Kwatancin Wasan Jatau Na Ƙyallu da Halayen Matan
Hausawa”. Kundin Digiri na Farko, Kano: Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Bayero.
Malumfashi, A.I.(1987). A Madadin Wasan Kwaikwayo.
Takardar da aka Gabatar a taron qarawa juna ilimi na huxu a kan Harshe da Adabi
da Al’adu. Kano:Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya Jami’ar Bayero.
Malumfashi, A.I. (1990). Rubutaccen Wasan Kwaikwayon
Hausa daga 1930-1990: Sharhi kan Matsayinsa”. Takardar da aka Gabatar a Bikin
Cika Shekara 60 da Fara Rubuta Wasan Kwaikwayon Hausa Daga 1930-1990 a cikin
Dandalin Harshe da Al’ada. Sakkwato: Jami’ar Usmanu Xanfodiyo.
Malumfashi,A.I.(2011). Yusuf Ladan; Jigon Wasan
Kwaikwayon Hausa Na Rediyo, Harshe
Journal of African Languages and Cultures Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Nigeria. ISSN 978-125-100.
Malumfashi, A.I(2002).Sharhin Sharri A Kan Wasan
Kwaikwayo.Takardar da aka Gabatar. Azare: Kwalejin Ilimi.
Ogunbiyi, Y. (1981). Drama
and Theatre in Nigeria. Lagos: Pitman press
Shehu, I. (2005). Tasirin Harshe A Wasan Kwaikwayon
Jami’ar Jatau Na-Albarkawa. ”. Kundin Digiri na Biyu, Zariya: Jami’ar Ahmadu
Bello
Sambo, A. (1990). “Sake Leƙa Rabe-Raben Wasannin Kwaikwayon
Hausa”. Takardar da aka Gabatar a taron qara wa juna sani na Neman Babban
Digiri Zaria. Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya da na Afirka. Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.
Xiomeng, S. (2013). Rubutaccen
Wasan Kwaikwayo a Rukunin Adabin Hausa; Havakarsa da Muhimmancinsa. Kano:
Gidan Dabino Publishers.
‘Yar-Aduwa, T.M.
(2007). Wasan Kwaikwayo Na Hausa:
Nau’o’insa Da Sigoginsa. Kano: Usman Al-amin Publishing Company.
‘Yar’adua, T.M.
(2008). Nazarin Rubutattun Wasan
Kwaikwayo: Jagoran Nazarin Wasu Littattafan
Wasan Kwaikwayo. Kano: Gidan
No comments:
Post a Comment
ENGLISH: You are warmly invited to share your comments or ask questions regarding this post or related topics of interest. Your feedback serves as evidence of your appreciation for our hard work and ongoing efforts to sustain this extensive and informative blog. We value your input and engagement.
HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.