Nazarin Wasu Kurakuran Rubutun Hausa A Shafin Sada Zumunta Na Fezbuk Na Gidan Rahma Radiyo Kano

Kundin Bincike Da Aka Gabatar Don Cika Ƙa'idar Samun Digiri Na Ɗaya (B.A. Hausa) A Sashen Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule, Kano, Janairu, 2024.

Nazarin Wasu Kurakuran Rubutun Hausa A Shafin Sada Zumunta Na Fezbuk Na Gidan Rahma Radiyo Kano

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ABUBAKAR S. SABIU
Phone: 07039311880
Email: abubakarssabiu@gmail.com

Godiya

Dukkan yabo da godiya su tabbata ga Allah (SAW), tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata ga fiyayyan halitta annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) cikamakon annabawa shugaban manzanni. Ina ƙara miƙa godiya mai tarin yawa ga Allah, bisa baiwa da ni’ima da ya yi min na ganin kammaluwar wannan aiki nawa da raina da lafiyata da kuma hannuna, ba tare da wayona ko dabarata ba, sai domin falalar Allah muna ƙara gode masa.

Ba zan gushe ba wajen miƙa godiya ga jagoran wannan aiki wato Malam Sani Abdullahi Muhammad na Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nigeriya, Jami’ar Yusuf Maitama Sule Kano, bisa juriya da ya yi da ni ba dare ba rana wajen duba wannan aiki, da kuma shawarwari domin aikin ya samu kyakkyawan inganci. Allah ya saka masa da alkairi ya jiƙan iyayansa ya shirya masa zuriya amin.

Haka kuma ina miƙa godiya ga shugaban Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya wato Dr. Yusuf Ahmad Gwarzo wanda shi ne jagoran aji (Leɓel coodinator). Babu shakka ya ba mu shawarwari da kuma ɗora mu a kan hanya madaidaiciya, wanda har ya kawo mu wannan mataki na kammala digiri na ɗaya.

Bugu-da-ƙari, ina sake miƙa saƙon godiya ga sauran malammaina na wannan Sashen na Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da na tsangaya baki ɗaya, kamar irin su Dr. Ali Umar Muhammad, da Malama Maryam Shehu Maimota. Da kuma wanda duk suka ɗauke ni karatu a wannan jami’ar har na kammala wannan digiri kamar irin su:, Farfesa Isa Muktar da Farfesa Sa’idu Muhammada Gusau da Farfesa Aliya Adamu Ahmad, da Farfesa Yakubu Muhammad Azare da Malam Ali A Idris da Dr. Kasim Ramadan, Allah Ya saka musu da alkairi ya shirya zuriya.

Ina daɗa godiya ga sauran ‘yan’uwa ɗalibai wanda muka sha gwagwarmayar karatu da su, har zuwa kammaluwar wannan karatu namu mai albarka Allah Ya saka wa kowa da alkairi, amin. Godiya ga yan uwa da abokan arziki waɗanda suka taimaka mana wajen karatunmu Allah Ya saka wa kowa da alkairi. A ƙarshe ina miƙa saƙon godiya ga iyalan Alhaji Sabiu Usman gaba ɗayan su, da iyalan Alhaji Usman Ɗan’azumi Maina. Allah ya saka musu da alkairi amin

Tsakure

Wannan bincike mai laƙabin “Nazarin Wasu Kurakuran Rubutun Hausa A Shafin Sada Zumunta Na Gidan Rahma Radiyo” ya fitar da wasu kurakuran rubutu da aka same su a shafin sada zumunta na Fezbuk na Rahma Radiyo, waɗanda suke ɗauke da kurakurai da suka karya dokar nahawun Hausa. Binciken ya duba manhajar Fezbuk ne kawai, inda aka fito da kurakuran rubutun aka kuma gyara su yadda suke a cikin tsarin nahawun Hausa. Wannan nazari ya yi amfani da Ra’in fiɗar kurakurai (Error Analysis Theory) na corder (1974). Binciken ya gano akwai kurakurai a cikin rubutun da suka jiɓanci haɗewa ko rabawa na kalmomin misali, (menene) da amfani da babban baƙi ko ƙaramin baƙi (abaka), da wajen amfani da karan-ɗori a inda ya dace misali, (tsari tsari) da sauransu. Daga nan, binciken ya bayyana yadda yakamata a rubuta kowacce kalma da aka samu kuskure. Haka kuma, binciken ya ƙara da cewa yawanci ma su amfani da wannan shafi ba su da masaniya a kan ƙa’idojin nahawun Hausa, wanda yake bisa daidaitacciyar Hausa. A nan ana mai ba da shawarar yakamata duk wanda zai yi rubutu da harshen Hausa ya bibiyi masaniya a kan ƙa’idoijin nahawunta.

Abubuwan Da Ke Ciki

Shafin Taken Aiki - - …i

Shafin tabbatarwa - - ii

Shafin Amincewa - - - . - - iii

Sadaukarwa - - - - . - - .iv

Godiya - - - - . - - .…..v

Tsakure - - - vi

BABI NA ƊAYA: GABATARWA

 1.0 Shimfiɗa… - - , - .1

1.1 Manufar Bincike…… - - 2

1.2 Dalilin Bincike - - . - 2

1.3 Muradin Bincike - - ...2

1.4 Tambayoyin Bincike…… - .…3

1.5 Gudunmawar Bincike - - 3

1.6 Farfajiyar Bincike - - .4

BABI NA BIYU: BITAR AYYUKAN DA SUKA GABATA

2.0 Gabatarwa - … - 5

2.1 Ƙa’idojin Rubutu - . - . - .5

2.2 Kurakurai Cikin Rubutun Hausa - - - - ..6

2.3 Bitar Ayyukan Da Suka Gabata - 7

2.4 Kammalawa - - .10

BABI NA UKU: HANYOYIN GUDANAR DA BINCIKE

3. 0 Gabatarwa - - - - . - - ..11

3.1 Nau’in Bincike - - ............11

3.2 Samfurin Biincike - - 11

3.3 Kayan Aikin Bincike - - - - - - 12

3.4 Hanyoyin Tattara Bayanai - . - - - - ..12

3.5 Ƙalailaice Bayanan Bincike… - 12

3.6 Sahihancin Bincike - - - - .. - .12

3.7 Ɗa’ar Gudanar Da Bincike - - - - . - .13

3.8 Ra’in Binccike - - .13

3.9Kammalawa - … - .14

BABI NA HUƊU: ƘALAILAICE BAYANAN BINCIKE

4.0 Gabatarwa… - - - 15

4.1 Kurakurai Wajen Haɗewa Da Rabewa Na Kalmomi - - - 15

4.2 Kurakurai Wajen Rashin Amfani Da Baƙaƙe Masu Lanƙwasa - - 18

4.3 Kurakurai Wajen Rashin Amfani Da Ƙaran-Ɗori - - . - 20

4..4 Kurakurai Wajen Rashin Amfani Da Babban Baƙi Ko Ƙaramin Baƙi - .21

4.5 Kurakurai Wajen Tattashiya - - - ... - 22

4.6 Kammalawa - - . - 23

BABI NA BIYAR: KAMMALAWA

5.0 Gabatarwa - . - - .24

5.1Sharhi A Kan Sakamakon Bincike - ...24

5.2 Shawarwari - - - .25

5.3 Naɗewa - - - 26

 Manazarta - - - 28

 Rataye - - - …30

BABI NA ƊAYA

GABATARWA

1.0   Shimfiɗa

Rubutun Hausa wani fage ne mai faɗin gaske da yake buƙatar a nazarce shi kafin a aiwatar da shi. Wannan fage na rubutun Hausa ya haɗa da kowane irin harshe da za a yi rubutun Hausa da shi a duniyar masana harshen Hausa, yana da kyau a yi shi bisa dokoki da ƙa’idojin harshen gudun yin kurakurai. Rubutu shi yake ɗauke da muhimmin saƙo da kowace al’aumma take son isar da shi. Duk kuwa rubutun da bai samu kyakkyawar ƙa’ida ba, to saƙon ba zai isa yadda yakamata ba. Bin ƙa’idojin rubutu shi ke inganta ma’anar rubutu kuma mutane su fahimta. Rashin bin ƙa’idojin rubutu kuwa, kan sanya jirkicewar ma’anar saƙon.

Haka ne ya sanya aka fitar da daidaitaccen karin harshen Hausa wanda za a yi amfani da shi, duba da yadda harshen yake da kare-kare da yawa, saboda yawan masu amfani da shi. Daidaitacciyar Hausa ita ce Hausar da masana suka zauna suka tantance ta a tarurruka daban-daban kuma suka yarda a yi amfani da ita a wurare kamar haka: hukumomin gwamnati, gidajen jaridu, makarantu da sauran wurare na musamman. An yi wannan tarurruka na daidaita ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa a wurare kamar haka, a Bamako a ƙasar Mali, daga 28, ga watan Febriru zuwa 5 ga watan Maris na shekarar 1966, Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello Zariya ranar 21, ga watan Yuni na shekarar 1970, sai kuma Jami’ar Bayero dake Kano a watan Satumba 1973 (Wurma, 2005).

 Duba da wannan ya sa masana suka rubuta litattafai wanda suka shafi ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa kamar haka, (Inuwa, 2021; Yan awaki, 2023; Yahaya, 1988). Ana samun kurakurai da yawa a shafukan sada zumunta na gidajen radiyon ciki da wajen Nijeriya, waɗanda suke amfani da harshen Hausa a shafukansu na fezbuk. Wannan bincike ya yi ƙoƙarin zaƙulo wasu kurakurai na saɓa ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa da ake yi a shafin fezbuk (facebook) na Rahma Rediyo.

1.1 Manufar Bincike

Manufar wannan bincike ita ce, nazartar kurakuran rubutun Hausa a shafin sada zumunta na fezbuk na gidan Rediyo Rahma. Rahma rediyo, tasha ce da ke tsakiyar birnin Kano a unguwar Gandun Albasa bayan dogon banki. An kafa tashar ne a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2011. Hajiya Binta Sarki Muktar ita ce mamallakiyar gidan Radiyon. Dangane da shafinsu na fezbuk (facebook) kuwa, yana da mabiya kimanin dubu hamsin da tara da ɗari tara da goma sha tara (59,919) a binciken da aka yi 29,8,2023. Kuma an ƙirƙiri shafin ne a ranar 17,2,2020, domin yaɗa labaru cikin sauƙi ga masu amfani da wayoyin hannu.

1.2 Dalilin Bincike

Dalilin wannan bincike shi ne, an daɗe ana rubuce-rubuce a kan abin da ya shafi kurakuran rubutu a wurare daban-daban a shafukan sada zumunta kamar fezbuk (facebook), whatsaf (whatsapp) da sauransu. Amma mafi akasari duk a cikin harshen ingilishi aka yi su. Misali (Correl, 2017; Chally, 2019; Darus, 2009; Yuliar, 2020),

 kaɗan da aka samu an yi da harshen Hausa wanda suka haɗa da, (Hassan 2011; Ibrahim, 2021; Muhammad da wasu, 2021).Wannann dalilin ne ya janyo hankalin mai bincike don gudanar da bincike a kan kurakuran da ake samu a shafukan fezbuk (facebook) na Rahma rediyo, Kano.

1.3 Muradin Bincike

 Muradin wannan aikin shi ne nazarin kurakurai da ake samu a shafukan sada zumunta na Fezbuk (facebook) da ke gidan Rediyo Rahma. Akwai muradai kamar haka:

i. Gano kurakuran da suka shafi amfani manya da ƙanann baƙaƙe a cikin rubutun Hausa na shafin (facebook) na Rahma Rediyo.

ii. Gano kurakuran da suka shafi haɗewa da rabawa na kalmomi a cikin rubutun Hausa na fezbuk (facebook) mallakar Rahma Rediyo.

 iv. Fito da kurakuran da suka shafi amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa.

iii. Tantance kurakuran da suka shafi amfani da karan-ɗori.

1.4  Tambayoyin Bincike

Duba da muradun da aka kawo a sama, wannan nazari zai amsa tambayoyi kamar haka:

i. Waɗanne irin kuakukurai ake samu wajen amfani da manya da ƙananan baƙaƙe a rubutun Hausa a shafin fezbuk (facebook) na Rahma Rediyo?

ii. Ta yaya ake samun kurakurai a wajen haɗawa da rabawa a cikin rubutun (facebook) na Rahma Rediyo?

iii. Waɗanne kurakurai ake samu a wajen amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa?

iv. Ta yaya ake samun kurakurai da suka shafi karan-ɗori.

1.5 Gudunmawar Bincike

Wannan binciken zai bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa tare da kawo gyara na kurakuran da ake samu a shafukan sada zumunta na fezbuk (facebook) da ma sauran dandalin sada zumunta. Gudunmawar da wannan bincike zai bayar sun haɗa da:

a.      Fito da wuraren da yakamata a yi amfani da manyan baƙaƙe da ƙananan baƙaƙe a shafin fezbuk na Rahma Rediyo da ma sauran shafukan sada zumunta.

b.      Binciken zai bayar da gudunmawa wajen nuna bigiren da yakamata a haɗe kalma da raba ta.

c.       Wannan binciken, zai ba wa Rahma Rediyo dama wajen amfani da harufa masu lanƙwasa domin kaucewa jirkita ma’ana.

d.     Binciken zai haifar da wasu gidajen Rediyo su kula da kiyaye ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa.

e.      Ana sa ran wannan aiki zai sa a ɗauki harshen Hausa a matsayin wanda yake kula da ƙa’idojin rubutu.

f.        Zai taimakawa ɗalibai masu nazari wajen ƙara fahimtar ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa.

g.      Aikin zai kasance mataki na samar da ƙarin litattafan Hausa wanda suka shafi ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa.

1.6. Farfajiyar Bincike

Wannan binciken ya taƙaita ne a kan kukuran daake samu a rubutun Hausa na shafin sada zumunta na fezbuk (facebook) mallakin gidan Rediyo Rahma. Haka kuma ya taƙaita ne a kan abubuwa guda huɗu wanda suka haɗa da: Inda yakamata a yi amfani da babban baƙi da ƙaramin baki a cikin rubutu, yadda ake rubuta gajeriya da doguwar mallaka, rashin amfani da harufa masu lanƙwasa.Wuraren da yakamata a haɗe kalma da rabe ta,

BABI NA BIYU

BITAR AYYUKAN DA SUKA GABATA

2.0 Gabatarwa

A wannan babin za a yi ƙoƙarin kawo wasu daga cikin iri-iren ayyukan da suka gabata, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da ƙarya ƙa’idojin rubutu. Sai da irin ayyuakan sun bambanta da irin nawa aikin.

2.1 Ƙa’idojin Rubutu

Masana da dama sun yi wallafe-wallafe dangane da abin da ya shafi ma’a nar ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun haɗa da: Bunza, (2002) cawa ya yi, ‘‘Ƙa’idar rubutu ita ce bin dokoki da ke inganta rubutu har ya zama abin karantawa, wato ƙa’idar da za ta bai wa mai rubutu damar ya yi rubutunsa yadda daidaitacciyar Hausa ta tanada.Yin hakan zai sa rubutu ya inganta ta yadda kowane mutum zai iya karantawa kuma ya fahimci saƙon da rubutun yake ɗauke da shi. Rubutun Hausa ba a sake yake babu wata ƙa’ida ba, ta y adda kowa zai rubuta abin da yake so’’ Ƙamus na Webster, (2000: sh.834) ya bayyana ma'anar ƙa’idar rubutu da cewa: “Wata fasahar rubuta kalmomi ne ta amfani da harrufan da suka dace bisa daidaitaccen tsari.” A ma’anarsa ta biyu kuwa, cewa ya yi: “Hanya ce da ake amfani da ita wajen wakiltar sautukan lafuzzan furucin harshe a rubuce ko kuma ta hanyar buga wasu sanannun alamomi.” Ba nan kawai ya tsaya ba, ya nuna cewa wata hanyar nazari ce da ta danganci harrufa da rubutun kalmomin harshe.

Macmillan, (2007 sh. 1058) ya zayyana cewa: “A nazarin ilimin harshe, ƙa’idar rubutu na nufin wani salon tsarin rubutu ne da ake amfani da shi wajen rubuta harufan harshe.”

Yayin da ake magana a kan ƙa’idojin rubutu na harshe, to ana batu ne a kan muhimman abubuwa guda biyu da suke taimakawa da fito da saƙon da ake burin isarwa a rubuce. Ba komai ne waɗannan abebaɗai ba face alamomin rubutu da dokokin rubutu, wato waɗanda ake ɗigawa da kiyayewa a cikin sakin layuka na kowane irin rubutun Hausa. Kenan ƙa’idojin rubutu al’amaari ne da ya ƙunshi dukkan dokokin nahawu na harshe, da kuma alamomi da suke kyautata ko ƙara fito da ma’anar zance a rubuce ƙarƙashin shimfiɗaɗɗun tsare-tsare na wani wanzajjen harshe. Bisa haka ne masana a mafi yawancin lokuta suke jan hankalin marubuta da mabincika, da ma tsaurarawa ɗalibai a wajen ganin sun kiyaye dukkannin wasu ƙa’idoji da harshe ya keɓanta da su’ (Inuwa, 2021)

Shi kuwa Sa’id, (2004) cewa ya yi “Ƙa’idojin rubutu na nufin dokoki ko ladubba da yakamata mai rubutu ya kiyaye a lokacin da yake rubutu. Waɗann an ƙa’idoji ne ke gyara rubutu da sanya masa tsarin da zai ba da damar ya karantu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙa’idojin sun haɗa da: ƙa’idojin raba kalma, ƙa’idojin haɗe kalma, nuna mallaka da alamomin rubutu da sauransu.

‘Yan’awaki, (2023) Ƙa’idojin rubutu wasu dokoki ne da aka yi ittafaƙin yin amfani da su wajen rubuta daidaitacciyar Hausa. Ita kuwa daidaitacciyar Hausa, ɗaya daga cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa ce da aka zaɓa wajen daidaita ƙa’idojin nahawu, don yin amfani da ita cikin rubuce-rubuce da harkokin yaɗa labarai a dukkan ƙashashen Hausa da ma duniya baki ɗaya.

2.2    Kurakurai a Cikin Rubutun Hausa.

Babu shakka yin kurakurai a cikin rubutun Hausa kan jirkitar da ma’anar saƙo. Irin waɗannn kurakurai akan same su a wurare kamar ƙirar kalmomi, ginin jimla, nahawu, rashin saka ɗige-ɗige da za su bambanta harufa masu lanƙwasa da kuma sauran wuraren da ke alaƙa da dokokin rubutu.

A wasu lokutan za ka iske an haɗe kalma a wurin da yakamata a raba ta misali, ‘shine’ maimakon ‘shi ne’ ko kuma ‘itace’ maimakon ‘ita ce’ da sauransu. Haka kuma akan samu irin waɗannan kurakuran wajen amfani da babban baƙi a inda yakamata a yi amfani da ƙaramin baƙi misali, duk lokacin da aka tashi rubuta sunan yanka to ana fara rubata shi ne da babban baƙi misali, Adamu ba adamu ba, Bashir ba bashir ba, Hadiza ba hadiza ba. Kamar yadda dai akan fara rubutu da babban baƙi a farkon kowane sakin layi. Wannan kurakurai a cikin ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa sun shafi rashin amfani da harufa masu lanƙwasa wato, ƙ,ɗ,ɓ, wanda rashin amfani da su kan canza ma’anar zance, misali ‘ɓawo’ na bishiya, amma idan ba a sakawa ‘ɓ’ din lankwasa ba zai koma ‘Bawo’ sunan mutum. Irin wannan kurakurai babu shakka ana samun su a cikin rubutu na yau da kullum da mutane suke yi, wanda ba ƙaramin tasgaro ba ne

2.3   Bitar Ayyukan Da Suka Gabata

 An samu kundaye da maƙalu waɗanda aka yi nazari a kan kaucewa ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa da na harshen Ingilishi waɗanda suke da alaƙa da irin wannan aikin. Sai dai duk sun bambanta da wannan aikin domin kuwa, kowa akwai fuskar da ya kalla. Waɗannan kundaye da muƙalu da muka duba sun haɗa da:

Aɗa’u, (2014) a kundin digirinta na biyu ta ɗora aikin nata a kan rashin bin ƙa’ida da doka ta daidaitacciyar Hausa da gidan jaridar Aminiya da Leadership Hausa suke yi a cikin jaridunsu. Sannan ta yi magana a kan karin harshen daidaitacciyar Hausa, ta kawo wasu kurakuren harshen Hausa da gidajen jaridun suke amfani da shi wanda ya saɓawa doka da ƙa’idar daidaitacciyar Hausa. Wannan kundi yana da alaƙa da wannan bincike ta fuskar ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa.

Gambo, (2016) a nasa binciken, ya yi magana a kan daidaitacciyar Hausa, inda aka kwatanta nannage a Hausa da Larabci. Sannan an yi bayanin yadda nannagen da aka yi shi ba bisa ƙa’idar daidaitacciyar Hausa yakan canja ma’anar saƙon da ake son isarwa. Wannan bincike ya daɗa haskaka muhimmancin amfani da Daidaitacciyar Hausa wajen rubuta saƙonni da kuma bin ƙa’idojin rubutu don kaucewa gurɓatar ma’anar saƙon da ake son isarwa ga mai karatu.

Corral, (2017) a nata binciken da ta yi a kan kurakuran da ake samu a nahawun Ingilishi a kafar sada zumunta ta (facebook), bincike ya gano babban kuskuran da ɗalibai ke yi shi ne, yin amfani da kalmar aiki haɗe da lokacin aiki (ɓerb tense error.) Wani kuskuran da ta sake gano wa shi ne (subject-ɓerb agreement) ƙaramin kuskuran da ta samu kuwa shi ne,kalmomin madanganci (preposition). Amma duk da haka wannan bincike ya bambanta da nawa aikin.

Chepkemoi, da wasu (2018) sun yi nasu binciken ne a game da tasirin (facebook) ga ɗalibai. Inda suka yi nazarinsu a kan yadda ɗalibai suke sharhi (comment) dangane da abubuwan da abokansu suke watsawa (post) a facebook. Sun shawarci ɗalibai da yin amfani da daidaitaccen Ingilishi yayin watsa bayanai (post) a rubutunsu da kuma martini (comment)

Ibrahim, (2018), ya taɓo batun ƙwayar ma’ana da yadda ya dace a rubuta ta a ƙa’idar rubutu. Wannan bincike ya ƙara ba da haske wajen bin dokoki da ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa, kuma wannan shi ne ƙashin bayan gudanar da wannan bincike.

Noɓitsari, (2018) ya yi bayani a kan kuskuran yin amfani da harshe ta kafar sada zumunta ta Instagiram (Istagram) wanda ya gabatar da shi a tsangayar koyo da koyar da fasahar haarsuna da ke Jami’ar Jogjakarta da ke ƙasar Indonisiya. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa akwai iri-iren kurakurai har guda shida wanda ɗalibai suke yi a rubutunsu, kamar kuskure wajen amfani da: tsayayyu da karyayyun jimloli (actiɓe-passiɓe sentence) da lokutan aiki da kalmomi masu nuna alaƙa, (adɓerb clause,) (subject and ɓerb agreement), da kuma tilo da jam’i (singular and plural). Noɓitsari, ya gano cewar babban kuskuran da ɗalibai ke aikatawa shi ne wajen amfani da rukunai (tenses), kuma ya alaƙanta hakan da tasirin amfani da harshen uwa.

Yuliah, (2020) ta yi nata binciken ne a kan karya ƙa’idojin nahawu da ake yi a shafin Istagiram. Binciken ya yi bayani kan wasu daga cikin rukunan nahawu kamar: (subject-ɓerb agreement, sentence pragment, spelling, parallelism, preposition, passiɓe ɓoice).

Ibrahim, (2021) ya gudanar da bincike a kan kaucewa ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa da ake yi a kafar sada zumunta ta ‘WhatsApp’. Wannan nazari ya yi duba a kan kurakurai da suka shafi rubutun da kuma abubuwan da suke jawowa ake samun irin waɗannan matsaloli. A binciken an gano ana canja sautin baƙi ko wasali na Hausa da na wani harshe (Inglishi) da abin da ya danganci ƙetare wata kalma ko sautin baƙi, da zaɓin kalmomi da na gaɓar kalma. Misali ‘ɗ’ a mai makon ‘z’ da ‘itace’tafada’ ‘ita’ ce ta faɗa’ da ‘slm’ ‘Salam’ da ‘ykk’ ‘ya kake?’ da sauransu. Mafi yawanci wannan kurakurai na faru ne sabo da babu daidaitaccen kari na harshen Hausa a tsarin rubutu na ‘WhatsApp’.

Ƙoƙi (2021) ta yi bincike a kan ɗaliban da suke nazartar Ingilishi da dabarun koyar da harshe na Kano Polytechnic.Wannan bincike ya kalli ɗalibai ‘yan aji na biyu (DiplomaII) don gano kurakuransu a cikin rubutun insha’in bayani. Nazarin ya gano kasha 60% duk kurakurai ne na nahawu, kamar waje tattashiya da yadda suke gina jumla da kaucewa ƙa’idar nahawun Ingilishi. Sannan a cikin irin kurkuran ya shafi yadda suke gina bayanin su, ta dalilin tsarin harshensu na uwa da suke ɗaurawa a kan harshen Ingilishi.

Muhammad da wasu (2021) sun yi bincike a kan kaucewa ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa da ake samu a cikin rubutun tallace-tallace na allon talla da ke kan tituna na birnin Kano. Wannan bincike ya gano akwai kurakurai da suka dangance tsarin sauti (phonology errors) da wajen haɗewa da rabawa na kalmomin Hausa, da wajen amfani da manya da ƙananan baƙaƙe da kuma alamomin rubutu. Misalin yadda suka fito da kurakuran. ‘chabewa’ mai makon ‘caɓewa’ da ‘musabaka’ mai makon ‘musabaha’ da ‘dai-dan’ mai makon ‘daidan’ da ‘dashi’ mai makon ‘da shi’ da sauransu. Irin waɗannan kurakurai o da su a cikin rubutun Hausa da ake yi a cikin tallace-tallace a allon talla dake kan tituna.

2.4 Kammalawa.

Wannan su ne ayyuakan da suka gabata masu alaƙa da irin wannan binciken. Mun ga yadda magabata suka kawo ayyuka wanda aka dinga fito da kurakure da suka saɓa ka’idar nahawun Hausa. sai dai nawa aikin ya bambanta da nasu aikin domin kowa da akwai fuskar da ya kalla.

BABI NA UKU

HANYOYIN GUDANAR DA BINCIKE

3.0   Gabatarwa

Wannan babin ya yi bayani ne dangane da hanyoyin gudanar da bincike, waɗan da aka yi amfani da su domin gudanar da wannan binciken. Masana irin su Kothari, (1990:21) ya bayyana cewa “hanyoyi n gudanar da bincike, nazari ne a kimiyance na yadda ake gudanar da bincike a tsare. Kenan hanyar gudanar da bincike wata tsararriyar hanya ko hanyoyi ne da ake bi wajen warwaare matsalar da ake bincike a kanta” Haka zalika wannan bincike zai bi waɗannan hanyoyi wajen gudanar da binciken kamar haka: nau’in bincike, samfurin bincike, kayan aikin bincike, hanyoyin tattara bayanai, ƙalailaice bayanai, sahihancin bayanai da kuma ɗa’ar gudanar da bincike.

3.1Nau’in Bincike

Wannan bincike ya yi amfani da nau’in bincike na bi-bayani (descriptiɓe) wanda yake ƙarƙashin sharhantawa (Ƙualitatiɓe). Masana da dama sun bayar da ma’anar bincike na sharhantawa kamar, Bhandari, (2020) ya ce “binciken sharhantawa ya ƙunshi tattarawa da nazarin bayanan da ba na ƙididdiga ba, misali rubutu ko sauti ko bidiyo. Ana iya amfani da wannan nau’in bincike domin zurfafa fahimta game da matsala ko kuma a yi amfani da shi domin samar da dubarun bincike.” Punch, (1998) a tasa ma’anar da ya bayar cewa ya yi “bincike ne mai zurfi wanda aka yi shi ba a cikin lambobi ba. Bincike ne wanda aka yi bayan an lura an yi wani abu kuma ya kasance ba bisa ƙa’ida ba.

3.2 Samfurin Bincike

 A wannan fagen, binciken ya yi amfani da samfurin rubutu guda goma waɗan da aka tattaro bayanansu daga cikin shafin fezbuk na Rahama Radiyo. Binciken yana ganin cewa samfurin rubutu guda goma zai wadatar wajen fito da matsalolin da ake bincike a kansu; Domin sun wadatar a warware dukkan wata matsala da ake son warwarewa.

3.3 Kayan Aikin Bincike

Kayan aikin binciken an yi amfani da rubuce-rubucen Hausa na shafin sada zumunta na Rahma Radiyo, kuma an yi amfani da iyaka na fezbuk ne waɗan da suke fitar da labaransu da sauran al’amuran rayuwa a cikinsa.

3.4 Hanyoyin Tattara Bayanai

Dangane da hanyoyin da aka bi wajen tattara bayanan wannan bincike sun haɗa da: bi sahu da ƙafa zuwa shafin sada zumunta na fazbook na Rediyo Rahma, domin tattaro dukkan wasu bayanai masu alaƙa da wannan aikin. Sannan an ziyarci laburari domin neman bayanai. An ziyarci manhajar gogul (google) an yi dawun-lodin (downloading) ɗin kurakuran da za a yi bincike a kansu. Sannan an yi amfani da ƙasidu da mujallu da buagaggun litattafai da kuma ƙamusu domin ganin an tattara bayanai na wannan bincike, kai har da ma sauran wasu abubuwan da za su taimaka wajen ganin aikin ya kammala.

3.5 Ƙalailaice Bayanan Bincike.

 Hanyar da aka bi wajen ƙalailace bayani ita ce, da farko an tattara rubutun da za a yi bincike a kansu, an ba wa masana su karanta su fitar da kurakuran da suke cikin rubutun. Sannan a ɗauke su ɗaya bayan ɗaya ana ƙalailaice su, tare da sharhin yadda yakamata a rubuta kowace kalma ko jimla daga cikinsu. A wajen ƙalailaice bayanan binciken an yi amfani da ra’in Coder, (1974) domin a tabbatar da sahihancin wannan binciken.

3.6 Sahihancin Bincike

Yana da kyau kowane bincike na ilmi da za a gudanar ya zama yana da sahihanci, wato a tabbatar da ingancinsa. A dangane da wannan bincike za a tabbatar da an gudanar da shi ne a karon farko. Sannan mai binciken ne ya gudanar da shi bisa jagoranci da shawarwarin jagoran gudanar da bincike. Haka kuma ba a taɓa cin karo da irinsa ba, sannan ba a ji labarin makamancin irin sa ba.

3.7 Ɗa’ar Gudanar Da Bincike.

A binciken ilmi akwai wasu ƙa’idoji ko abubuwan da ake amfani da su domin gudanar da shi, wato dai ƙa’idar bin wasu bayanai ko matakai da kan yi wa nazari linzami. Saboda haka wannan binciken na kurakuran rubutun Hausa na kafar sada zumunta fezbuk na gidan Rediyo Rahma mai nazari ya sanar da hukumar gidan Rediyon domin samun izinin yin bincike a kan rubutunsu.

3.8 Ra’in Bincike

Kamar yadda muka sani cewar, kowane bincike akwai ra’in da ake ɗora shi a kai domin tabbatar da cewar ba a yi binciken kai tsaye ba. Don haka za a ɗora wannan aiki ne a Ra’in Nazarin kurakurai na Corder, (1974). (Corder Error Analysis Theory 1974.) Manyan manufofin ra’in nazarin kurakurai su ne nazari da kuma manufa a aikace, shi ɓangaren manufar nazari yana taimakawa ne wajen binciken fahimtar masu koyan harshe na biyu (SL) ko kuma harshen uwa ((FL). shi kuma ɓangaren manufa ta aikace yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da manufar koyarwa (Corder, 1974).

Corder, (1974) ya bayyana cewa, ‘‘akwai bincike da yawa da aka gabatar domin a auna kuma gano kurakuran da masu yin magana da harshen da ba nasu ba, ko kuma harshen ƙetare suke aikatawa ta hanyar yin amfani da ra’in binciken kurakurai (Corder Error Analysis Theory) da manufar inganta hanyar koyo da koyarwa da harshe na biyu (SL). Saboda haka Corder, (1974) ya gabatar da matakai guda biyar waɗanda za a bi domin gano kurakuran da masu amfani ko kuma masu koyan harshe na biyu ko harshen ƙetare suke yi. Waɗannan matakai su ne kamar haka:

1.      Tattara bayanai daga rubuce-rubucen harshe (Gathering of a sample from the language corpus)

2.      Gano kurakurai (Identification error)

3.      Suffanta kurakurai (Desciption error)

4.      Bayyana kurakurai (Explanation error)

5.      Auna kurakurai. (Evaluation error)

A cikin ra’in binciken kurakurai, mataki na farko shi ne a tattaro misalan bayanai daga masu koyo ko masu amfani da harshen da ake bincike a kai. Don haka wannan binciken mun ɗora shi ne a kan wancen matakai guda biyar da muka ambata a sama.

3.9 Kammalawa

Daga ƙarshe, kamar yadda ya gabata waɗannan su ne hanyoyi da aka bi wajen gudanar da wannan bincike, wanɗa suka haɗa da: nau’in bincike, samfurin bincike, kayan aikin bincike, hanyoyin tattara bayanai, ƙalailaice bayanan bincike, sahihancin bayanai da kuma ɗa’ar gudanar da bayanai. Da kuma ra’in bincike.

BABI NA HUƊU

ƘALAILAICE BAYANAN BINCIKE

4.0   Gabatarwa

A wannan babi an yi sharhi tare da ƙalailaice bayanan daki-daki. An ɗauki kowane samfurin bincike an fito da kurakuran da ke ciki, sannan aka ƙalailaice su tare da bayanin yadda yakamata a rubuta kowane kuskure da aka samu. Bugu-da-ƙari a lokacin ƙalailaice bayanan, an yi amfani da ra’in nazarin kukurai na Corder (1974). Haka zalika binciken ya ƙalailaice abubuwa kamar haka: kurakurai wajen haɗewa da raba kalma, kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa, kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da ƙaran-ɗori, kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da babban baƙi ko ƙaramin baƙi a inda ya dace, kurakurai na tattashiya. Haka kuma an ɗauki samfurin wannan rubutun an rabawa wasu masana, domin su duba su shi su fitar da kurakuran, domin tabbatar da cewar an yi aikin bisa ƙa’ida.

4.1 Kurakurai Wajen Haɗewa Da Raba Kalma

A harshen Hausa akwai kalmomin da ake haɗewa da rabawa. Idan aka haɗe kalmomi guda biyu wanda ba a haɗewa, ma’anarsu za ta iya canjawa; haka kuma idan aka raba kalmomin da yakamata a haɗe su, ma’anar za ta iya canjawa. A cikin wannan binciken an samu kalmomi da yawa wanda aka rubuta su bisa kuskure a wajen haɗawa da rabawa. Binciken ya fito da su fili tare bayanin yadda yakamata a rubuta wasu daga cikinsu gaa su kamar haka:

Yadda Aka Rubuta su

1.      Dake’

2.      ‘Zasu’

3.      ‘Shine’

4.      ‘Za’a’

5.      ‘Bazaku’

6.      ‘Zamu’

7.      ‘Muji’

8.      ‘Kukeji’

9.      ‘Sunce’

10.  ‘Sunyi’

11.   ‘Baiwa’

12.   ‘Menene’

13.   ‘Akan’

14.   ‘Saidai’

15.  “Saima”

A misalan da suka gabata a sama za mu ga cewar an rubuta wasu kalmomin a haɗe maimakon a rabe, haka kuma an rubuta wasu a rabe maimakon a haɗe. Wanda yin hakan kuskure ne a bisa doran nahawun Hausa. Misali (1)‘dake’ wato a haɗe aka rubuta maimakon ‘da ke’ a rabe, domin kalmomi ne guda biyu wanda kowacce take cin gashin kanta, kuma haɗe su saɓa doka ce ta nahawu. (2) Sun rubuta ‘zasu’ maimakon‘za su’ wato dai ‘za’ daban ‘su’ daban. Nuhu, (2021) ya ce ‘za’ lamirin lokaci ne, ‘su’ kuma lamarin suna na jam’i ne, don haka kowacce cin gashin kanta take yi. (3) Kalmar ‘shine’ da aka samu an rubuta a haɗe kuskure ne, domin kalmomin raba su ake yi ‘shi’ tana a matsayin wakilin sun ɗan ajin mutum na biyu, ‘ne’ kuma tana a matsayin dirka. (4)‘Za’a’ maimakon ‘za a’ wato kuskure ne a haɗe su, domin lokaci da lamarin suna ne suke zuwa domin gina lokaci mai zuwa (Nuhu, 2021); (5)‘Bazaku’ daidai shi ne ‘ba za ku’ . Kasancewar kalmomi ne guda uku masu cin gashin kansu. ‘Ba’ ta farko tana a matsayin korau, ‘za’ tana a matsayin lamirin lokaci, ku tana a matsayin wakilin suna ɗan ajin mutum na farko.(6) A nan ma an rubuta‘zamu’ maimakon ‘za mu’. Kowacce kalma cin gashin kanta take yi. ‘Za’ ɗin farko tana a matsayin lamirin lokaci mai zuwa, ‘mu’ kuma tana a matsayin waƙilin suna. (7)‘muji‘ kuskure ne. daidai shi ne,‘mu ji’ a nan ma kalmomi ne guda biyu aka haɗe su waje ɗaya, mu wakilin suna , kalmar ji kuma tana a matsayin aikatau. (8) Kukeji maimakon ‘kuke ji’ kuskuran da aka samu a nan shi ne, an haɗe lokaci sabau wato kuke da kalmar aiki ta ji. (9)‘Sunce‘ a nan mun ga yadda aka haɗe kalmar dirka da kalmar da ke biye da ita baya, wanda yin hakan kuskure ne domin kalomin dirka (ce, ne) a doka ta nahawun Hausa ba a haɗe su da kowace kalma a gabansu ko a bayansu. A maimakon hakan ga yadda yakamata a rubuta ‘sun ce’ (10)‘sunyi’, a maimakon sun yi’. A nan wakilin suna ‘su+n’ sai kum kalmar aiki ta ‘yi’ domin kalmomi ne guda biyu daban-daban wato kalmar wakilin suna da madanganci (-n) a jikinsa sai kalmar aiki. (11) Kuskure: baiwa’ daidai shi ne ‘bai wa’. Asalin kalmar daga ‘bayar’ ne, ‘wa’ kuma a matsayin jakada, to sai a gajarta kalmar wa. Kalmomim jakada suna ƙulla dangantaka tsakanin kalmar aikatau (so-kaɓau) da karɓau tsayayye, da kuma karɓau ratayayye a cikin kalmomin Hausa (Nuhu 2021). (12) A wannan misalin ma sun rubuta kuskure kamar haka ‘Menene’, yadda kalmar yakamata ta kasance shi ne ‘mene ne’ a rabe ba a haɗe ba; saboda kalmomi ne guda biyu, kalmar tambayau ta ‘mene’ da kuma kalmar dirka ta ne. Kenan a doka dole ne a raba su. (13)‘Akan’ maimakon ‘a kan’, amma a Hausa muna da kalmar ‘akan’ da take a matsayin lokaci sabau. Dan haka ba a haɗe kalmar ‘a- da –kan’ yayin da duk suka zo domin fayyace yanayi na inda, ko nuna wurin da aiki ya faru, ko zai faru, ko inda yake faruwa a ckiin jimlolin Hausa. Wato kalma ce mai matsayi na kanta (Nuhu 2021). (14) Saidai’ a maimakon ‘sai dai’ domin kuwa kalmar ‘sai’ tana ƙulla alaƙa tsakanin jimololi a Hausa; yayin da kalmar ‘dai’ take a matsayin jaddadau. (15) Saima’ a maimakon ‘sai ma’. kalmar ‘ma’ da ta zo a bayan ‘sai’ jakada ‘ma’ ce, dan haka ba daidai ba ne a haɗe ta da kalmar ‘sai’ da rigaye ta.

4.2 Kurakurai Wajen Rashin Amfani Da Baƙaƙe Masu Lanƙwasa

A farkon samuwar rubutun boko a ƙasar Hausa ana rubuta baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa ne da wasu ɗige-ɗige a samansu ko a ƙasansu, bayan da aka fahimci babu sautukansu a cikin Abajadin. Daga nan ne Dr. R.M East ya tafi birnin Barlin na ƙasar Jamus ya tattauna da wani malami wanda yake shugaba ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adun Ƙasashen Afirika, Farfesa D. Westermann suka yarda da cewa maimakon ɗige-ɗigen nan a dinga saka ƙugiya a kan waɗannan baƙaƙen. Misali ‘b’ ta koma ‘ɓ’, sai kuma ‘d’ ta koma ɗ, inda kuma ‘k’ ta koma ‘ƙ’. Daga nan sai Dr. East ya dawo ya sanar da gwamnatin Arewa aka yarda aka buga sanarwa a jaridar gwamnatin Nijeriya wato Nigeria Gazette, wato Goɓernment Notice No: 396 ta ranar 24, ga watan Maris 1938. Wanda ya fara amfani da waɗannan baƙaƙe masu ƙugiya a samansu shi ne R.C Abraham, wanda ya rubuta ƙamus mai suna ‘Dictionary Of The Hausa Language. Daga nan ne aka fara amfani da baƙaƙe masu ƙugiya har zuwa wannan lokaci, kuma ya zama wajibi ga kowane mutum ya yi rubutu da su a harshen Hausa. Amma ga yadda suka rubuta a shafin nasu.

Yadda Aka Rubuta su.

16.   ‘Kasar’

17.   ‘Daya’

18.   ‘Kara’

19.   ‘Bangaren’

20.   ‘Kudi’

21.   ‘Daukar’

22.   ‘Taba’

23.   ‘Nishhdi’

24.   ‘Karshe’

25.   ‘Karfe’

26.   ‘Dan’

27.   ‘Korafe korafe’

28.   ‘Dari’

29.   ‘Wadannan’

30.   ‘Bukata’

31.   ‘Gargadi’

32.   ‘Hudu-hudu’

33.   ‘Zabe’

34.   ‘Daura’

Waɗan nan kolmomi da ke ɗofane a sama, dukkannin su an rubuta su ne a bisa kuskure, domin baƙaƙe ne masu lanƙwasa, amma ba a saka laƙwasar ba. Wanda hakan kan iya canjawa kalmomin ma’ana. Ga yadda yakamta a rubuta wasu daga cikin kalmomin kamar haka: a misali na (16) an rubuta ‘kasar’ a maimakon ‘ƙasar.. ba a yi wa ‘k’ ɗin lanƙwasa ba; (17) daya a mamakom, ɗaya (18) ‘kara’ a maimakon ‘ƙara’, wato an kai ƙara kotu; (19) bangare a maimakon ɓangare, ita ma wannan kalmar ba a yi wa harafin(ɓ) lanƙwasa ba; (20) sai kalmar ‘kudi ‘da ba a yi wa baƙin ‘ɗ’ lankwasa ba, wato yadda kalmar za ta kasance shi ne‘kuɗi ’ (21) kalmar ‘daukar’ maimakon ‘ɗaukar’, harafin farko na ‘ɗ’ ɗin ya kasance da lanƙwasa kamar yadda muka gani (22) a kalmar ‘taba’ maimakon ‘taɓa’, idan aka bar kalmar babu lanƙwasa za ta iya kasancewa taba ta sigari wacce ba ita ake nufi ba. (23) nishadi a maimakon nishaɗi (24) ‘ƙarshe’ ita ce kalmar ba ‘karshe’ ba (25) ‘karfe’ ba ‘ƙarfe’ ba wato baƙin farko na klmar ya kasance da lanƙwasa a samansa (26) A wanan misalin ma sun rubuta ‘dan’ a maimakon ‘ɗan’ (27) ‘korafe-korafe’ wannnan ma kuskure ne saboda ba a yi wa harafin farko na ‘k’ lanƙwasa ba, yadda kalmar yakamata ta kasance shi ne ‘ƙorafe-ƙorafe’ ; (28) A nan ma kalma ‘dari ‘da aka rubuta kuskure ne kamata ya yi kalmar ta kasance ‘ɗari’ (ms.dubu ɗari) ba kamar yadda suka rubuta ba (29) a wannan misali sun ruubuta ‘wadannan’ maimakon ‘waɗannan’ (30) kalmar ‘bukata’ da suka rubuta kuskure ne ‘buƙata’ shi ne daidan kalmar tare da yi wa baƙin ‘k’ lanƙwasa (31) ‘gargadi’ a maimakon ‘gargaɗi’ ; (32) hudu-hudu kuskure ne ba tare da yi wa baƙin ‘d’ lankƙwasa ba, a maimakon haka ga yadda yakamata a rubuta kalmar huɗu-huɗu (33) kuskure zabe daidai zaɓe (34) kuskure daura a maimakon ɗaura.

Za a ga rashin saka baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa a cikin kalma kan iya canjawa kalmar ma’ana ko kuma a kasa fahimtar saƙon da ake so a isar kamar yadda muka gani a cikin kurakuran da muka tsakuro. Kenan amfani da harufa masu lanƙwasa ya zama wajibi a rubutun Hausa domin a fahimci saƙo yadda yakamata. A cikin gyaran da wannan aiki ya yi a sama za mu ga cewar duk harafin da aka gyara mun ja masa layi a ƙasa. haka kuma takwaransa na yadda a ka yi gyaran shi ma mun ja masa layi a ƙarƙashinsa.

4.3 Kurakurai Wajen Rashin Amfani Da Karan-Ɗori (-).

Karan-ɗori ana amfani da shi ne domin haɗe kalmomi guda biyu ko fiye domin samar da kalma ɗaya, waɗanda ake kira da harɗaɗɗun kalmomi.

Sa’id (2000) cewa ya yi ‘Karan-ɗori (-) wata alama ce da ake sakawa tsakanin kalmomi biyu ko fiye domin su ba da ma’ana ɗaya.” Irin waɗannan kalmomin an ci karo da su sosai a cikin wannan bincike a shafin Fesbuk na Gidan Radiyo Rahma. Kuma za mu kawo su, sannan mu rubuta yadda yakamata a yi amfani da su. Wannan kurakuran da muka samu ga su;

35.   ‘Tsare tsare.’

36.   ‘Korafe korafe’

37.   ‘Gine gine’

Ga yadda yakamata harɗaɗɗun kalmomin su kasance wato tare da karan ɗori a tsakaninsu: (35) ‘Tsare tsare’ kamar yadda aka rubuta ba daidai ba ne, domin idan aka karanta kalmar a yadda suka rubuta ba za ta bayar da cikakkiyar ma’ana ba. Saboda sun rubuta ta a matsayin kalmomi guda biyu, maimakon ta kasance da karan-ɗori a matsayin kalma ɗaya mai cin gashin kanta. Duba da wannan ga yadda yakamata su rubuta kalmar kamar haka, ‘tsare-tare’. (36) ‘Ƙorafe ƙorafe’ a nan ma sun rubuta ba tare da mafani da karan ɗori ba. Kalmar ƙorafi na nufun kai ƙara wajen wani, idan kuma aka samu ƙorafi fiye da ɗaya, to zai kasance ‘ƙorafe-ƙorafe’ wato da alamar ƙaran-ɗori(-) a tsakanin kalmomin gua biyu. (37) kuskure ne a rubuta ‘Gine gine’, ba tare da saka karan-ɗori a tsakanin kalmomi biyun ba, domin duk kalmar da ta maimaita kanta kuma ta zo a haɗe a waje ɗaya to tana zama kalma ɗaya ne mai cin gashin kanta. Don haka a bisa doka ta nahawun Hausa dole ne a rubuta kalmar tare da saka alamar karan-ɗori (-) haka ‘ƙorafe-ƙorafe’ domin a nuna cewar kalma ɗaya ce ba biyu ba. Waɗannan duk kuskure ne da aka samu wanda ka iya haifar da rashin fahimtar saƙo a cikin rubutu na yau da kullum.

4.4 Kurakurai Wajen Rashin Amfani Da Babban Baƙi Ko Ƙaramin Baƙi.

Akwai wurare na musamman da dokar nahawun Hausa ta gindaya a wajen da yakamata a yi amfani da ƙaramin baƙi da babban baƙi. Rashin yin amfani da duk biyun a inda yakamata kuskure ne a doka. Wurin da yakamata a yi amfani da babban baƙi sun haɗa da: farkon rubuta jumla, bayan rubuta ayar tambaya (?), laƙabi na sunan mutum wanda ya danganci aiki, sunayan yanka, sunan Allah, sunayan ƙasashe, sunayan garuruwa da sunayan watannni da sauran su. Don haka wannan binciken ya ci karo da irin wannan kurakuran na rashin amfani da babban baƙi da ƙaramin baƙi a inda yakamata kamar haka:

 Yadda Aka Rubuta su

38.   ‘A farkon makon da muke ciki Farashin……’

39.  ‘Har yanzu Babu abin da ya sauya akan farashin kayan Abinci…’

40.  ‘Zamu tattauna da masu Hoto, kuma za mu so ku shigo’’

41.   ‘Dan muji……’’

42.   ‘Sakamakon cire Tallafin man Fetir….’

43.   ‘Menene Ra’ayinku akan wannan batu.’

44.   “Fitar da Buhun masara Tan Dubu……’

A jilmolin da ke sama babu shakka an samu wasu wurare da aka yi amfani da manyan baƙi a maimakon ƙaramin baƙi. A misali na (38) an yi amfani da babban baƙin ‘F’ a maimakon ƙaramin baƙin ‘f’; a misali na (39) an saka ‘B’ a maimakon ƙaramin baƙin‘b’ a kalmar ‘babu’ (40) kalmar Hoto da babban baƙi a maimakon hoto da ƙaramin baƙi.(41) kalmar ‘Dan’ ta zo da babban baƙi maimakon ‘d’ da ƙarami baƙi. (42) Kalmar Tallafi maimakon ‘t’ ɗin farko ta zo da babban baƙi a maimakon ƙarami (43) kalmar Ra’ayinku ‘R’ ɗin farko ta zo da babban baƙi maimakon ƙaramin baƙi.(44) An rubutu Buhu baƙin farko na kalmal wato ‘B’ an rubuta shi da babban baƙi a tsakiyar kalma maimaom ‘b’ da ƙaramin baƙi.

Wannan duk ya saɓa ƙa’ida ta amfani da manyan baƙi da ƙananan baƙi a rubutun Hausa, kamar yadda masana suka faɗi wurare na musamman da yakamata a yi amfani da manya da ƙananan baƙaƙe a rubutu na yau da kullum.

4.5   Kuskure Wajen Ammafani Da Tattashiya (Spelling)

A wajen tattashiya (spelling) wato saka wani baƙi ko wasali a wurin da bai dace ba, an samu ‘yan kurakurai a wasu wurare kaɗan, amma ga misalai na irin waɗannan kurakurai kamar haka: (45) Kalmar ‘Ikararin’ an yi amfani da wasalin ‘a’ a wajen da yakamata a yi ammafi da wasalin ‘i’, ga yadda kalmar yakamata ta kasance ‘Iƙirari’ ba kamar yadda suka rubuta ba. (46) An samu kuskure a wajen rubuta ‘shidda’ inda aka nanata baƙin ‘d’, wannan kuskure ne amma ga yadda yakamata kalmar ta kasance ‘shida’

4.6 Kammalawa

A ƙarshe wannan su ne wasu kurakuran da aka ci karo da su, wanda aka ɗauko wasu daga cikinsu aka yi sharhi a kansu tare da ƙalailaice su ta hanyar fitar da duk wani kuskure da ya saɓa wa ƙa’idar nahawun harshen Hausa. A cikin bayanan da aka ƙalailaice kurakuransu sun haɗa da: wajen haɗewa da raba kalma, kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa, kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da ƙaran-ɗori, kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da babban baƙi ko ƙaramin baƙi a inda yakamata.

BABI NA BIYAR

KAMMALAWA

5.0   Gabatarwa

A Cikin wannan babin an kawo kammalawar binciken da aka yi na nazarin wasu kurakuran da ake samu a shafin sada zumunta na Fezbuk mallakin Rahma Radio, sannan an faɗi sakamakon da binciken ya haifar. Haka kuma an kawo shawarwarin da yakamata a bi domin ganin cewar an kare faruwar haka a nan gaba. Haka kuma binciken ya faɗi hanyoyin da yakamata a bi domin ganin an magance matsalar. A cikin wannan babin an naɗe aikin da kawo manazarta da aka bi wajen tattara bayanan binciken domin tabbatar da cewa ba a yi binciken da ka ba. Bugu-da-ƙari wannan babin na ɗauke da rataye wato samfurin kurakuran da aka samu daga shafin Fezbuk. A ƙarshe an ƙarƙare babin da manazarta da rataye

5.1 Sharhi Kan Sakamakon Bincike.

An gudanar da wannan binciken cikin tsari kamar yadda doka ta tanadar. Binciken ya samu kurakurai da yawa kuma ya fitar da su ya gyara su, sannan ya faɗi yadda yakamata a ce an rubuta kowanne. Binciken wanda aka yi shi a kan kurakuran da suka shafi abubuwa kamar haka: kurakurai wajen haɗewa da raba kalma, kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa, kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da karan-ɗori, kurakurai waje rashin amfani da babba da ƙaramin baƙi a inda bai dace ba. Domin haka sakamakon wannan binciken ya gano adadin kurakurai guda Arba’in da Shida (46). Kurakurai wajen Haɗewa da raba kalma guda goma sha biyar (15), kukurai wajen rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa guda goma sha tara (19), kurakurai a wajen rashin amfani da karan-ɗori guda uku (3), kurakurai wajen rashin amfani da babban baƙi da ƙaramin baƙi guda bakwai (7), kurakurai a wajen amfani da tattashiya (spelling) guda biyu (2). Waɗannan kurakuran duk an same su ne a shafin Fezbuk na gidan Radiyo Rahma, kuma an fitar da su an gyara su an rubuta yadda yakamata a rubuta su daidai a bisa doran nahawun harshen Hausa. Haka kuma binciken ya ɗauki samfurin rubutu na kurakuran ya raba su zuwa ga wasu masana domin a tabbatar da cewar lallai akwai kurakurai ba da ka aka yi ba. Bayan haka, masanan sun duba sun ja layi da jan biro a ƙasan dukkan wata kalma da aka rubuta ta bisa kuskure, kamar yadda za ku gani a nan gaba kaɗan a saƙale a cikin rataye.

5.2 Shawarwari

Dangane da shawarwarin da wannan bincike ya bayar domin ganin an kawo gyara a wajen magance matsalolin da ake samu na ƙarya ƙa’idojin nahawu sun haɗa da:

1.       A samu wanda suke da masaniya a harshen Hausa, musamman wanda suka iya rubutun Hausa da sanin ƙa’aidojin harshen domin ganin ba a sake samun faruwar hakan nan ga ba.

2.       Samar da edita na musamman, wanda zai dinga tace dukkan wani labari ko saƙon da ake son isarwa ga jama’a, yin hakan zai taimaka sosai wajen shawo kan matsalar a nan gaba.

3.       Yana da kyau a samar da ƙamusun Hausa a ajjiye shi kusa da mai wallafa a shafin, ko kuma a ba wa dukkan wani kula da shafin na Fezbuk ya ajiiye kusa da shi, hakan zai taimaka domin duba kalmomin da aka manta yadda ake rubuta su.

4.       Shirya bita ga masu wallafe-wallafe a ckin shafin na Fezbuk, domin ƙara musu sani game da yadda ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa suke.

5.       Samar da kwamfiyutoci masu ɗauke da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa a cikinsu kamar, ƙ,b,ɗ domin rashin amfani da baƙaƙe masu lanƙwasa kan iya jirkita ma’anar saƙo.

6.       Bibiyar litattafan masana da suka wallafa a kan ka’idojin rubutun Hausa, irin waɗannan litattafai ɗauke suke da ƙa’idoji da dokokin yadda yakammata a yi rubutun Hausa.

Waɗannan su ne shawarwarin da wannan bincike ya bayar, kuma yakamata a kiyaye su domin gudun faruwar hakan nan gaba; ganin yadda masana suka yi tarurruka iri-iri domin ganin cewar an daidaita ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa. Bugu-da-ƙari har yanzu masana na ta binckike babu dare ba rana domin ganin an magance irin wannan matsala ta rashin bin dokoki da ƙa’idojin nahawu. A ƙarshe ana fatan wannan kundin bincike zai magance wannan matsala a nan gaba

5.3 Naɗewa

A ƙarshe wannan bincike ya gano waɗannan kurakurai, kuma an rubuta su daidai. A cikin babi na ɗaya da ya gabata an kawo ma’anar rubutun Hausa, da daidaitacciyar Hausa daga ra’ayoyin masana. Mun ga manufar bincike da dalililin wannan bincike duk a cikin babi na ɗaya. Haka kuma a cikin babi na biyu mun kawo bitar ayyukan da suka gabata masu alaƙa da irin wannan binciken da kuma bugaggun litattafai. Sannan mun kawo ma’anonin ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa, kurakuren rubutun Hausa da sauran su. A babi na uku binciken ya yi bayani ne a game da hanyoyin gudanar da bincike. Mun ga yadda binciken ya yi amfani da nau’in bincike na bi-bayani, sannan mun yi amfani da samfurin bincike guda goma wanda su ne aka fito da kurakuran a cikinsu binciken ya gyara su. A cikin wannan babi na uku binciken ya kawo hanyoyin tattara bayanai inda aka yi amfani da yin daulodin da ziyarar ɗakin karatu; sannan an yi amfani da jaridu da mujallu da bugaggun litatttafai. Babi na huɗu kuma ƙalailaice bayanan bincike aka yi, inda aka ɗakko samfurin kurakuran rubutun aka rubuta su yadda suke a doran nahawu. Babi na biyar an kawo kammalawa, inda binciken ya gano adadin kurakurai guda arba’in da shida (46).   

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RATAYE

Ratayen aikin da aka ciro a shafin sada zumutar wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wannan bincike, mai ɗauke da kurakuran rubutun da aka gyara yana shafukan baya a rataye.