Nazarin Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma

Table of Contents

• Abstract
• 1.0  Gabatarwa
• 2.0  Ra’in B incike
• 3.0   Hausar Yamma
• 4.0 Wasu S iffofin Hausar Yamma
• 4.1 Siffofin Hausar Yamma na Ilimin Gundarin Sauti da Ilimin Tsarin Sauti
• 4.1.1 Sauyawar Sautuka
• 4.2 Karin Sauti
• 4.3 Naso
• 4.4  Sauyin Sautukan /n/ da /m/     
• 4.5 Musayar Gurbi
• 5.0 Kammalawa
• Manazarta

Citation: Abbas, N.I. (2024). Nazarin Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 3(1), 239-248. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i01.027.

Nazarin Tsarin Sauti a H ausar Yamma

Nazir Ibrahim Abbas, Ph. D
Department of Nigerian Languages
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
email: ibrahimabbasnazir@gmail.com
Gsm: +234 8060431934  

Abstract

Dialectology is an area of linguistics that is concerned with the studies of similarities and differences in speech forms of a particular language. Dialectologists are more interested in studying the relationship existing in speech forms of a language instead of their differences, thus, the relationship is what assists greatly in maintaining mutual intelligibility among the speakers of the same language. Scholars of Hausa dialectology have classified Hausa regional dialects into two major divisions of Eastern and Western Hausa dialects. The divisions were based on the geographical locations and common linguistic features of the dialects that constituted each of the major groups. A regional dialect can be distinguished with another in a particular language at different levels of linguistic studies that include; phonetics, phonology, morphology syntax as well the lexicon. This paper is concerned with the phonological variation of Western Hausa dialects. The aim of this paper among other things is to bring to the limelight some neglected Hausa Western dialects that were merged or not included in the earlier division of Hausa dialects classification. The paper attempts to some extent, study the linguistic features of the Western Hausa dialects as at the present time. The Western Hausa dialects that were brought to the limelight in this paper are: Zamfarci, Kabanci, Arauci, Gobirci and Adaranci Western dialects of Hausa. The paper has studied the common phonological features of these dialects that shared a regional boundary in the western part of Hausa land which were earlier considered as a single Hausa dialect of Sakkwatanci. A research survey was conducted among a number of speakers in different regions of these dialects through a questionnaire and recorded interviews to establish the existence of the dialects as well as their common features and differences that makes them dialects of one language. The research was also guided by a theory of Generative Phonology and Dialectology in Generative Grammar. Findings of the research discovered that the western dialects have common phonological features and share boundaries with each other despite the fact that they have some idiosyncratic features tha t  distinguish them as separate dialects. 

1.0  Gabatarwa

Harshen Hausa yana ɗ aya daga cikin manyan harsunan duniya, wanda ya fi kowane harshe yawan jama’a masu magana da harshe ɗ aya a nahiyar Afirka. Hausawa sun fi yawa a yankin arewacin Nijeriya da kuma yankin kudancin Jamhuriyar Nijar. Haka ma akwai Hausawa da yawa a ƙ asashen Ghana da Kamaru. Kafin zuwan Turawan Mulkin mallaka ƙ asar Hausa tana da fa ɗ i ƙ warai da gaske kuma a ha ɗ e take , duk da yake tana da dauloli daban-daban. Turawan Mulkin mallaka sun zo Afirka, sun raba ta kashi-kashi. Wannan rabo ya zama sanadin raba ƙ asar Hausa zuwa gida biyu: Ɓ angare ɗ aya yana Nijeriya ta yau, ɗ aya kuma yana cikin Jamhuriyar Nijar ta yanzu, wato dai ɓ angaren Turawan Ingilishi da Faransawa.

A Nijeriya ta yau, ƙ asar Hausa ta yi daidai da sashen arewa maso-yamma da wani sashe na arewa maso - gabas. Da aka raba Nijeriya jiha-jiha sai aka dace kusan duk ƙ asashen Hausa na asali sun koma jihohi a wannan zamani da muke ciki. Jihohin Hausawa su ne; jihar Bauci da jihar Jigawa da jihar Kaduna da jihar Kabi da jihar Kano da jihar Katsina da jihar Sakkawato da kuma jihar Zamfara. Sanadiyyar hul ɗ a mai dogon tarihi, wa ɗ anda ke amfani da harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen uwa a yau sun ha ɗ a da mutane da yawa daga cikin al’ummar Fulani. [1]

Amfani (2016) ya bayyana harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen Afirka wanda ya fi kowane muhimmanci da ke da yawan kimanin mutane miliyan 40 da ke magana da shi. [2] Hausa , harshen uwa ne ga al’ummar Hausawa. Ana amfani da harshen Hausa a ƙ asashen Ghana da Kamaru da Sudan da Libiya da wasu sassa na arewaci da yammaci da kuma tsakiyar nahiyar Afirka. A Jamhuriyar Nijar kuwa (wadda ƙ asa ce da ke cikin Afirka ta Yamma kuma ma ƙ wabciyar Nijeriya), harshen Hausa shi ne harshen uwa ga fiye da rabin kason al’ummar ƙ asar (Ethnologue , Nigeria , 2000).

Harsuna suna ƙ unshe da kare-keren harshe daban-daban a cikinsu da suke da bambamci da junansu ta fuskar tsari da kalmomi. [3] Karin harshe wani nau’i ne na magana a cikin harshe ɗ aya wanda ake samu cikin wasu gungun al’umma mai nau’o’in bambance-bambance a cikinsa da ba su haifar da rashin fahimta tsakanin masu magana da harshen , kuma yana samuwa ne bisa wasu dalilai na tarihi da zamantakewa da muhalli. Idan harshe ya bun ƙ asa ya kuma kasance yana da al’umma da yawa masu magana da shi zai samu karin harshe musamman idan yana da yankuna daban-daban a cikinsa wa ɗ anda da suka bambanta mazaunin al’umma ko kuma ya kasance yana da bambanci na rukunin al’umma. [4]

Harshen Hausa yana daga cikin harsunan da ke da kare-karen harshe daban-daban a cikinsa. Ra’ayi mafi kar ɓ uwa tsakanin malamai shi ne na rarraba wa ɗ annan kare-karen harshen Hausa a manyan rukuna i na Gabas da kuma Yamma. Malamai sun yi wannan rabon ne kuwa ta la’akari da kamannun wa ɗ annan kare-karen harshen a nahawu da kuma muhalli ko yankin da suke a cikin taswirar ƙ asar Hausa. [5]

Fagen nazarin karin harshe wani ɓ angare ne daga cikin nazarin kimiyyar harshe  wanda yake nazarin dangantakar kare-karen harshe na harshe ɗ aya da manufar fitowa da dangantakarsu ta harshe da kuma irin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakaninsu. Kare-karen harshen Hausa kuwa sun samu gatan manazarta harshe wanda shi ya haifar da rarraba su a yankunan Gabas da Yamma da kuma yin nazarce-nazarce da yawa a kansu. Kare-karen harshen Gabas a ra’ayin mafi yawan ayyukan malaman, su ne : Kananci da Bausanci da Zazzaganci da Guddiranci da kuma Dauranci. Kare-karen harshen Yamma kuwa su ne : Sakkwatanci da Katsinanci da Kabanci da kuma Gobirci. [6]

Wannan bincike yana da manufar fa ɗ a ɗ a wannan rabon na kare-karen harshen Yamma ta hanyar fitowa da ƙ arin wasu kare-karen harshen Hausa na Zamfarci da Gobirci da Adarci da Kabanci da Arauci wa ɗ anda ba su samu gata aka yi nazari sosai a kansu ba. Ma ƙ alar za ta fito da siffofin wa ɗ annan kare-karen harshe a babbar kafa ta Bitar Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma tun daga matakin gundarin sauti har zuwa tsarin sauti tare da misalai daban-daban a cikin kalmomi. Aikin ya gudana ne bisa ra’in nazarin fagen karin harshe na cikin ra’in nahawun tsirau na samar da jumla tare da kwatanta bambancin da ake samu tsakanin Hausar Gabas da Hausar Yamma.

2.0  Ra’in B incike

Ra’in da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wannan bincike shi ne Ra’in Nazarin Karin Harshe (Generative Dialectology) na cikin Nahawun Dokokin Samar da Jumla (an fassara shi da Nahawun Tsirau a wasu ayyuka) [7] wanda yake nazarin fagen karin harshe. Wannan ra’in kuwa wani ɓ angare ne a cikin mazhabar nahawun samar da jumla. Noam Chomsky da Morris Halle (1968) ne suka samar da wannan ra’in a ƙ ar ƙ ashin Makarantar Nahawun Samar da Jumla t a Dokokin Tsarin Sauti (Generative School of Phonology). Tsarin gudanarwar wannan makarantar kuwa ya yi fice a cikin wani aikin da Chomsky da Halle suka yi a shekara ta 1968 mai taken The Sound Pattern of English (SPE) . [8]

Ra’in nazarin karin harshe (Generative Dialectology) yana tabbatar da cewa, ana iya nazarin kare-karen harshe daban-daban a lokaci ɗ aya ta lura da inda suka yi tarayya r kama da kuma inda suke da sauye-sauye . Wannan ra’in fagen nazarin karin harshe (Generative Dialectology) [9] yana amfani da wasu tsare-tsaren ra’in Nahawun Samar da Jumla (Transformational Generative Grammar), musammam wa ɗ anda suka shafi Nahawun samar da jumla na tsarin sauti wajen bayyana siffofin karin harshe na bai ɗ aya tare da kwatanta kare-karen harshe.

Fagen Nazarin Karin Harshe na Ra’in Nahawun Samar da Jumla kuwa an gina shi a kan matakai uku wa ɗ anda suke kula da sauye-sauyen karin harshe da suka danganci furuci da ƙ irar kalma bisa hasashen cewa ana iya amfani da tsari ɗ aya a bayyana kare-karen harshe masu ala ƙ a wa ɗ anda ke da bambanci a (a) dokokin furuci da ke aiki a tsare-tsaren da kuma (b) muhallin da ake amfani da dokokin da kuma (c) tsarin da dokokin suke bi. [10]

Tsare-tsaren sun danganci sauye-sauye da dama da ke fitowa a cikin kalmomi a tsari ɗ aya, sauran kuwa sun danganci sakamakon amfani da dokokin da aka tanada. Wannan shi ke bayyana yadda tanadin harshe yake da kuma yadda masu magana da harshen ke sauya wa ɗ annan tanade-tanaden.

An za ɓ i wannan ra’in ne domin shi zai bai wa binciken dama wajen nazarin kare-karen harshen Hausa a matsayin kare-karen harshe ɗ aya (na Hausa) masu ala ƙ a sosai da kuma ‘yan sauye-sauye da ke iya tabbatar da ana iya rarraba su daidai da yankunan da suka fito da kuma wasu siffofi da ke gare su.

An yi amfani da takardun bincike na cikewa don amsa tambayoyi daga mutanen yankunan kare-karen harshen da wannan bincike ya yi aiki a kansu wajen samun bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. An kuma yi hira da mutanen yankunan wadda aka ɗ auka a rikoda, aka kuma yi nazari lokacin da aka kai ziyarar bincike a yankunan. Bugu da ƙ ari , an yi amfani da wasu ayyuka da aka gudanar da da ɗ ewa a kan karin harshe da kuma nahawun Hausa.

3.0   Hausar Yamma

Hausar Yamma ta ƙ unshi kare-karen harshen yankin Yamma kamar yadda malamai masu nazarin karin harshe suka bayyana. Kare-karen harshen Yamma sun samu asali ne daga rabe-raben kare-karen harshen Hausa mafi kar ɓ uwa tsakanin malamai masu nazarin karin harshen Hausa. Malaman sun raba ƙ asar Hausa gida biyu: Yankin Gabas da na Yamma, ta fuskar karin harshe. Rabon kuma ya yi daidai domin kuwa kare-karen harshen da ke cikin kowane yankin suna da kamannin sifofi.

Duk da yake akwai amincewa tsakanin mafi yawan malamai na raba kare-karen harshen Hausa zuwa yankin gabas da yamma, akwai sa ɓ ani tsakanin ɗ ai ɗ aikun kare-karen harshen da ake samu a cikin wa ɗ annan yankuna. Kare-karen harshen Yamma da wannan nazari ya yi bincike a kansu su ne; Zamfarci da Kabanci da Gobirci da Adaranci da kuma Arauci. Ana samun wa ɗ annan kare-karen harshe a yankin yammacin ƙ asar Hausa da ke cikin ƙ asar Nijeriya ta yau. Wannan bincike yana hasashen cewa malaman da suka yi wannan rabon na Gabas da Yamma sun kalli taswirar ƙ asar Hausa ne suka raba ta a tsaye, wanda wannan shi ne ya bayar da yankin kare-karen harshen Hausa na Gabas da kuma Yamma.

4.0 Wasu S iffofin Hausar Yamma

Wa ɗ annan kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma suna da wasu siffofin harshe wa ɗ anda suka tattara su, baya ga kusanci na muhalli wanda ya sa aka saka su cikin rukuni guda na yankin Yamma. Kamar yadda aka fa ɗ i a baya, cewa fagen nazarin karin harshe yana bayar da damar nazarin kare-karen harshe masu dangantaka da juna da kuma hul ɗ a tsakaninsu, wannan ne ya sa za a ga cewa duk rukunin wa ɗ annan kare-karen harshen Yamma suna da ala ƙ a a nahawu wadda ake iya danganta su da juna. Hakan shi ya haifar da taken wannan ma ƙ alar na “Nazarin Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma”.

4.1 Siffofin Hausar Yamma na Ilimin Gundarin Sauti da Ilimin Tsarin Sauti

Ilimin gundarin sauti da ilimin tsarin sauti wasu rassa ne guda biyu. [11] Ilimin Furuci ya ta’alla ƙ a ga yadda harshe yake samar da sautukansa da kuma rarraba sautukan nasa. Ilimin tsarin sauti kuwa kamar yadda Sani (2012) ya kawo ya ce: "Ya shafi yadda sautuka na harshe suke aiki cikin wannan harshe. Kowane harshe na duniya yana da tsarin sauti irin nasa mai nuni da irin sautuka daban-daban da ya ƙ unsa da irin ha ɗ uwar wa ɗ annan sautuka su ta da kalma da kuma wasu canje-canje da ake iya samu a sakamakon wannan ha ɗ uwar". Akwai dangantaka tsakanin ilimin furuci da ilimin tsarin sauti domin duk suna magana ne a kan sauti.

A wannan ɓ angare za mu ga wasu al’amurra da suka danganci siffofin gundarin sauti da tsarin sauti a cikin Hausar Yamma kamar yadda suka bambanta da wasu kare-karen harshen Hausa na Gabas. Amfani (1993:2) ya tattauna wasu daga cikin irin wa ɗ annan siffofin na furuci da suka rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa na Gabas da Yamma. Wasu daga cikin misalan da ya kawo sun ha ɗ a da amfani da sautin /hw/ ko /h/ a karin harshen Yamma a maimakon sautin / ɸ / a farkon ga ɓ ar kalma idan wasalin /a/ ko /i/ suka biyo bayansa. Haka ma ya kawo le ɓ antar da sautin /l/ zuwa /lw/ a farkon kalma.  

Wa ɗ annan siffofin da za mu gani na gama-gari ne da suka shafi dukkan kare-karen harshen Hausa na Yamma da aka yi nazari a wannan binciken. Yana da muhimmanci a nan, wannan ma ƙ alar ta bayyana cewa a wannan Hausa ta Yamma ba a samun bambanci na ƙ ari cikin asalin gundarin ƙ wayoyin sautukan ba ƙ a ƙ e da wasulan Hausa da ake da su na Daidaitacciyar Hausa ba. Abin da kawai ya ke faruwa shi ne sauyawar furucin wasu sautuka na Daidaitacciyar Hausa zuwa wasu sautukan makamantansu na Hausar Yamma kamar yadda za mu gani a cikin wasu misalai da yawa da binciken ya kawo. Dukkan wa d annan sauye-sauyen bisa ga ra’in da wannan bincike yake aiki a kai suna tafiya ne bisa wani tsari ko dokokin harshe na musamman da aka tanada.

4.1.1 Sauyawar Sautuka

4.1.1 (a) Le ɓ antawa

A Hausar Yamma ana le ɓ antar da wasu sautukan ba ƙ a ƙ e idan suka zo a farkon ga ɓ ar kalma kuma wasalin /a/ ya biyo bayansu. Sautukan su ne: ‘yan han ƙ a masu ziza na: /z/, /d/, /n/, da /l/ da kuma ‘yan han ƙ a maras ziza na /s/, /t/, /s’/, Haka ma akwai sautuka na ɗ e harshe masu ziza na / ɗ / da kuma /r/. A yanayin furuci kuwa ana iya rarraba sautukan kamar haka: /d/ da /t/ sautuka ne ‘yan bindiga, /s/ da /z/ kuwa zuzau ne, yayin da /n/ ɗ anhanci, /r/ ra-ka ɗ e, /s’/, /l/ kuwa ɗ an jirge.

A nan akwai dokoki biyu da ke samar da kowane daga cikin sauye-sauyen kuma za a ɗ auki d aidaitacciyar Hausa a matsayin tsari na asali. Doka ta ɗ aya ita ce:

Ana nufin bahan ƙ e mai ziza ko mara ziza yana komawa le ɓ a-han ƙ a mai ziza ko mara ziza idan ya zo a farkon kalma kafin wasalin /a/.

Ga misalan yadda sauyin yake a cikin kalmomi :

Doka ta biyu:

/na ɗ e-harshe/ → /le ɓ antaccen na ɗ e-harshe/    #      a

Ga misalan yadda sauyin yake a cikin kalmomi :

Abin da muka gani a sama kowane daga cikin wa ɗ aannan sautukan an le ɓ antar da shi ne bayan ya zo a farkon kalma kuma wasalin /a/ ya biyo bayansa. Wannan yana faruwa a cikin kalmomi da yawa na Hausar Yamma duk da yake ana samun togiya ga wannan dokar a inda ba a samun sauyi a cikin wasu kalmomin Hausa masu irin wannan tsarin. Wasu misalan irin wa ɗ annan kalmomin kuwa su ne :

/dá:wà:/

/ná:mà:/

/sá: ƙ à:/

/tá:rì:/

/s’á:mí:/

/zágó:/

/lá:mí:

/ ɗ á:rí:/

/rá:ná:/ da sauransu.

4.1.1 (b) Amfani da S autin /h/   ko S autin /hw/ Maimakon Sautin / ɸ /

Daidaitacciyar Hausa tana da sautuka iri biyu na / ɸ / da kuma /h/. Sautin / ɸ / bale ɓ e ne, zuzau, maras ziza, sautin /h/ kuwa ɗ an ma ƙ wallato ne, zuzau, mai ziza. Haka ma dukkan Kare-karen harshen Gabas da Yamma suna amfani da wa ɗ annan sautukan guda biyu. Hausar Yamma tana za ɗ in amfani da sautin /h/ maimakon / ɸ / na Daidaitacciyar Hausa mafi yawa a farkon wasu kalmomi musamman idan wasalin /i/ ko /e/ ko /u/ ya biyo bayan sautin. Haka ma Hausar Yamma tana le ɓ antar da irin wannan sautin na / ɸ / zuwa sautin /hw/ duk lokacin da ya zo a farkon kalma kuma wasalin /a/ ya biyo bayansa. Ga misalan yadda sautukan su ke gudana a cikin kalmomi:

 

A lura cewa a cikin misalan da aka kawo duk da za ɓ in amfani da sautuka mabambanta tsakanin Hausar Gabas da Hausar Yamma, ma’anar kalmomin iri ɗ aya ce ba ta sauya ba, kuma kuma babu wata doka da ta samar da wannan tsarin illa kawai za ɓ i ne na Hausar Yamma wanda yake gudana a wani ke ɓ a ɓɓ en muhalli a cikin wasu kalmomi.

4.1.1 I Amfani da S autin /c’/ Maimakon Sautin / s’/           

A Daidatacciyar Hausa da Hausar Gabas akwai sautin /s’/ wanda sauti ne bahan ƙ e, tunku ɗ au, maras ziza . Hausar Yamma ma tana da irin wannan sautin na /s’/. Haka ma Hausar Yamma tana da wani sauti na /c’/ wanda bagan ɗ e ne, tunku ɗ au, maras ziza . Hausar Yamma tana za ɓ in amfani da sautin /c’/ maimakon sautin /s’/ a farkon kalma a wasu lokuta idan wasalin /i/ ko wasalin /a/ ko wasalin /e/ ya biyo bayan sautin.  A nan za a lura da cewa, yayin da Hausar Gabas da Daidaitacciyar Hausa ke da sautin /s’/ kawai. Hausar Yamma tana da sautuka biyu na /s’/ da kuma /c’/. Ga misalan yadda sautukan suke gudana a cikin kalmomi: /s’/  :  /c’/, /s’/

A nan ma babu wata dokar tsarin sauti da ke bayyana irin wannan al’amari, abun lura kawai shi ne yayin da Daidaitacciyar Hausa da Hausar Gabas suke da sauti /s’/ guda, Hausar Yamma tana da sautuka iri biyu, tana da sautin /s’/ irin na Hausar Gabas haka kuma tana da sautin /c’/ wanda takan yi za ɓ in amfani da kowane daga cikinsu a wajen furucin kalmominta musamman a farkon kalma idan ya zo tare da wasu sautuka.

4.1.1 (d) Sauyawar Sautin Wasalin /u/ zuwa /i/

Akwai za ɓ i tsakanin Hausar Gabas da Hausar Yamma wajen amfani da sautin wasalin /u/ da kuma /i/. Wasalin /u/ wasali ne na ƙ uryar baki, na sama, mai kewaya, yayin da wasalin /i/ kuwa wasali ne na gaban baki, na sama, maras kewaya. Hausar Yamma tana za ɓ in amfani da wasalin /i/ maimakon wasalin /u/ na Hausar Gabas a ga ɓ ar farko ta wasu kalmomi masu ga ɓ a biyu zuwa ga ɓ a uku. Wannan sauyin ba ya rasa nasaba da ƙ o ƙ arin sau ƙ a ƙ a magana a wajen furuci da al’ummar yankin yamma ke yi da kuma kusancin sautukan wajen furuci. Bugu da ƙ ari, sauyin sautin wasalin na /u/ zuwa /i/ na Hausar Yamma ba ya haifar da canza ma’ana tsakanin kalmomin na Hausar Gabas da Hausar Yamma. Bincike nan gaba zai tabbatar da dalilan da ke haifar da wannan bambancin sautukan tsakanin kare-karen harshen. Ga misalin yadda al’amarin yake gudana a cikin kalmomi:

Lamba	Hausar Gabas	Hausar Yamma
1.	/búrgè/	/bírgè/
2.	/dù:bá/	/dì:bá/
3.	/ ʤ ú:rè:/	/ ʤ ìmré:/
4.	/rú ɸ ì:/	/ríhì:/
5.	/rú ɸ èwá/	/ríhèwá/
6.	/shù:ggàbá:/	/shìggàbá:/
7.	/shùrú:/	/shìrú:/ [12]

4.2 Karin Sauti

Karin sauti wani al’amari ne na tsarin sauti wanda ake samu a cikin ga ɓ o ɓ in kalmomin harsuna masu tsarin karin sauti a cikinsu. Yip (2002) ta bayyana cewa a ƙ iyasi, kimanin kashi sittin zuwa saba’in na harsunan duniya, harsuna ne masu tsarin karin sauti. Yankuna uku na sassan duniya mafi yawan harsunan da ke cikinsu masu tsarin karin sauti ne. Wa ɗ annan yankunan su ne: Yankin Afirka da yankin Gabas da Kudu -m as o-g abas na ƙ asashen Asia da yankin Pacific da Amurka. [13] Harshen Hausa yana daga cikin wa ɗ annan harsuna masu karin sauti a ga ɓ o ɓ in kalmominsu.  

Amfani (2011: 144) ya bayyana cewa Hausa harshe ne mai karin sauti  a cikinsa kuma karin sauti da tsayin wasali duk suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bambanta ma’anar kalmomi a cikin harshen.

Bello (2018: 6) ya bayar da ma’anar karin sauti kamar haka:

Karin sauti a ɓ angaren nazarin tsarin sautin Hausa, yana nufin kaifin sauti ne na furuci ko murya da ke isar da cikakkiyar ma’ana ga mai sauraro. Kuma wannan karin sauti yana ɗ amfare ne da ga ɓ ar kalma. Kuma duk harshen da yake da karin sauti, wannan karin na ɗ aya daga cikin ginshi ƙ an furta lafazin kalmomin harshen ta fuskar ma’ana da nahawu.

Karin sauti kaifin sauti ne a ga ɓ ar kalma da ake samu lokacin da ake furta kalma da niyyar bambanta kalmar ko fito da sahihiyar ma’anarta. A cikin Hausar Yamma ana samun wasu tagwayen kalmomi masu ma’ana ɗ aya wa ɗ anda karin sautinsu ya bambanta. Ana samun bambancin karin harshe a cikin azuzuwan kalmomin sunaye da sunayen aiki da kuma kalmomin aikatau. Ga misali:

4.2.1 Ajin Sunaye

Lamba	Hausar Gabas	Hausar Yamma
1.	/ Ɂ à b í nc í :/	/ Ɂ à b í nc ì /
2.	/ Ɂ à lb â :sh í :/	/ Ɂ à b á :sh ì :/
3.	/ Ɂ àjàbà/	/ Ɂ à j à b á /
4.	/ Ɂ à kw à :t ì /	/ Ɂ à kw à t í /
5.	/dábí:nò:/	/dàbí:nò:/
6.	/hù:lá:/	/húllá:/
7.	/kà:wú:/	/ká:wù/
8.	/kújè:rá:/	/kùjé:rà/
9.	/kûnné:/	/kúnnè:/

4. 2. 2 Ajin Kalmomin Sunayen Aiki [14]

Lamba	Hausar Gabas	Hausar Yamma
1.	/ Ɂ á iwátârwá:/	/ Ɂ á iw á t à rw á :/
2.	/bá:yârwá:/	/bá:yárwà:/
3.	/ ƙ í∫îrwá:/	/ ƙ ì∫írwà:/
4.	/fá: ɗ ô:wá:/	/fá: ɗ ó:wà:/
5.	/gábá:târwá:/	/gábá:tárwà:/
6.	/gúdá:nârwá:/	/gúdánáwwà:/
7.	/gá:fàrtâwa:/	/gá:fàrtáwà:/
8.	/hárdàcê:wá:/	/hárdàcé:wá:/
9.	/járràbâwá:/	/járàbá:wà:/
10.	/kóyârwá:/	/kó:yáwwà:/

 

4. 2. 3 Ajin Kalmomin Aikatau

Lamba	Hausar Gabas	Hausar Yamma
1.	/ ɗ âuké:/	/ ɗ áukè:/
2.	/ ʧ înjé:/	/ ʧ ínjè:/
3.	/jânyé:/	/jányè:/
4.	/kwântá:/	/kwántà:/
5.	/kjâutá:/	/kjáutà:/
6.	/mântá:/	/mántà:/
7.	/sânjá:/	/sánjà:/
8.	/∫â:rá:/	/∫á:rá/

 

4.3 Naso

Naso yana daga cikin siffofin tsarin sauti na Hausa wanda ake iya bayyana Hausar Yamma da shi. Sani (2012: 33) ya bayar da ma’anar naso kamar haka:

‘Naso’ na nufin inda wani sauti ya canja zuwa wani a dalilin zuwansu waje guda cikin kalma.

Schane (1973:49) a nasa ɓ angare ya bayyana yadda naso ke gudana kamar haka:

In assimilatory processes a segment takes of features from a neigbouring segment. A consonant may pick up features from a vowel, a vowel may take on features of a consonant, one consonant may influence another, or one vowel may have an effect on another.

Fassara: A naso wani ɓ angaren sauti yana ɗ aukar siffar wani ɓ angare da suke ma ƙ wabtaka. Ba ƙ i yana iya ɗ aukar siffar wasali, ko wasali ya ɗ auki wata siffar ba ƙ i, haka ma wani ba ƙ i yana iya tasiri a kan wani ko kuma wasali ya yi tasiri a kan ɗ an ’ uwansa.

Akwai ayyuka daban-daban a kan naso da suka bayyana cewa ana samun cikakken naso da ya shafi ba ƙ i da ba ƙ i (misali: bar ci da bacci) da kuma cikakken nason da ya shafi wasali da wasali (misali: maki da miki ) da kuma ragaggen nason da ya shafi wasali da ba ƙ i (misali , s ata da sace ko kuma ba ƙ i da ba ƙ i (misali , gun ɗ a da gum ɗ a ). Cikakken naso shi ne inda sautin ba ƙ i ko wasali ya nashe siffofin ɗ an ’ uwansa gaba ɗ aya ya koma irinsa. Shi kuwa ragaggen naso shi ne inda furucin ba ƙ i ko wasali ya ɗ auki ɗ aya daga cikin siffofin furucin ba ƙ i ko wasalin da suka yi ma ƙ wabtaka. Dukkan sautukan da ke naso a kan junansu za a tarar sautukan ba ƙ a ƙ e ne ko wasula. [15] Ana samun duk irin wa ɗ annan nau’o’in nason a cikin Hausar Yamma akasin yadda suke gudana a Hausa r Gabas . Ga misali:

4. 3. 1 Cikakken Naso na Ba ƙ i da Ba ƙ i

A nan ba ƙ in farko yana riki ɗ a gaba ɗ aya zuwa ba ƙ i na biyu idan aka samu wasalin /i/ ko /a/ ko/ e/ suka biyo bayansa. Ga yadda dokar take:                                                                      

Lamba	Hausar Gabas	Hausar Yamma
1.	Ɂ árzìkí:/	/ Ɂ á zz ìkí:/
2.	/ Ɂ á rz ìrtáwá:/	/ Ɂ á zz ìttáwá:/
3.	/ ɗ ànmàhá/	/ ɗ àmmàhá/
4.	/bírní:/	/bínní:/
5.	/ ɓ àrná:/	/ ɓ ànná:/
6.	/gwándà:/	/gwáddà:/
7.	/gwánmà:/	/gwánnà:/

                                                                    

4. 3. 2 Cikakken Naso na Wasali da Wasali  

Ana samun kalmomi masu zuwa da jirwayen wasalin /a/ da /i/ da wasalin /u/ da /i/ da kuma /i/ da /u/ a Hausa. Ana kiran wannan nason zumuncin wasula a Hausa. Wa ɗ annan wasulla a wani yanayi suna iya canza ma’anar kalma, amma a irin wannan hali kalma ɗ aya na iya ɗ aukar kowane ɗ aya daga cikin wasalin amma ma’anarta ba ta canza ba. Hausar Yamma tana da za ɓ in da ta fi so wajen amfani da irin wa ɗ annan wasulan daidai yadda suka zo a cikin kalmomi. Ga misalan yadda suke zuwa a cikin kalmomi:

#BaBi# → #BiBi#. Wasalin /a/ ya koma wasalin /i/ tsakanin ba ƙ a ƙ e a kalma. (cikakken naso na gaba, na nesa).

4.4  Sauyin Sautukan /n/ da /m/     

Ana samun sauyin sautin ba ƙ in /n/ na Daidaitacciyar Hausa zuwa sautin ba ƙ in /m/ a cikin wasu kalmomin Hausar yamma. A irin wannan hali ga alama tsarin sautukan Daidaitacciyar Hausa ya fi dacewa da juna domin kuwa sautukan suna tafiya ne tare da tarayyar wurin furuci da sautukan da ke ma ƙ wabtaka da su. W annan yana nuna sun fi kama da juna a furuci. Sauyin sautin /n/ na Hausar Gabas da Daidaitacciyar Hausa zuwa /m/ da ake samu a Hausar Yamma bai dace da sautin da suke ma ƙ wabtaka ba a cikin tsarin kalmomin. Ga misalin yadda al’amarin yake a cikin kalmomi :    

Lamba	Hausar Gabas	Hausar Yamma [16]
1.	/ Ɂ á ns à:/	/ Ɂ á ms à:/
2.	/ Ɂ á n∫ ì::/	/ Ɂ á m∫ ì:/
3.	/gú n ɗ à:/	/gú m ɗ à:/
4.	/kú n ʧ ì :/	/kú m ʧ ì:/
5.	/ ɗ í ŋk ì:/	/ ɗ ú mk ì:/
6.	/gú ŋk ì:/	/gú mk ì:/
7.	/kú ɲ j à:/	/kú mj à:/

A misalan rukunin kalmomin farko na Daidaitacciyar Hausa za a ga sautukan /n/ da /s/ da /n/ da /∫/ da /n/ da / ɗ / da kuma /n/ da / ʧ / duk sun yi tarayyar wurin furuci ɗ aya na han ƙ a wanda ya haifar da zuwansu tare. Haka ma sautukan /ŋ/ da /k/ sun yi tarayyar wurin furuci a gan ɗ a. Sautukan / ɲ / da /j/ kuwa ‘yan gan ɗ a ne. Saboda haka a misalan rukunin kalmomi na biyu, sautukan ba su da ala ƙ a da ma ƙ wabtansu domin sautin na /n/ da ke sauyawa ya koma sautin /m/ ɗ an hanci ne, yayin da sautin /m/ kuwa bale ɓ e ne a wurin furuci.

4.5 Musayar Gurbi

Musayar gurbi ko sauyawar muhallin sautuka a cikin kalma wani al’amari ne na tsarin sauti wanda ake samu a cikin wasu kalmomin Hausar Yamma. Wasu daga cikin ra’ayoyan malamai a kan ma’anar musayar gurbi sun ha ɗ a da;  

Jaggar (2001) ya bayyana ‘musayar gurbi’ kamar haka:

Lexical metathesis entails transposing either consonants in contiguous syllables or word-internal abutting consonants, and it occurs, sometimes dialectally, in number of nouns and verbs.

Fassara: Musayar gurbi a cikin kalmomi ta danganci canza muhallin wata ga ɓ a da ‘yar ’ uwarta cikin kalma ko kuma canza muhallin ba ƙ a ƙ e a kalma kuma irin wannan yana faruwa ne a wasu lokuta dalilin karin harshe a cikin ajin kalmomin sunaye da aikatau.

A Hausar Yamma ana samun irin wannan al’amari na musayar gurbi a cikin wasu kalmomi. Musayar gurbin da ake samu iri biyu ne. Musayar gurbi na ga ɓ ar kalma da kuma musayar gurbi na ba ƙ a ƙ e. Musayar gurbi na ga ɓ ar kalma yana sauya muhallin ga ɓ ar kalma ne gaba ɗ aya daga asalin inda take, yayin da musayar gurbi na ba ƙ a ƙ e yake sauya muhallin ba ƙ a ƙ e daga wurinsu na asali a cikin kalma. Ana samun musayar gurbi ne mafi yawa a cikin kalmomi masu ga ɓ a uku ko hu ɗ u. Ga misalin yadda yake faruwa a cikin karin harshen Hausa na yamma:

4. 5. 1 Musayar Gurbi na Ga ɓ ar Kalma

Lamba	Hausar Gabas	Hausar Yamma
1.	/ Ɂ à l.má.kà.shí:/	/ Ɂ à l.kà.má.shí:/
2.	/bà. gàa. rú. wá:/	/gà. bàa. rú. wá:/
3.	/bó:. kí. tí:/	/bó:. tí. kí:/
4.	/ ɗ ìn . gí. sá:/	/gìn. ɗ í . sá:/ [17]
5.	/gì. ɗ í . mìr. shí/	/ ɗ i . gi. mir. shi/
6.	/tà. kà. nás/	/kà. tà. nás/
7.	/là. Ɂ á . kà. rí:/	/là. kà. Ɂ á . rí:/

4. 5. 2 Musayar  Gurbi na Ba ƙ a ƙ e

Lamba	Hausar Gabas	Hausar Yamma
1.	/ ɗ áw. rà. yá:/	/ ɗ ár. wà. yá:/
2.	/ ɗ ìn. gí. sá:/	/gìn. ɗ í. sá:/
3.	/gáw. rà. yá:/	/gár. wà. yá:/

5.0 Kammalawa

Wannan ma ƙ ala mai taken Bitar Tsarin Sauti a Hausar Yamma ta tattauna wasu al’amurra na tsarin sauti da yadda suke gudana a Hausar Yamma da kuma akasin yadda suka bambanta a Hausar Gabas (karin harshen Kananci da Zazzaganci da sauran kare-karen harshe da ake samu a ɓ angaren Gabascin ƙ asar Hausa). Daga abubuwan da binciken ya tattauna a kansu akwai al’amurran gundarin sauti da tsarin sauti na Hausar Yamma sun ha ɗ a da; sauyawar sautuka da le ɓ antar da wasu sautuka da sauyawar sautuka da kuma amfani da wasu sautuka duk a bisa dokokin tsarin sauti na ra’in tsirau ko samau na nazarin fagen karin sauti. Bugu da ƙ ari, ma ƙ alar ta tattauna bambancin amfani da karin sauti a cikin kalmomin sunaye da aikatau. Haka ma an kawo yadda naso yake gudana a Hausar Yamma tare da fitowa da musayar gurbi a Hausar Yamma da yadda ya bambanta da yadda ake amfani da shi a Hausar Gabas. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa lalle akwai bambancin tsarin sauti a wa ɗ annan nau’o’in Hausa kuma an kawo ɗ a ɗ aikun kare-karen hashen da suka samar da Hausar Yamma a wannan lokacin wa ɗ anda binciken da aka yi a cikinsu ne ya samar da wa ɗ annan bayanan.

Manazarta

Abubakar, A. 2001. An Introductory Hausa Morphology. Maiduguri: University Press.

Amfani, A. H. 2011. "Hausa Phonology". In Basic Linguistics for Nigerian Languages. Pp. 139-145. Yusuf, O. (Ed.). Ijebo-Ode: Linguistic Association of Nigeria.

Amfani, A. H. 2016. "Hausa as an Emerging Official Language." A Paper Presented at One Day Colloquim. Department of African Languages & Cultures, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Amfani , A. H. 1993. "Aspects of Hausa Dialectology." Research in African Langauges and Linguistics. Vol. 3. Pp.1-12. Kaduna: Sunnals Press.

Amfani, A. H. 2016. "Hausa as an Emerging Official Language." A Paper Presented at One Day Colloquim. Department of African Languages & Cultures, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Bergery, G.P. 1934. A Hausa-English Dictionary & English Hausa Vocabulary. London: Oxford University Press.

Bello, A. 2018. Karin Sautin Hausa. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.

Boadi, L.A. Grieve, D. W. & Nwankwo B. 2004. Grammatical Structure and its Teaching. Ibadan: African Universities Press.

Crystal, D. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Sixth Edition. UK: Blackwell Publishing.

Elizabeth, C.Z (2013). The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. West Sussex. John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Fagge, U. U. 2012. Hausa Language and Linguistics. Zaria: ABU Press.

Jaggar, P. J. 1945. Hausa. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Okeke, G. T. 2016. "Generative Phonology". Pp. 33-55. Mbah. B.M. (Ed.). Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press.

Newman, P. 2000. The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar . United States of America: Yale University Press.

Sani, M.A.Z. 20 12 . Jagoran Nazarin Tsarin Sautin Hausa (Ha ɗ e da aikin aji). Abuja: Al- Amin Publishers Company.

Schane, S. A. 1973. Generative Phonology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Singleton, D. 2000. Language and the Lexicon: An Introduction. London: Arnold.

Yim, M. 2002. Tone. UK: Cambridge University Press.

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[1] Dubi Jaggar P. Hausa Pp. 1 (2001).

[2] Dubi Amfani 2016. ‘Hausa An Emerging Official Language’.

[3] Boadi, L.A. Grieve. D.W. and Nwankwo, B. (2004:43). Grammatical Structure and its Teaching.

[4] Dubi Crystal D. (2008; 142). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Sixth Edition.

[5] Domin ƙ arin bayani dubi Gabatarwa a Bergery, G.P. ( 1934 ) . A Hausa-English Dictionary & English Hausa Vocabulary.     

[6] Bargery (1934), Amfani (1993), Jaggar (2000), Sani (2003), Wurma (2005), Sani (2009), Bello (2015) da Bello (2016).

[7]   Generative Grammar , an fassara wannan da Nahawun Tsirau a cikin littafin Hausa Meta Language da kuma wasu ayyuka, amma ra’ayin fassararsa a wannan binciken shi ne Nahawun Samar da Jumla domin aikin ra’in shi ne samar da dokoki daban-daban da ake bi wajen samar da jumla ko jumloli a harshe ba tsirarwa ba.

[8] Dubi Theories of  Linguistics “Generative Phonology.” Pp. 33-42. Mbah B.M. (Ed.)

[9]   Generative Dialectology   bayani ne na karin harshe kamar yadda yake a ra’in Nahawun Samar da Jumla. Fassararsa shi ne Fagen Nazarin Karin Harshe da ke Tafiya bisa wasu Dokoki (Fassarar wucin gadi ta wannan  bincike).

[10] Generative dialectology builds on this approach and handles differences between dialects in the same way as phonological and morphological alternations between forms. It works on the assumption that a single underlying form can be postulated for related dialects and that these dialects differ in (a) the phonological rules that apply to the underlying forms  and/or (b) the environment in which the rules apply and/or (c) the order in which the rules apply.  (Dubi Dialectology  Chambers & Trudgil  2004: 46-47).

[11] A Hausa ana fassara Phon etics da Ilimin Furuci . Phonology  kuwa Ilimin Tsarin Sauti. A wannan bincike an yi amfani da kalmar Ilimin gundarin sauti wajen fassara Phonetics yayin da  a fassarar Phonology kuwa aka yi amfani da Ilimin Tsarin Sauti. 

[12] Ana samun irin wannan har a cikin kalmomin aro alal misali; /bú ř ó:dì/ → bí ř é:dì/ da /múlkì/ → /mílkì/ da sabulu → sabini

[13]  Don ƙ arin bayani dubi littafi mai taken Tone  shafi na. 16, Yim, M. (2001).

[14] Abin nufi a nan shi ne ‘verbal noun’. Ya zo da fassara iri-iri kamar ‘babal suna’ da ‘samammen suna daga aikatau’ ko kuma ‘sunan aiki’.

[15] Domin ƙarin bayani a kan wannan dubi Amfani (2011:141-142) ‘Hausa Phonology’ a cikin  Basic Linguistics for Nigerian Languages.

 

 

[16] HG na nufin Hausar Gabas. HY na nufin Hausar Yamma.

[17] Wannan tsarin musayar gurbi yana da ban sha’awa da kuma bambanci da aura domin kuwa duk da sauyawar muhallin ga ɓ o ɓ in ga ɓ ar farko ta kalmar ta ri ƙ e ba ƙ inta na ƙ arshe na /n/ wanda shi ne ya sa ta ci gaba da zama rufaffiyar ga ɓ a a cikin kalmar.