Being a paper presented at the First International Conference on Gobir Kingdom, Past And Present: Transformation And Change, held at The Usmanu Danfodiyo University Auditorium, from 9th – 13th July, 2018
An Assessment
Of Military And Warfare System In Gobir Kingdom In The 19th Century
BY
MUSTAPHA
IDRIS SARKA
Sunnah2@yahoo.com, mustaphasarka@gmail.com
08033070777
&
IDRIS
SALISU KURAH
ZAMFARA
STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION MARU
kurahidris@gmail.com
08063231180
Abstract
The Military and Warfare system
played an important role in the rise and development of the Gobir Kingdom. It’s
one of the factors that influence the rapid expansion of the Kingdom towards Kebbi,
Zamfara , Katsina and beyond. The military and warfare system contributed in
the protection of socio-economic and political activities of the Gobir societies.
The arrangements of the Gobir military enable rapid expansion and consolidation
of the state during the time of Bawa Jangwarzo up to the time of the outbreak
of the Jihad of 1804 when Gobirawa re-united and developed its military
strength to defend the Kingdom. Therefore, this paper intended to re-examine
the military arrangement and nature of Gobir army, the impact of Gobir military
in the territorial expansion. Also the materials or weapons used by the Gobir
military since the establishment of Gobir Kingdom were examined.
Introduction
The
military and warfare system played important role in the State formation in
Hausaland. Gobir Kingdom was associated with
superiority of military organization and warfare system. Gobirawa being a
war-like people conquered areas and extended their influence over Zamfara,
Adar, Azbin, e.tc., they raised
into a prominence kingdom by establishing their suzerainty over Zamfara, Kabi,
Katsina, Adar, Kwani and Azbin.[1]
The Gobir Kingdom acquired symbolised political power, war leadership, imperial
building and prosperity from 17th century to 19th century
when Gobir Kingdoms were conquered by the Jihadist which led some
Gobirawa migration to Niger republic (Tsibiri) where they were
re-organised and continued to attack the caliphate until when the Europeans
came and reduced the power of the Caliph.
Gobirawa
emerged as the most strong military power among the state of the Rima basin, it
come to be identify as Gidan Fada (literally
home of war) the Gobirawa used Magic and belief in Iskoki in their wars . The
praise of Gobir Kings (kirari ) shows
how Gobir take war as their activities. i.e the Kirari of Bawa is that Uban maza dan Bagaji, Bagobiri ka wuce yaki.(The
father of men, son of Bagaji, Bagobiri passed attack)To Sarkin Gobir Wangara, Cida
maza kasa- kasa tayi kugi, Gobir ta manu gidan yaki, mai kibiyoyi da manyan masu, su sha jinni su
kakkare kassa.( Throw down men on the ground and the ground to sound, Gobir
of Manu home of battle which has arrows and large soears, to sock blood and
break the bones) The praise indicate
how Gobir take war among their activities.
A Brief overview of
Gobir History and their Wars
Gobirawa were said
to have migrated from Azbin, they migrated to the areas of Zamfara, Kabi and
Katsina.Gobirawa settled in several places before they eventually moved south
wards from Azbin. The area of Gobir is a fertile land suitable for the
livestock rearing, agricultural activities and hunting. The area has large
deposit of iron. There were several indications that people had existed in the
region before Gobirawa migrated out from Azbin and settle there.[2] The Gobir region covers the Northern part of Gobir
stretching from its borders with Adar Dutse in the west, to the eastern border
of Gobir which lies along a line running north-eastwards(from a little distance
east of the present settlement of Tsibiri on the Gulbin Maradi to join the
Gurbin Tarka in the north). In the north the region stretches from the Gulbin
Tarka to the Gulbin Maradi valley in the south. The territory of Gobir
starching from the town of Galmi to the north-east of present Kwanni town to
Tabotaki north-west of Madawa(all in the Republic of Niger).[3]
The topography of Gobir is made up of largely sedimentary rocks, sand dunes and
fewer valleys draining it. The dry season is much longer, lasting up to some
9-10 months.
Before the
emergence of Gobir as a super power in the 16th century, Zamfara,
Kabi, Katsina ,Zazzau, Adar, and Azbin were sovereign states and each Kingdom
sought to expand it territories more into it neighbouring states. The Gobir
wars were fought for territorial expansion. The process continued throughout up
to the end of 18th and 19th century.[4]
The Sarkin Gobir
Babari was the founder of Alkalawa in 1730. The Gobir kingdom had formerly been
a great kingdom, but had long conflict with Zamfara due to their zeal to
conquer several areas, they succeeded in conquering Zamfara in 1764, but Sarkin
Gobir succeeded in the establishment of Alkalawa as capital through the help of
some Zamfarawa.[5] The origin of the name Gobir is not clear,
but scholars like Augi view it from their origin. The original home of Gobirawa
was Asben, from this they were forced out to south by Tuaregs pressure or
drastic effects of drought to the area known as Gobir Tudu, from there the
Gobirawa move southwards and began to settle in the areas of Zamfara.[6]
They came as friendly settlers and letter took over the control of the areas of
Zamfara. Gobir during the time of Sarkin Gobir Muhammad dan Chiroma, had an
alliance with Sarkin Zamfara Yakubu dan Babba and Sarkin Asben Agabba and waged
successful war against Sarkin Kebbi later Babari came in conflict and waged war
with Zamfara. After the destruction of Birnin Zamfara the town of Kiawa( a town
15 kilometres away from Kauran Namoda) seems to have been the capital. Sarki
Bawa was the second sarkin Gobir after
Babbari who ravaged Zamfara and besieged Moriki.[7]
Bawa successor, Yakubu also besieged Kiawa and suffered a severe defeat and was
slain there by the combined armies of Kiawa and Katsinawa.[8]
From there great struggle arose with Katsina where the Sarkin Gobir use the
term “ amasaya a kai iri gida”
meaning to retreat home. They are too strong for us let us turn back so that
our race may not become extinct.” Yakubu was succeeded by Sarkin Gobir Yunfa in
whose reign
Shehu Dan Fodiyo
commenced his Jihad. Yunfa laid waste a great part of Zamfara, but that it was his time the Gobir Kingdom got into
confusion and its power weakened and Zamfara separated from under it rule.[9]
For a century of warfare, Gobir and many Hausa State had serious consequence on
both the state and society thereby affecting normal commerce; industry,
insecurity, and heavy taxation were imposed on peasantry by the ruling class.[10]
Several expansions
were embarked open by the stronger kingdom against the weaker, for example
before the emergence of Gobir as the most strong Kingdom, Zamfara has been one
of the major super powers in the 18th century Hausaland, but the
struggle for the territories with Gobir made Zamfara weaker, and led to it
emergence of Gobir as the independent kingdom, carve out from areas of Zamfara,
Kabi and Adar.[11]
During the reign
during of Sarkin Gobir Babari (1741-1769), many expeditions were mounted against
Kano, Katsina, Kiyawa and Shira in Barno each with varying degree of success.
It was Sarkin Gobir Babari who finally destroyed the power of Zamfara, sacked
its capital, Birnin Zamfara in 1762 and put Sarkin Zamfara Mairoki to flight.[12]
With the collapse of Zamfara, Sarkin Gobir Babari built the nascent capital of
Gobir at Alkalawa on the farmland of Alkalin Zamfara from where it got its
name.[13]
In the second half
of the 18th century, Gobir was the most militaristic state in the
whole of Hausaland. Though employing the same tactics and weaponry like all of
her neighbours it was constantly engaged in warfare up to the end of the
century when the Jihad broke out which resulted to its collapse. Constant
warfare like the one engaged in by Gobir in the 19th century brought
serious dislocation in the society thereby affecting normal and settled life. War
and its threat are antithetical to the pursuance of commerce and industry which
has been for long the lifetime of Hausaland. The warfare affected the
prosperity of the region, insecurity and destruction of life and properties.
The Gobir army
were mostly peasants who were recruited by force and some intentionally to
protect the integrity of the states. In Gobir most of the army were slaves and
indigenous people of the states. Failure to serve in the army was always
visited with severe consequence ranging from imprisonment to the confiscation
of property it defence on the gravity of the offence.[14]
In the 17th century, Gobir had
direct military confrontation with Kwanni and Adar in an attempt to extend its
territory into these areas or extend control over the trade route which passed
through Adar from Azbin. The conflicts resulted into war leading Kwanni and
Azbin to allowed Gobir to continued controlling the Adar Kwanni and Azbin trade route. By the middle of the 17th
century, the trade route of Azbin into Rima Basin and Adar fell under the
control of Gobir Kingdom and much of it supplies of horses and war materials
were through the trade route and the commercial relations between Gobir Adar,
Kwanni and Azbin continued. Kwanni also
served as an important link between Gobir and areas of Dallols ( Zabarma), but
in early decade of 17th century, (1687-1721).[15]
Gobir laid surprised attacked against Kwanni and it suffered lot destruction,
the rulers were forced to abandon their capital.[16]
Following the establishment of the authority in Agadas Gobir also become
engaged in several wars until 1725 when Sarkin Gobir Soba was attacked by
Sultan of Agades. It is quite clear that Gobir became engaged in various
military conflicts base on territorial ambitions, destruction and securing
considerable booty from Zabarma that is why
Zabarmawa become Tubassai to Gobirawa. Soba crossed the river Niger and
attacked Gurma and Bargu both which lay over 500 Kilometres from the capital.[17]
He also carried an expedition to reach the Kolanut growing region (Yoruba
land).
The relationship
with Kabi after the joint effort to end the Kabi kingdom, Gobir secured certain
commodities from Kabi e.g Kola nuts, Slaves, horses, hide skin, swards and
other materials in connections with Azbin. There was diplomatic relations
involving the marriage of Gobir princess with
Sarki Tomo (one of the early ruler of Kabi) to end the conflicts. The
transfer of kingdom to Birnin Magale made Gobir- Kabi relation to become
closer. But the war with Kabi become
manifested during the reign of Sarkin Gobir Muhammad Dan Chiroma, who
collaborated with Sarkin Zamfara, and
Azbin, in 1687-1721 and defeated the
forces of Kabi and captured
Sarkin Kabi Ahmadu and some of
his leading officials. [18]
At the beginning of the 18th century, there existed a friendly relation
between Gobir, Katsina and its neighbours Agadez, but towards the end of the
century, the relationship changed to war due to Gobir military might and
ambition to control the trade routes of Agadez and border communities.
The Major Battles of Gobir in the 19th
Century
The battle of
Tsuntsuwa in 1804 was the first battle that took several days due to military
might of Gobir, in several encounters the Mujahideen failed to take the city of
Alkalawa. They decided to withdraw, this was however, after a great slaughter
of the both sides as provided by Muhammad Bello “very many of the Jama’a was
martyred and we also killed many among them”[19].
As the city of Alkalawa proved difficult to conquered, the Jihadist decided to
retire to their camps. Among the multitude of people that gathered for the
assault on Alkalawa were a group of Tauregs. Thereafter, when the battle was
over they turned against the mujahedeen, raiding their camps and settlements.
The Tauregs decided to act treacherously and launched an attack on the Jima’a
who camped at Tsuntsuwa about six kilometres south-west of Alkalawa. The
situation was very serious that the Shehu had to personally take to the field
praying for support and assistance from Allah and as pointed by Muhammad Bello
“Allah answered and defeated the enemy”, we battered them with weapons and they
broke up and ran away one after the other.[20]
Many groups of noble Muslims were martyred... actually about two thousand were
martyred among us. Among them were chief Justice Muhammad Sambo the flag bearer
Sa’ad ... we buried what we could then we returned home and spend the night in
our homes then we came back in the early morning and buried the rest.[21]
This shows the degree of the encounter
and destruction of lives at the battle of Tsuntsuwa ( two kilometres away from
Alkalawa in December 1804.
In 1806, there were another encounter between
Gobir army and Mujahideen on Alkalawa but the Gobir army intercept with Jama’a,
around the vicinity of Alkalawa, but the Jahadist observed that it is not yet
time to capture Alkalawa, they therefore attack
the Tauregs whom always acted treacherously against them. Many attempt were made to stop the Jihadist
from taking over the Alkalawa, but in 1808, the third war occurred when the
Jama’a mobilised all their armies against Gobir from Western side under the
leadership of Aliyu Jedo, at the end
thousands of people were killed, Sarki Yunfa and his lieutenant were killed.
The rebellion started in 1812 but their efforts failed until six years when
Sarkin Gobir Gwanki dan Kura Gado summoned people at Katanga in Isah District.
Several attacks were made against Gobir but the first encounter became
unsuccessful, Muhammad Bello suffered a major defeat and lost 1,000 horses to
Gobir. In 1820 the strength of the Gobir appeared weakened because the
Caliphate succeeded in killing Gwanki.[22]
Battle of Tabkin Kwato
The battle of
Tabkin Kwato was the major military engagement between Gobir and the Jihadist
who were all belligerent in nature. The Gobir army was personally commanded by
Yunfa, while Abdullahi Fodiyo was at the command of the Mujahideen, who were
far outnumbered and ill equipped yet they were able to carry the day. Gobir
army was routed and Yunfa fled to Tsibiri and mujahideen took large consignment
of booty of assort types.[23]
Nature of Military, Weaponry and Warfare Strategies in
Gobir Kingdom
Warfare system
refers to the strategies, plan scheme and preparations put in place before war engagement,
such as secrecy plan, spy, training of troops on war skill and tactics
(drills). The weaponry includes all military tools and instruments used in the
warfare. The military and warfare of Gobir were commanded by the Sarkin Gobir
assisted by his Lieutenants and captains which were mainly Sarakuna or titles
holders in the Kingdom. i.e Galadima, Doka etc. Bello described the tactics used by Gobir
during their encounter as he said
The
enemy made ready and took up their position. They had donned mail and quilted
armour, and with their shields they formed their line against us. We too formed
our line against them and every man looked squarely into the eye of his foe.
Then we shouted Allahu Akbar three times against them..[24]
Muhammad Bello’s statement shows that the
Gobir have a well equipped and well standing army compared to the Mujahideen.
Gobir founded a chain of fortress made with
clay and stones at Alkalawa to protect it encroachment, the Gobir use slaves,
voluntary labour to build a fortress for the protection against their enemies.
The Gobir Military
was headed by Sarkin Gobir in collaboration with his Lieutenants to command the
army. The titles of the Gobir military official were Sarkin Yaki and Barade
with support of several junior officers to maintain their own contingents. The
lieutenants had military functions of commanding some section of troop in
battle. Likewise, there were cavalry (Mayakan dawaki), whom were recruited
largely from the ranks official (Talakawa),
selected slaves, and men of wealth who could afford to mount themselves and
fight in the battle field. The heavy cavalry, of Sarkin Gobir consist of his lieutenant (barde,barade)
with large number of yanlifida, with Daggers,
Sheath, assorted Spears and wood arrow
proof or iron arrow proof (lifida)
worn by both rider and mount army. The armour used by Gobir army, were manufactured
locally and some little imported, i.e Takobi,,
war clubs (kulki,gwarmi or gwama),
and battle axes(gatari,gafiya,masari)
. Gobir army have heavy cavalry especially when fighting at close distance, the
materials used included metal horse trappings, variety of javelins or spears,
swords, cudgels, maces or battle-axes, knives, daggers. Swords (takobi) were the principal weapons of
Gobir it was usually slung over the shoulder. [25]
The infantry (land
army) is one of the military organizations of Gobir. They consist of archers (Mahalban Kibiya) spearmen and swordsmen.
The archery was a real force with effective weapons in the battle, they were
usually headed by Sarkin Kibiya or Sarkin
Harbi . The archers were allowed to deal with the Cavalry of the enemy from
the long distance range they will target the opponent with bows and arrows.
While the spearmen and sward bearers are to clear the front on the close range
with Javelin (Mashi) and Swards (Takobi). There were also military
contingents and local doctors (Bokaye or
Ma ‘aska) who will support the infantry and Calvary with food, water and
treatments if needed.[26]
Gobirawa planned adequately for wars with two groups, one in the war fronts
while there are reserves in case of emergency and support of the infantry.
Resistances and
counter attacks were also used by the Gobirawa as war strategies. The Gobirawa
will not stop the war except if they over power their enemy or else they will
turn the war into peace talks .i.e Gobirawa, Zamfarawa and Katsinawa. In the
case of Gobir war with Mujahedeen they fought several times even if they were
over powered until in the 19th Century when some of the Gobirawa
accepted defeat while others migrated to Tsibiri where they continued attack on
the Caliphate.
Alliance system
was another strategy exercise by Gobirawa. Gobir adopted diplomatic means in
getting supports from its neighbours; this had happed in the 19th
century between Gobir Kabi, Zamfara, Adar, and Azbin against their common enemy
the Jihadist.[27]The
alliance system and trust for protection were reached between Gobir and Tuaregs
against Sokoto. The diplomatic tactics used by Gobirawa prolong the collapse of Alkalawa up to 19th century. The waning of
the Gobir alliance with Tsibiri persisted the Gobirawa revolt this led Aliyu
Babba to attacked Tsibiri. The Maiyaki alliance with the Tuaregs and Maradi
made them powerful to raid various towns and villages of Lajinga and Shinaka
the two northern most Ribat of the Caliphate.[28]
There were also case of Dangaladima’s negotiation with sokoto and they allow
him to build Sabon Birnin Alkalawa.
Gobir also applied
the peace talks ( Wasar Taubashi)
among it neighbours to whom they think will be loyal to them or whom they found
difficult to capture. Like the case of Katsinawa, Yorubaland and Zabarmawa.
Spies is also
another strategies used by Gobir. Intelligence was use to report about the
military might and weakness of the enemies, the gathering of intelligence is
important before the battle. The commander of the Gobir army always sends out
mobile lightly armed troops to probe and observe the armies of the enemies. This method was necessary before decisions are
taken as to conduct the battle. Guerrilla warfare was also practices.[29]
The use of modern
technology obtained from Adar and Azbin enable Gobir to overpower most of it
enemies. The growth of the iron technology in making swards, arrow, axe e.t.c
were used by Gobirawa for sudden attacks.
Most of the modern weapons used by Gobir were imported from Adar and Azbin[30]
Drums and war
songs were part of the warfare tools use in Gobir Kingdom. The drums include Tambari Yaki, Ganga, Kalangu e.tc. There
were also long and shorts musical instruments used to flatter and praise
warriors during war time and festivities of special occasions. There were also
girdle ( Damara) which was common in
Gobir, it was tied at the waist or on the hands for support and identification
of the warrior. There is also war loin (bante)
and leather skirt (walki).
Lastly Gobir
use Magic (tsafi) and protective instruments like armlets, garments, Malaman Tsibo and Yan Bori to stop the iron objects from entering into the body of
the Gobir warriors. The Gobirawa specialised in using magic to protect their
towns. Like the case of Sarkin Gobir Bawa used magic when he invited Shehu
Usman bin Fodiyo to his place, he ask Shehu to pray for rain in the dry
seasons.[31] Shiek Shehu Usman bin Fodiyo requested him to
bring Farar Hankaka(white Cock) , Bawa quickly brought it out and Shehu
prayed for water and the rain fall. In
addition, the use of charms and amulets are belief to be capable of making
Gobir warriors invincible. All the practices pointed above were the role of
Bokaye and malaman tsibbo who prepared hidden security and defensive objects as
buried charms (kafi).[32]
Conclusion
Gobir emerged as
the strongest military power among the states of the Rima Basin. War is one of
the major activities of Gobirawa as it always referred to as Gidan Fada. The wars of Gobir were
many, it began in 16th
century and ended in the 19th century. Gobir used various methods
like alliance system, Magic, use of spies and modern technology to conquered
various areas like Adar, Zamfara, Kwanni, Kabi and protected themselves against
the Jihadist. Gobir continued to revolt against the Sokoto who brought an end
to it existence as a sovereign state.
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Adeleye
, R.A. ” Hausaland and Barno,
1600-1800” in J.F.A Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds) History of West Africa, London, Longman, 1985,
Alkali,
M.A., A Hausa Community in crisis, Kebbi
in the 19th Century, M.A.
Thesis, A.B.U., Zaria, 1969.
Arnett
E.J., ESQ, Nigeria, Northern Province , Gazetteer of Sokoto province, London, Waterlaow
&son ltd., 1920,
Arnett E.J., The Rise of the Sokoto Fulani; Being a Translation and in Some
Parts a Translation of the Infaq al Maisur of Muhammad Bello.
Augi, A.R., “Migration of the Gobirawa, A
Reconsideration”, Seminar Post Graduate,
A.B.U Zaria, 1979.
_______,
The Gobir Factor in the Social and Political History of the Rima Basin
C1650-1808AD PhD Thesi, Volume II 1984.
Maishanu
H.M., , Sokoto Caliphate in the Eyes of
Historians; A Shifting sand of interpretation, Sokoto, UDUS Press, 2018.
Nadama G., The Rise and Collapse of a
Hausa State; A Social and Political History of Zamfara, PhD Thesi, A.B.U Zaria, 1977.
Smith
R.S., Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-Colonial
West Africa, London, Wisconsin University Press, 1989
The article of Malam Sanda Karshe
Alkalawa, Waziri Junaidu History and Cultural Bureau Sokoto.
Urvoy Y., Histoire des Populations du Sudan Central, Paris, 1936.
Yusuf S., A History of Islam Scholarship and
Revivalism in Western Sudan , Being an annotated Translations with introduction
of Infaqul- Maisur, F Tarikh Bilad al Tukur al Sultan Muhammad Bello bin Fodiyo,
Zaria, Tamaza, 2013.
[1] R.A.Augi, “The Gobir Factor in the social and Political History of
the Rima Basin C.1650-1808 AD”, PhD
Thesis UDUS, Volume2, 1984,P352..
[2] A.R. Augi, “Migration
of the Gobirawa, A Reconsideration”, Seminar
Post Graduate, A.B.U Zaria, 1979. P.10.
[3] D.Hamani, Contribution
a L’ Histoire des etats Hausa: Adar Precolonial. Etudes Nigeriennes. No.38
Niemey , 1975,p.8.
[4] R.A Augi … Op.cit.
P.353.,
[5] E.J.Arnett ESQ,
Nigeria, Northern Province, Gazetteer of
Sokoto province, London, Waterlaow &son ltd., 1920, P.10.
[6] A.R. Augi Op.cit......
1979.p.15.
[7] Barth put the events in
1764 AD See also Bello, Raulat el Afkari.
[8] A. Arnett. Op.cit p.11.
[9] Ibid. P.12
[10] H.M.
Maishanu, Sokoto Caliphate in the eyes of
Historians; A shifting sand of interpretation, Sokoto, UDUS Press, 2018.
P.16.
[11] Ibid P.3
[12] R.A. Adeleye” Hausaland
and Barno, 1600-1800” in J.F.A Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds) History of West Africa, London, Longman, 1985, p.590.
[13]A.R.Augi, The Gobir
Factor in the Social and Political History of the Rima Basin C.1650-1808 AD.
1984, PhD Thesis Volume II, A.B.U Zaria, PP.370-415
[14] Interview with Abubakar Bango Jibrelu, 85
years, Kanwuri area Sabon Birni, 20/6/2018.
[15] A.R., Augi, The Gobir
Factor in the Social and Political History of the Rima Basin C16501808ADPhDThesis, Volume II 1984. P.59.
[16] Ibid.P.
[17] Op.cit H.Barth,
Vol.III, P.34.
[18] P.G.Harris, Gazetters,PP.81-82,
see also A.R. Augi…..Op.cit. PP351-353.
[19] . M.Bello Infaqul
Maisur Fi Tarikh Bilad al Tukur , See also M.B. Alkali, “A Hausa Community in
crisis, Kebbi in the 19th Century”, M.A. Thesis, A.B.U., Zaria, 1969, p.207.
[20] M.Bello Infaqul Maisur
Fi Tarikh Bilad al Tukur, see also S. Yusuf, “A History of Islamic Scholarship
and Revivalism in Western Sudan” , Being an annotated Translation with
introduction of Infaqul- Maisur, Fi Tarikh Bilad al Tukur al Sultan Muhammad
Bello bin Fodiyo, Zaria, Tamaza, 2013, p.192.
[21] Ibid. P.11
[22] A.R.Augi..Op.cit PP.515-518.
[23] . H.M. Maishanu
op.cit. ans see M.B. Alkali p.215
[24] R.S.Smith, Warfare & Diplomacy in pre-colonial West
Africa, London, Wisconsin University Press, 1989, p.134.
[25] Oral Interview with Bango ,86
years , at Sabon Birni, 25/5/2018.
[26] A.R., Augi, The Gobir
Factor in the Social and Political History of the Rima Basin C1650-1808AD, PhD
Thesis, Volume II, 1984. P.597.
[27] R.A Adeleye, Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria
1804-1906, The Sokoto Caliphate and its Enemies, Ibadan, Longman,1971,P.6.
[28] A.R. Augi., Migration
of Gobirawa; A reconsideration, paper presented for History postgraduate
Seminar, Zaria, A.B.U, 1979. P.31
[29] Oral interview, Ibrahim
Ba-Mishkila Bagobiri, interview at Gusau, 58 Years,10 June,2018.
[30] N.Aliyu and J.Shehu, “A
Re-Assessment of warfare system in Kasar Kabi( Kebbi) since 1515”. A paper presented at 2nd National
conference, AFAIS UDUS, July 2017. P.14
[31] The article of Malam
Sanda Karshe Alkalawa, Waziri Junaidu History and
Cultural Bureau Sokoto.
[32] Interview
with Abubakar Bango Jibrelu, 85 years, Kanwuri area Sabon Birni, 20/6/2018.
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