Karin Harshen Gobirci: Muhallinsa Da Siffofinsa Na Tsarin Sauti A Cikin Hausar Yamma

Karin harshe bambanci ne na magana wanda ake samu a cikin harshe ɗaya wanda bai kai ya haifar da rashin fahimta tsakanin masu magana da harshen ba. Harsuna suna da kare-karen harshe a cikinsu wanda yake nuna cewa a cikin harshe ake samun karin harshe. Ana samun karin harshe ne dalilin yanki ko rukuni. Harshen Hausa yana da kare-karen harshe a cikinsa. Ra’ayi mafi shahara da karɓuwa tsakanin malaman Hausa shi ne rarraba kare-karen harshen ta babbar kafa, wato yankin Gabas da Yamma ta la’akari da yankunan da kare-karen harshen suke a ƙasar Hausa da kuma siffofinsu. Gobirci yana daga cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa na yamma wanda ake iya bayyanawa ta wasu siffofinsa da suka bambanta shi da wasu kare-karen harshen. Wannan maƙala ta yi nazarin karin harshen Gobirci da muhallin da ake samun sa a cikin yammacin ƙasar Hausa. Karin harshen Gobirci bai samu gata ba na yin nazari sosai a kansa. Wannan rashin zuzurfan bincike shi ya haifar da wannan binciken. An tattauna da wasu daga cikin Gobirawa tare da nazarin tattaunawar da aka yi wadda ta tabbatar da cewa karin harshen Gobirci yana da siffofi kamar kowane karin harshen Hausa na yanki an kuma kawo wasu siffofin da suka danganci gundarin furuci da tsarin sauti domin tabbatar da Gobirci a matsayin wani nau’in karin harshen Hausa na Yamma.

KARIN HARSHEN GOBIRCI: MUHALLINSA DA SIFFOFINSA NA TSARIN SAUTI A CIKIN HAUSAR YAMMA

Ahmed Halliru Amfani
Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto
email: ahmedamfani@yahoo.com
Gsm: +2348035881796 

Da

Nazir Ibrahim Abbas
Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto
email: ibrahimabbasnazir@gmail.com
Gsm: +2348060431934

1.0  Gabatarwa

Fagen nazarin karin harshe wani ɓangare ne daga cikin kimiyyar harshe wanda ke kula da nazarin kamanni da kuma irin bambance-bambancen da ake samu a cikin harshe ɗaya wanda nisan muhalli ko wurin zama ko kuma nisa na bambancin wata halayyar zamantakewa take haifarwa a cikin al’umma.[1] Wannan fagen yana ƙoƙarin danganta kare-karen harshe ɗaya masu alaƙa tsakaninsu waɗanda kuma ba su rasa wasu ‘yan bambance-bambancen da ba su haifar da rashin fahimtar juna.[2] Dalilan da ke haifar da karin harshe sun haɗa da bambancin da ake samu tsakanin mutane da suka danganci bambancin shekaru da jinsi da yanki da ilimi da sana’a da kuma matsayi a cikin al’umma.[3] Ana nazarin karin harshe ta fuskoki guda biyu. Waɗannan fuskokin su ne suka haifar da karin harshe na rukuni wanda ake samu bisa dalilai na halayyar zamantakewa ko kuma rukunin da al’umma suka samu kansu. Abubuwan lura a nan su ne matakin ilimi da sana’a da jinsi da shekaru da matsayi ko muƙami a cikin al’umma. Akwai kuma karin harshe na yanki wanda yake samuwa, ya kuma haifar da bambancin magana dalilin bambancin da ake samu na nisan muhalli ko wurin zama da al’umma suka samu kansu.[4] Ta irin wannan fuskar ne ake ganin bambancin harshe a ɓangaren tsarin furuci da kuma tsarin jumla har a bambanta iyakokin kare-karen harshe. Bambancin rukuni a zamantakewa da bambancin muhalli su ke haifar da karin harshe a cikin harshe ɗaya. Ana samun kare-karen harshe ne a cikin harshe guda. Wannan takarda ta tattauna a kan karin harshen Hausa na Gobirci wanda karin harshe ne na yanki. A Hausa, malamai sun kawo ra’ayoyi daban-daban na rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa ta babbar kafa, wato ta yankuna da ake samun su. Ra’ayi mafi karɓuwa da shahara tsakanin malaman shi ne na Bargery (1934) wanda ya rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa ta fuskar manyan yankuna guda biyu, wato yakin gabas da yankin yamma. Gobirci yana daga cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa na yamma a cikin wannan rabon. Babu wani keɓaɓɓen aiki na karin harshe da aka yi a kan karin harshen Gobirci tun bayan wannan rabon da malamin ya yi in ban da aikin Shuji (1993). Shuji (1993) ya yi ƙoƙarin taskacewa da haɗa kalmomin wasu kare-karen harshen da Bargery (1934) ya kawo har da karin harshen Gobirci a wuri ɗaya. Wannan maƙala tana da manufar fitowa da wasu siffofin karin harshen Gobirci na gundarin furuci da tsarin sauti a cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa na yamma kasancewar babu wani aiki irinsa da ya gabata. 

2.0 Tsakanin Harshe da Karin Harshe

Harshe hanya ce ta sadarwa tsakanin al’umma wanda shi ya bambanta mutane da kuma dabbobi. Karin harshe kuwa wani nau’in magana ne a cikin harshe. Idan harshe ya bunƙasa, ya kuma kasance yana da al’umma da yawa masu magana da shi, zai samu karin harshe musamman idan yana da yankuna daban-daban a cikinsa waɗanda suka bambanta mazaunin al’umma ko kuma yana da bambanci na rukunin al’umma.[5]

Finegan (2008: 370-371) ya bayyana cewa ana iya kallon harshe a matsayin haɗaka ta kare-karen harshe daban-daban waɗanda suke da alaƙa ta tarihi da kuma kamanni na kalmomi da tsari. Karin harshe kuwa yana nufin wani nau’in harshe wanda wani yankin al’umma ko rukuni suke amfani da shi. Ya ƙara da cewa ana iya gane yankin da mutum ya fito da ƙabilarsa da rukuninsa da jinsinsa ta karin harshensa. Karin harshe ya ta’allaƙa ga masu aiki da harshe na ƙungiyoyi da masu magana da shi. Karin harshe nau’in harshe ne a gaba ɗayansa – da ya haɗa da kalmomi da nahawu da furuci da ɗabi’un harshe da duk wani tsari na kimiyyar harshen. Kowane karin harshe harshe ne, domin ana magana da harshe ta kare-karen harsehn da ke cikinsa. Harsuna suna ƙunshe da kare-keren harshe daban-daban a cikinsu da suke da bambamci da junansu ta fuskar tsari da kalmomi.[6]

Chambers da Trudgill (2004:3) sun bayyana cewa harshe haɗaka ce ta kare-karen harshe masu fahimtar juna. Kare-karen harshe kuwa nau’o’i ne daga cikin harshe ɗaya. Saboda haka muna iya cewa ana samun kare-karen harshe daban-daban a cikin harshe ɗaya.

Crystal (2008:142) a nasa ra’ayi ya bayyana karin harshe da bambancin harshe ɗaya da ake samu na yanki ko rukuni wanda ake iya ganewa ta fuskar wasu kalmomi da ginin jumla.

Fromkin da wasu (2009) sun bayyana karin harshe da nau’o’in harshe ɗaya masu fahimtar juna tare da bambanci a tsare-tsarensu. Kowane mai magana, mai hali ko talaka, duk yankin da ya fito ko launinsa yana da magana da aƙalla karin harshe ɗaya, kamar yadda kowane mutum yana da tasa ɗabi’ar magana.

Bello (2016:1) ya bayyana ma’anar karin harshe da cewa bambance-bambance ne tsakanin nau’o’in harshe, waɗanda ke da bambanci a kalmomi da nahawu da kuma tsarin furuci.

Da waɗannan bayanan mun fahimci cewa karin harshe nau’i ne na magana a cikin harshe ɗaya wanda ke da bambanci da ɗanuwansa a siffofin harshe dalilin yanki ko kuma rukuni. Tsakanin masu magana da kare-karen harshe na harshe ɗaya dole ne ya kasance akwai fahimtar juna. Idan ya kai babu fahimtar juna tsakanin masu magana da kare-karen harshe ɗaya to waɗannan kare-karen harshen sun zama harsuna mabambanta.[7] Karin harshe ba nau’in harshe ne mai naƙasu ko rashin daraja. Muna iya tabbatar da haka idan muka lura cewa harshe haɗaka ce ta kare-karen harshe daban-daban. 

3.0 Yadda Ake Bambanta Kare-Karen Harshe

Karin harshe yana iya kasancewa na rukuni ko kuma na yanki. Karin harshen rukuni yana samuwa ne dalilin bambancin ilimi ko jinsi ko muƙami ko sana’a ko shekaru. Karin harshen yanki kuwa yana samuwa ne dalilin yanki ko muhalli na asalin wurin zaman da al’umma suke. Kare-karen harshe na yanki suna bambanta ba ta fuskar furucinsu kawai ba, har ma ta zaben kalmomi da tsare-tsaren nahawu.[8] Wannan maƙala ta danganci karin harshen Hausa na yanki. Hausa tana daga cikin harsuna masu kare-karen yanki daban-daban a cikinta. Kare-karen harshen Hausa na yanki sun samu ne dalilin muhalli da yankunan da kuma jinsunan al’ummar Hausawa daban-daban da ake samu a yankuna daban-daban da aka samu a cikin ƙasar Hausa.

Idan aka yi la’akari da ma’anonin karin harshe da aka kawo a sashe na 2.0 na wannan maƙalar muna iya tabbatar da cewa daga cikin hanyoyin da ake gani na siffofin kare-karen harshen Hausa na yanki akwai bambance-bambacen tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da tsarin jimla da ma’anar kalmomi da ake samu tsakanin masu magana da kare-karen harshen da suka fito daga yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar Hausa. Rarraba yankunan kare-karen harshen Hausa da malaman Hausa suka yi yana da nasaba da yankunan da suka fito a tarihi da kuma bambancinsu na siffofin harshe daban-daban.   

4.0 Rabe-Raben Karin Harshen Hausa

Malamai sun rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa ta fuskoki daban-daban. Akwai rabon da aka yi ta yin la’akari da girman karin harshe ta fuskar yawan mutanen da ke amfani da shi. Wannan ya raba kare-karen harshen gida biyu: manyan kare-karen harshe da kuma ƙananan kare-karen harshe.[9] Wani rabon kuwa shi ne wanda ya yi la’akari da shiyyar da karin harshe ya sami kansa a ciki. A nan an raba Ƙasar Hausa gida biyu: Yammacin Ƙasar Hausa da Gabascin Ƙasar Hausa. Wannan rabo ya samar da kare-karen harshe iri biyu: karin harshen Yamma da karin harshen Gabas.

4.1. Ra’ayoyin Malamai a kan Raba Kare-karen Harshen Hausa a Rukunin Manya da Ƙananan Kare-karen Harshe

Ahmed da Daura (1970) sun kawo rukunin da suka kira manyan kare-karen harshen Hausa guda bakwai da suka haɗa da Kananci da Katsinanci da Sakkwatanci da Dauranci da Zazzaganci da Bausanci da kuma Haɗejanci.[10]

Malka (1978) a nasa ra’ayin ya bayyana cewa akwai manyan kare-karen harshen Hausa (14). Bakwai a Nijeriya da kuma bakwai a Jamhuriyar Nijar. A Nijeriya akwai; Kananci ko Hausar Kano da Katsinanci ko Hausar Katsina da Dauranci ko Hausar Daura da Zazzaganci ko Hausar Zazzau (Zariya) da Sakkwatanci ko Hausar Sakkwato da Bausanci ko Hausar Bauchi da Zamfaranci ko Hausar Zamfara. A Jamhuriyar Nijar kuwa malamin ya kawo Damagaranci ko Hausar Damagaran (Zinder) da Gobiranci ko Hausar Gobir (Tsibiri) da Adaranci ko Hausar Adar (Tahoua/Tawa) da Arewanci ko Hausar Arewa (Dogon-Dutsi) da Kurfayanci ko Hausar Kurfai (Filinge) da Canganci ko Hausar Cangawa (Gaya) da Agadasanci ko Hausar Hausawan Agadas.[11]

Wurma (2005) ya kawo rabe-raben kare-karen haeshen Hausa da ake samu a Nijeriya da kuma Jamhuriyar Nijar kamar yadda Malka (1978) ya kawo. Malamin ya ce kare-karen harshen Hausa da ake samu a Nijeriya su ne Kananci – Hausar Kano da Katsinanci - Hausar Katsina da Dauranci - Hausar Daura da Zazzaganci - Hausar Zazzau (Zariya) da Sakkwatanci – Hausar Sakkwato da Bausanci – Hausar Bauci da Zamfarci – Zamfara. A Jamhuriyar Nijar kuwa akwai Damagaranci – Hausar Damagaram (Zinder) da Gobiranci – Hausar Gobir (Tsibiri) da Adaranci – Hausar Adar (Tahoa/Tawa) da Arewanci – Hausar Arewa (Dogon-Dutsi) da Kurfayanci – Hausar Kurfai (Filinge) da Canganci – Hausar Cangawa (Gaya) da Agadasanci – Hausar Hausawan Agadas.

Wurma (2005) bugu da ƙari ya bayyana cewa ba waɗannan kawai ne kare-karen harshen Hausa ba domin a Nijeriya akwai wasu kare-karen harshen Hausa da suka haɗa da; Haɗejanci – Hausar Haɗeja da Gumalanci – Hausar Gumel da Kabanci – Hausar Kabi/Kebbi da kuma Guddiranci – Hausar Azare/Katagum.[12]

Zulyadaini (2005) ya bayyana cewa harshen Hausa yana da kare-karen a cikinsa da suka haɗa da Katsinanci (karin harshen Katsina) wanda ake magana da shi a Katsina da kewayensa da Sakkwatanci (karin harshen Sokoto) wanda ake magana da shi a Sokoto da kewayenta da Kananci (karin harshen Kano) wanda ake magana da shi a Kano da kewayenta da Dauranci (karin harshen Daura) wanda ake magana da shi a Daura da kewayenta da Zazzaganci (karin harshen Zaria) wanda ake magana da shi a cikin Zaria da kewayenta da Bausanci (karin harshen Bauci) wanda ake magana da shi a Bauci da kewayenta da Guddiranci (karin harshen Guddiri) wanda ake magana da shi a Katagum da kewayenta.

Amfani (ba shekara) a cikin wani aiki nasa ya bayyana cewa ana iya rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa a ajin MANYA da ƘANANAN kare-karen harshe. Manyan kare-karen harshen sun haɗa da Dauranci da Kanonci da Katsinanci da Sakkwatanci da Zazzaganci. Wasu daga cikin ƙananan kare-karen harshen Hausa su ne Arewanci da Kabanci da Zamfarci. Ya ƙara da cewa gaskiyar al’amurra sun sa dole mu aminta da samuwar wani sabon ajin kare-karen harshen Hausa waɗanda za a iya kira SABABBIN NAU’O’IN HAUSA DA AKE SAMU. Sanannu a cikin irin waɗannan su ne Hausar Kwantagora da Hausar Minna.    

4.1.1 Ra’ayoyan Malamai a kan Raba Kare-karen Harshen Hausa a Yankin Gabas da Yamma

Bargery (1934) shi ne malami na farko wanda ya fara rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa a cikin manyan rukunan karin harshen gabas da kuma karin harshen yamma. Malamin ya bayyana cewa karin harshen yamma ya ƙunshi karin harshen Katsina da Zaria da Gobir waɗanda sun fi kama da karin harshen Sokoto yayin da kare-karen harshen gabas suka haɗa da karin harshen Kano da Haɗejia da Katagum.[13] Wannan malamin ya yi rabon ne ta la’akari da kamannin siffofin kare-karen harshen ta furuci da nahawu.          

Muhammad (1978) ya kawo kare-karen harshen Hausa shida da suka haɗa da kare-karen harshen Daura da Kano da Katsina da Sokoto da Zaria da Bauchi. Malamin ya ƙara da cewa akwai wasu siffofin da ke rarraba waɗannan kare-karen harshen a manyan gidaje biyu na kare-karen harshen yamma da kuma kare-karen harshen gabas. Kare-karen harshen yamma a ra’ayin malamin su ne karin harshen Katsina da Sokoto (har da Gobir da Zamfara da Kebbi da ke cikin yankin Sokoto).[14] Kare-karen harshen Gabas kuwa su ne karin harshen Kano da Daura da Damagaran da (Zinder a Jamhuriyar Nijar) da Zaria da Bauchi. Waɗannan rabe-raben kare-karen harshen na gabas da yamma, malamin ya bayyana cewa akwai siffofin da suke bambanta su.[15]    

Abubakar (1982) ya gudanar aikinsa a kan kare-karen harshen Gabas da Yamam kamar yadda ake samunsu a yankin ƙasar Hausa da ke Nijeriya. A yankin Yamma ya kawo kare-karen harshen Sakkwato da Katsina, yayin da a yankin Gabas ya kawo kare-karen harshen Daura da Kano da Zariya da kuma Bauchi. Al’amurran da ya kalla a kare-karen harshen sun shafi tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma ne kawai a cikin kare-karen harshen.

Amfani (1993) ya kawo rabe-raben karin harshen Hausa biyu na Gabas da Yamma. Wasu daga cikin kare-karen harshen Gabas sun haɗa da Bausanci da Dauranci da Kanonci da kuma Zazzaganci. Haka ma wasu daga cikin kare-karen harshen Yamma sun haɗa da Katsinanci da Sakkwatanci da Zamfarci da wasu kare-karen harshen yamma. Malamin ya ƙara da cewa akwai siffofin da suka bambamta rabe-raben kare-karen harshen Gabas da Yamma ba ya ga siffofin da suka bambamta ɗaiɗaikun kare-karen harshen.

Musa (1995) ya kawo ra’ayoyin wasu malamai a kan rabe-raben karin harshen Hausa. Ya bayyana cewa Bergery (1934) shi ne ya fara rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa a yankunan Yamma da Gabas wanda daga baya wasu malaman Hausa suka aminta da rabe-raben suka kuma fara amfani da shi a ayyukansu. Malamin ya ce kare-karen harshen Gabas sun haɗa da Bausanci da Dauranci da Guddiranci da Kananci da kuma Zazzaganci su kuma kare-karen harshen Yamma su ne Sakkwatanci da Katsinanci da sauransu.[16]

Jaggar (2001) ya bayyana cewa akwai nau’o’in kare-karen harshe biyu na gabas da yamma, waɗanda ake iya bambancewa tsakaninsu. Kare-karen harshen gabas su ne karin harshen Kano da Zaria da Bauchi da kuma Daura yayin da kare-karen harshen yamma kuwa su ne karin harshen Sokoto da Gobir da arewacin Nijar. Haka ma a tsakiyarsu akwai karin harshen Katsina da Maraɗi.

Fagge (2002) ya bayyana cewa ana iya raba karin harshen Hausa na nahiya[17] zuwa gida biyu dangane da muhimmanci da irin bambance-bambancen da ake samu tsakaninsu, wato akwai Hausar Gabas wadda ta haɗa da Kananci da Bausanci da Zazzaganci da Gudduranci da Haɗejanci. Na yamma shi kuma ya ƙunshi Sakkwatanci da Kabanci da Gobiranci da Zamfaranci. Sai na Arewa wanda ya ƙunshi Dauranci da Gumalanci da Katsinanci da Damagaranci.

Sani (2003) ya kawo rukunoni biyu na karin harshen Hausa da suka haɗa da karin harshen Gabas da Yamma. A rukunin gabas ya kawo karin harshen Kananci da Bausanci da Dauranci da Guddiranci da Zazzaganci. A rukunin yamma kuwa malamin ya kawo karin harshen Arewanci (Dogon Doutchi) da Katsinanci da Sakkwatanci da kuma Kurhwayanci (Filinge ta Jamhuriyar Nijar).

Mohammed (2010) ya kawo ra’ayin Bargery (1934) wanda ya ce ya kasa kare-karen harshe gida biyu: (a) karin harshen Sokoto da (b) karin harshen Kano. Ya ƙara bayyana cewa Katsina da Zaria da Gobir suna kason karin harshen yamma na karin harshen Sokoto yayin da karin harshen Haɗeja da Katsina suna cikin kason gabas na karin harshen Kano.[18] Malamin ya ci gaba da bayanin cewa Kananci karin harshe ne na jihar Kano yayin da ake amfani da Katsinanci a jihar Katsina. Ana magana da Sakkwatanci a jihohin Sokoto da Zamfara da kuma Kebbi duk da yake akwai sassan karin harshen Sakkwatanci waɗanda suka samar da Zamfaranci a jihar Zamfara da Kabanci a jihar Kebbi.[19] Ana magana da Bausanci a Bauchi da kuma Haɗejianci a jihar Jigawa.    

Bello (2015) ya bayyana cewa akwai rabe-raben manyan kare-karen harshen Hausa na Gabas da Yamma. Kare-karen harshen gabas sun haɗa da Kanancii da Bausancii da Daurancii da Guddirancii da kuma Zazzagancii. Kare-karen harshen yamma kuwa su ne Katsinancii da Sakkwatancii da Kurhwayancii da Arewancii waɗanda ake magana da su a Katsina da Sokoto da Kurfey da Dogan Doutchi da kuma karin harshen Maraɗi.

A dukkan waɗannan fitattun hanyoyi biyu na rararraba kare-karen harshen Hausa a rukunin manya da ƙanana da kuma shiyyar gabas da yamma za mu ga malamai da yawa sun kawo karin harshen Gobirci a cikin kason kare-karen harshen Yamma.

5.0 Gobirci a cikin Kare-karen Harshen Hausa na Yamma

Gobir a tarihi tana da daga cikin manyan daulolin ƙasar Hausa. Ƙasar Hausa a ƙarni na 18 ta haɗa da manyan daulolin Zaria da Kano da Katsina a yankin Gabas tare da wasu manyan daulolin na Gobir da Zamfara da kuma Kebbi a yankin yammacin ƙasar. Dukkansu manyan masarautu ne masu cin gashin kansu da yankunansu daban-daban waɗanda harshe da al’adu kawai suka yi tarayya a kai. Haka ma suna da hanyoyin zuwa kasuwanci ɗaya cikin sahara da suka haɗa su da wasu yankuna. Waɗannan dauloli musamman na yankin yammacin ƙasar Hausa na Kebbi da Zamfara da Gobir tun a ƙarni na 16 da na 17 sun sha gwabza yaƙe-yaƙe tsakaninsu da manufar faɗaɗa yankunansu.[20] Wasu bayanantarihi sun bayyana cewa daular Gobir ta fara kafuwa ne a Birin Lalle tun wajajen ƙarni 15.

Taswirar ƙasar Hausa ta rarraba yankunan manyan masarautun ƙasar a yankin gabas da yamma tun a asalin tarihi. Wannan tsarin ya sauƙaƙawa malaman Hausa rarraba kare-karen harshen Hausa a manyan yankunan Gabas da yamma wanda ya sa karin harshen Gobirci ya faɗa a yankin kare-karen harshen Hausa na yamma. Malaman da suka yi wannan rabon bayan la’akari da yankunan da kare-karen harshen suke sai kuma suka lura da dacen kamannin siffofi tsakanin kare-karen harshen na kowane yankin.

Gobirci karin harshen Hausa ne wanda al’ummar da ake Gobirawa suke amfani da shi. Gobirci yana daga cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa na yamma wanda ake samu a yankin ƙasar Gobir ta yau. An samu kalmar Gobirci ne daga kalmar Gobirawa; wadda ke nufin al’ummar Gobir. Bargery (1934) da Malka (1978) da Jaggar (2001) da Fagge (2002) da Wurma (2005) da Muhammad (2010) sun tabbatar da cewa akwai karin harshen Gobirci a cikin kare-karen harshen Yammacin ƙasar Hausa. Duk da yake daga cikinsu akwai masu ra’ayin cewa ana samun karin harshen ne a Tsibiri da ke Jamhuriyar Nijar, wannan maƙala ta yi nazari karin harshen Gobirci ne kamar yadda yake a yammacin ƙasar Hausa da ke ƙasar Nijeriya ta yau a yankin Sabon Birni da kewayenta da ke cikin jihar Sakkwato.

Gobirawa jinsin al’ummar Hausawa ne masu daɗaɗɗen tarihi a yankin yammacin ƙasar Hausa duk da yake wasu dalilai na siyasa da tarihi sun raba muhallin da Gobirawa suke zaune a yau zuwa kashi biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin yankin Gobirawan yana yankin Sabon Birni a Nijeriya ta yau; ɗaya kuwa yana yankin Tsibiri da ke Jamhuriyar Nijar ta yau. Gobirawa a dukkan yankunan mafi yawa ana gane su ta tsagar gado wadda take bayyana su. Suna da tsaga mai gado ɗaya wadda ake yi shida a gefen dama da bakwai a gefen hagu na fuskarsu ko kuma shida da biyar a kowane gefe na fuskarsu tare da bille, yayin da wasu kuma suke da bille ko shatane kawai a kowane gefe na fuskarsu.

Karin harshen da waɗannan al’umma na Gobirawa ke amfani da shi; shi ne Gobirci kuma yana da siffofin da ake iya gane shi da su a matakan da ake auna bambancin kare-karen harshen Hausa.

5.1 Siffofin Karin Harshen Gobirci

Karin harshen Gobirci karin harshe ne daga cikin kare-karen harshen yamma wanda ake amfani da shi a ƙasar Gobir. Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa wannan karin harshe na Gobirci yana da siffofin da ake iya auna shi a mizani ko kuma matakan da ake iya siffanta kare-karen harshen Hausa. Waɗannan matakan kuwa su ne na tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla da kuma kalmomi. Za mu kawo misalan wasu daga cikin siffofin karen harshen Gobirci na matakin furuci da tsarin sauti a sashen da ke ƙasa.

5.1.2 Tsarin Sauti

Ilimin Furuci da Ilimin Tsarin Sauti ɓangaroran ne biyu ne na nazarin kimiyyar harshe masu alaƙa da juna sosai da suka shafi sautuka da tsarinsu a harshe. Ilimin Furuci yana kula da furucin sautuka, shi kuwa Ilimin Tsarin Sauti yana kula da dangantakar sautuka a harshe. Hyman (175:2) ya kawo ma’anarsu kamar haka:

Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the sounds that are produced.

Phonology is the study of sound systems, that is the study of how speech sounds structure and function in languages.

 

Fassara: Ilimin Furuci nazari ne na bayyanannun siffofin sautuka da ake furtawa.

Ilimin Tasarin sauti nazari ne na tsarin sautuka, manufa nazarin yadda tsarin sautukan magana suke da yadda suke aiki a harsuna.

 

A wannan ɓangare Ilimin furuci karin harshen Gobirci yana da tsarin zaɓi wajen sauyawar sautuka da kuma leɓartarda wasu sautukan. Alal misali:

(a)   Leɓantar da wasu sautukan baƙaƙe idan suka zo a farkon gaɓar kalma kuma wasalin /a/ ya biyo bayansu.

(b)  Amfani da sautin /h/ ko sautin /hw/ maimakon sautin /ɸ/. Karin harshen Gobirci yana zaɓin amfani da sautin /h/ maimakon /ɸ/ na Daidaitacciyar Hausa mafi yawa a farkon wasu kalmomi musamman idan wasalin /i/ ko /e/ ko /u/ ya biyo bayan sautin. Misali:

(c)   Amfani da sautin /c’/ maimakon sautin /s’/

A Daidatacciyar Hausa akwai sautin /s’/. Karin harshen Gobirci ma yana da irin wannan sautin na /s’/. Haka ma yana da wani sauti na /c’/ kuma Gobirci yana da zaɓin amfani da sautin /c’/ maimakon sautin /s’/ a farkon kalma a wasu lokuta idan wasalin /i/ ko wasalin /a/ ko wasalin /e/ ya biyo bayan sautin. Ga misali:

 

(d)  Ganɗantar da sauti ɗan hanɗa na /k/ zuwa sauti ɗanganɗa na /ky/ idan wasalin /e/ ya biyo bayansa. Misali:

    

A ɓangaren Tsarin sauti kuwa ana iya ganin wasu siffofin Gobirci da suka danganci naso da bambancin karin sauti da kuma musayar gurbin wasu sautuka a cikin kalmomi.

(e)   Naso wanni al’amari ne na tsarin sauti inda wani sautin ke tasiri a kan wani dalilin zuwansu tare a cikin kalma. Schane (1973:49) ya bayyana yadda naso ke gudana kamar haka:

In assimilatory process a segment take In assimilatory processes a segment takes of features from a neigbouring segment. A consonant may pick up features from a vowel, a vowel may take on features of a consonant, one consonant may influence another, or one ɓowel may have an effect on another.

Fassara: A naso wani ɓangaren sauti yana ɗaukar siffar wani ɓangare da suke maƙwabtaka. Baƙi yana iya ɗaukar siffar wasali, ko wasali ya ɗauki wata siffar baƙi, haka ma wani baƙi yana iya tasiri a kan wani ko kuma wasali ya yi tasiri a kan ɗanuwansa.

 

Ana samun naso irin wannan al’amari na naso a karin Harshen Gobirci a cikin wasu kalmomi. Ga misali:

(f)    Karin sauti wani al’amari ne na tsarin sauti wanda ake samu a cikin gaɓoɓin kalmomin harsuna masu tsarin karin sauti a cikinsu. Yip (2002) ta bayyana cewa a ƙiyasi kimanin kashi sittin zuwa saba’in na harsunan duniya, harsuna ne masu tsarin karin sauti.

Amfani (2011: 144) ya bayyana cewa Hausa harshe ne mai karin sauti a cikinsa kuma karin sauti da tsayin wasali duk suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bambanta ma’anar kalmomi a cikin harshen.

            Bello (2018: 6) ya bayar da ma’anar karin sauti kamar haka:

Karin sauti a ɓangaren nazarin tsarin sautin Hausa yana nufin kaifin sauti ne na furuci ko murya da ke isar da cikakkiyar ma’ana ga mai sauraro. Kuma wannan karin sauti yana ɗamfare ne da gaɓar kalma. Kuma duk harshen da yake da karin sauti, wannan karin na ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan furta lafazin kalmomin harshen ta fuskar ma’ana da nahawu.

 

Gobirci yana da bambanci da Daidaitacciyar Hausa wajen amfani da karin sauti. Ga misalan yadda bambancin yake a cikin wasu kalmomi:

(g)  Musayar gurbi ko sauyawar muhallin sautuka a cikin kalma wani al’amari ne na tsarin sauti wanda ake samu a cikin wasu kalmomin karin harshen Gobirci. Wasu daga cikin ra’ayoyan malamai akan ma’anar musayar gurbi sun haɗa da;

Jaggar (2001) wanda ya bayyana cewa:

Leɗical metathesis entails transposing either consonants in contiguous syllables or word-internal abutting consonants, and it occurs, sometimes dialectally, in number of nouns an ɓerbs.

 

Fassara: Musayar gurbin a cikin kalmomi ya danganci canza muhallin wata gaɓa da ‘yar uwarta cikin kalma ko kuma sautukan baƙaƙe kuma irin wannan yana faruwa dalilin karin harshe a cikin ajin kalmomin sunaye da aikatau.

Ga misalin musayar gurci a cikin wasu kalmomin karin harshen Gobirci:

 

6.0 Kammalawa

Wannan maƙala mai taken Karin harshen Gobirci: Muhallinsa da siffofinsa a cikin Hausar Yamma ta tattauna bambancin harshe da karin harshe da rabe-raben kare-karen harshen Hausa a ra‘ayoyin malamai daban-daban tare da tabbatar da hujjoji na malamai a kan kasancewar Gobirci a matsayin karin harshe a cikin Hausar yamma. Maƙalar ta kawo matakan da ake auna bambancin karin harshe inda ta yi nazarin harshen Gobirci a bisa ɗaya daga cikin matakan na firuci da tsarin sauti. A matakin furuci maƙalar ta kalli wasu sautuka da karin harshen Gobirci ke amfani da su a matsayin zabi yayin da a matakin tsarin sauki ta kalli wasu al‘amurran tsarin sauti na naso da karin sauti da musayar gurbi da suke danganci karin harshen na Gobirci. Wannan ya tabbatar muna da cewa karin harshen Gobirci yana daya daga cikin kare-karen harsehn Hausa na Yamma duk da yake ba a yi ayyuka fitattu na karin harshe a kansa ba. Babu shakka ana iya ganin sauran siffofin karin harshen Gobirci na ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla da kuma bambancin kalmomi idan aka zurfafa bincike.

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[1] Domin ƙarin bayani dubi Finegam E. (2012: 371) Language: Its Structure and Use. 6^thEdition.

[2] Amfani, A.H. (1993:2) ‚‘Aspects of Hausa Dialectology‘ . In Research in African Languages and Linguistics.

[3] Farinde, O. R. and Ojo, J.O. (2005: 66-67). Introduction to Sociolinguistics.

[4] Yule. G. (1985:180-183). The Study of Language. An Introduction.

[5] Dubi Crystal D. (2008; 142). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Siɗth Edition.

[6] Boadi, L.A. Grieɓe. D.W. and Nwankwo, B. (2004:43). Grammatical Structure and its Teaching.

[7] Fahimtar juna tsakanin kare-karen harshe shi ake kira Mutual inteliigibility a Ingilishi a nazarin karin harshe. Chambers da Trudgill (2004:3-4) Dialectology. da Fromkin da wasu (2009:431) An Introduction to Language. Ninth Edition. duk sun yi bayanisa a cikin ayyukansu.

[8] Fromkin da wasu (2009:433) An Introduction to Language.Ninth Edition.

[9] A nan girma ba yana nufin wani karin harshe ya fi wani daraja ko daɗewa ba. Girman a anan yana nufin yawan al’umma ne kawai. Misali karin harshen Zamfarci ba wari yake da Adaranci ba ta fuskar yawan al’umma masu magana da shi.

[10] Dubi an introduction to CLASSICAL HAUSA and the Major Dialect, shafi na 71-127.

[11] Domin ƙarin bayani dubi “Nazarin Bambance-Bambancen da ke Tsakanin Daidaitacciyar Hausa (Nijeriya) da  

 Hausar Filinge (Jamhuriyar Nijar) ta Fuskar Tsarin Fannin Furuci”. Shafi na 19- 20. A cikin Harshe ta I.

[12] Malamin ya bayyana cewa duk waɗannan kare-karen harshen sun sha bamban da daidaitacciyar Hausa. Ana 

 amfani da daidaitacciyar Hausa a makarantu da kafafen watsa labarai da wajen rubuta littafai da kuma wajen 

 koyarwa a makarantu.

[13] Dubi Some Notes on Ɓarious Dialects of Hausa in A Hausa – English Dictionary and English – Hausa  

 Ɓacabulary.

[14] A wancan lokacin Zamfara da Kebbi duk yankuna ne a cikin Sokoto kafin daga baya su zama jihohi

[15] Domin ƙarin bayani dubi Muhammad (1978). Hausa Dialects. Shafi na 2-3.

[16] Ga alama a nan ba a baiwa kare-karen harshen Yamma kulawa ba domin biyu kawai aka ambata daga cikinsu kuma a ra’ayin mafi yawan malamai Katsinanci yana cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa na Gabas ne, wannan bincike ma yana da irin wannan ra’ayi domin siffofin karin harshen sun fi kama da kare-karen harshen Gabas.

[17] A wannan aikin ba a yi amfani da kalmar karin harshen nahiya ba, wannan yana matsayin karin harshen yanki ne a wannan bincike.

[18] Sic. Bargery ya kawo Katsinanci cikin kason karin harshen Hausa na Yamma ba Gabas ba kamar yadda ya fito a nan domin ƙarin bayani dubi, a nan kuma akwai alamun kuskure maimaita Katsinanci a cikin duk yankunan biyu. Some notes on the ɓarious dialect of Hausa Pp. ɗɗiɓ. Bargery G. P. (1934) A HAUSA – ENGLISH DICTIONARY AND ENGLISH – HAUSA ƁOCABULARY. Katsinanci da Zazzaganci kuwa a fasalin rabe-raben da malamai suka yi bayan wannan sun koma yankin gabas, wannan bincike ma yana da irin wannan ra’ayin.

[19] Babu wasu ayyukan bincike sanannu masu zurfi da aka gudanar a kan karin harshen Zamfaranci da Kabanci, wannan bincike na da manufar fitowa da su sosai a bisa faifan nazarin karin harshen Hausa.

[20] Dubi Shagari, A.S da Boyd J. (1978: 1-2). Uthman Danfodiyo: The Theory and Practice of His Leadership.