ALH 203: Hausa Phonology - Rarrabewa (Distribution)

 ALH 203: Hausa Phonology - Rarrabewa (Distribution)

Muhammad Arabi Umar
Department of Languages And Cultures
Federal University Gusau 

RARRABEWA (DISTRIBUTION)

Ta shafi yadda ake rarrabewa ne da sautukan magana a harshe, wato yadda suke sarrafuwa a wurare (muhallai) daban-daban na kalmomin wannan harshe.

            Hilafa tsakanin baƙi da baƙi,

            Yana tabbata nan a tsarin sauti.

            Wasulla hilafa sukan ma a nan,

             Ana tabbatarwa daɗa dai a ciki.

Alfiyar M. A. Z. Sani

Rarrabewa Ta Zaman Bamban (Contrastive Distribution)

Yana da kyau mu fara sanin me ake nufi da ƙwayar sauti da kuma zubin kamantau (Phoneme and minimal pair).

Ƙwayar sauti: Sauti ne mafi ƙanƙanta da ake ƙaddarawa a zuci kuma tana cin gashin kanta da kanta a kowane harshe. Idan aka musanya wata ƙwayar sauti da wata, za a samu sauyin kalma. Ƙwayar sauti (phoneme) ta bambanta da Sautin magana (Speech sound) domin sautin magana na nufin duk wani sauti da aka furta da taimakon gaɓoɓin sauti. Sautin magana na gaba ɗaya ne, ita ƙwayar sauti ta tsaya ne ga harshe guda. Har wa yau, ƙwayar sauti ta yi hannu riga da ƙwayar ma’ana (morpheme) wadda ke nufin wani yanki ne na kalma mai ƙunshe da ma’ana. Ana nuna ƙwayar sauti ta hanyar sanya ta cikin sanda jirge (slashes)  /  / misali. /b/,  /t/,  da /θ/.

Sautin magana ana nuna shi a cikin baka biyu murabba’ai (square bracket) misali.  [b], [t], da [θ].

Zubin Kamantau                         

                       A nan hanya sananna ka bi,

                      Wajen cim ma buri a tsarin sauti.

                     ‘Zubi na kamantau’ ake ce da shi,

                      A nan za mu nuna a kan hankali.

                     Misali a nan shi baƙin /ba/ da /k/,

                     Ta yaya ka bambanta in ka sani?

                     Kalma ta baya mu duba mana,

                     Da kaya a nan don mu san tabbaci.

                     Yanki aya akwai duk cika,

                     Illa a farko akwai togaci.

                     Akwai /b/ a farko a baya a nan,

                     A kaya kuwa /k/ a wannan wuri

 

Zubin Kamantau (Minimal pair): Zubi ne na kalmomi biyu waɗanda suka bambanta da juna waje ɗaya tak.

Misali a harshen Larabci.

Kalmar Larabci         Ma’ana                  Ƙwayar sauti     

Ƙalbun                         Zuciya                        /ƙ/ mai lanƙwasa

Kalbun                         Kare                           /k/ marar lanƙwasa

Haƙƙun                        gaskiya                       /ƙ/ mai lanƙwasa

Hakkun                        susa                            /k/ marar lanƙwasa     

Misali a harshen Ingilishi.

Ball                         ƙwallo                            /b/

Tall                         dogo                               /t/

Ship                       jirgin ruwa                      /i/

Sheep                   tumaki                              /ee/

Misali a harshen Hausa

ƙofa                        door                                 /θ/

ƙoda                       kidney                              /d/

faarii                      locusts                              /θ/ 

taarii                      cough                                /t/

ƙwaarii                 insects                               /ƙw/

gaarii                     flour                                  /g/

 

Zaman Bamban (Contrastive Distribution)

Zaman bamban: A duk lokacin da aka samu ƙwayoyin sauti da suka bayyana a muhalli (wuri) iri ɗaya ta hanyar zubin kamantau tare da haifar da bambanci ma’ana tsakanin kalmomi.

                 Hilafa ta bayu wajen ma’ana,

                 Ta kalmar duka babu shakka ciki.

                 Dalilin haka duk cika /b/ da /k/

                 Ba wanda ke yin zaman na wani.

                 Raga da raɓa akwai mu da su,

                 A nan /r/ da /b/ sun hilafa ciki.

                                     Alfiyar M .A. Z. Sani

Ƙarin misalai:

Barga   da   bargo          tsauni     da tsani      kariya da wariya

Gadaa  da   kadaa.

Aikin aji.

A kawo misalia ashirin na zaman bamban a kowane harshe da ka sani?

Zaman Daidaito (Non contrastive)

‘’Rarrabewa ta zaman zaɓi na nufin ne inda ƙwayoyin sauti biyu suka zo a waje iri gudu na kalma ba tare da jirkita ma’anar wannan kalma.’’  M. A. Z. SANI

               Hilafa akwai ta ta /k/ nan da /w/,

               Amma kuma ai akwai akasi.

              Akwai wata kalma ta kashegari,

              Waɗansu sukan ce fa washegari.

              Ka ga a nan ma’ana ai ɗaya,

              Hilafa ka lura a nan ta tafi.

                                Alfiyar M .A. Z. Sani

Ƙarin misalai: moto da mota  saafiya da saahiya barci da bacci,Wuri da guri buurii da guurii jiha da jaha

 

Zaman Surukuta

Akwai sautuka wanda ba sa zama,

Na kansu da kansu da munka fadi.

ɗauki misalin baƙin [ŋ] da [ɲ],

zaman /n/ suke yi fa ai mun sani.

Akwai inda kowa yake bayyana,

A kalma a nan ai wajen lafazi.

Shi dai fa [ŋ] wurare biyu,

Ka ƙara matsowa a nan ai ka ji.

Yakan zo a ƙarshe na kalma a nan,

A kalmar gusun babu shakka ciki.

Tsakiya ta kalma yakan bayyana,

Gabanin baƙin /g/ da dangi nashi.

Shi ko fa /ɲ/ a muhalli guda,

Na kalma yakan zo, tsaya ka gani.

Gabanin baƙin /j/ a nan tsakiya,

Misalinmu nan ai a /ha ɲ ja/, ka ji.

 

Zaman Surukuta (Complementary)

A kan samu zaman surukuta inda sautuka biyu ba za su iya sarrafuwa a muhalli iri ɗaya ba, amma suna da takwaran sauti iri ɗaya. Takwaran sauti tana wakiltar ƙwayar sauti ne a wajen faɗar kalma. Misali, sautukan [?], [a], [ʤ], [i] a lafazin kalmar aji  takwarorin sauti ne na ƙwayoyin sautin /?/, /a/, /j/, /i/.

Don haka, ƙwayoyin sautin /n/ da /ŋ/ da /ɲ/ duk suna da takwaran sautin [n] amma ba su bayyana a muhalli ɗaya cikin kalmomi.

[n] Bahanke  Ɗan hanci Mai ziza, tana zuwa ne a farkon kalma, misali, nama, noma. Tana zuwa ƙarshen gaɓa gabanin baƙi Bahanƙe, misali. Bante, hanta, manda, takan zo ƙarshe kalma tare da wasali, misali kano, manu.

[ŋ] Bahanɗe – Ɗan hanci mai ziza, kan zo a ƙarshen gaɓa, misali, nan, can takan kuma zo a ƙarshen gaɓa kafin baƙi bahanɗe, misali, bango, hankali, dangi.

[ɲ] Baganɗe- Ɗan hanci mai ziza, takan zo tare da baƙi baganɗe, misali, sanyi, ganye, ɗanye, dunya,

Aikin Aji

Rarraba waɗannan kalmomi inda suka dace.

Banza  hanga, dankali, yun’wa, fanka, fanta, nasu, tukun, gunki, Suntai,

canza, hanzari, canji, cancanta, kanwa, dundu, dunduniya, hantsa, hanwawa

shanshani fartanya,