ALH 203: Hausa Phonology - Rarrabewa (Distribution)
Muhammad Arabi Umar
Department of Languages And Cultures
Federal University Gusau
RARRABEWA (DISTRIBUTION)
Ta shafi yadda ake rarrabewa ne da sautukan magana a
harshe, wato yadda suke sarrafuwa a wurare (muhallai) daban-daban na kalmomin
wannan harshe.
Hilafa tsakanin baƙi da baƙi,
Yana tabbata nan a tsarin sauti.
Wasulla hilafa sukan ma a nan,
Ana tabbatarwa daɗa dai a ciki.
Alfiyar M. A. Z. Sani
Rarrabewa Ta Zaman Bamban (Contrastive Distribution)
Yana da kyau mu fara sanin me ake
nufi da ƙwayar sauti da kuma zubin kamantau (Phoneme and minimal pair).
Ƙwayar sauti: Sauti ne mafi
ƙanƙanta da ake ƙaddarawa a zuci kuma tana cin gashin kanta da kanta a kowane
harshe. Idan aka musanya wata ƙwayar sauti da wata, za a samu sauyin kalma. Ƙwayar
sauti (phoneme) ta bambanta da Sautin magana (Speech sound) domin sautin magana
na nufin duk wani sauti da aka furta da taimakon gaɓoɓin sauti. Sautin magana
na gaba ɗaya ne, ita ƙwayar sauti ta tsaya ne ga harshe guda. Har wa yau,
ƙwayar sauti ta yi hannu riga da ƙwayar ma’ana (morpheme) wadda ke nufin wani
yanki ne na kalma mai ƙunshe da ma’ana. Ana nuna ƙwayar sauti ta hanyar sanya
ta cikin sanda jirge (slashes) / / misali. /b/, /t/, da
/θ/.
Sautin magana ana nuna shi a
cikin baka biyu murabba’ai (square bracket) misali. [b], [t], da [θ].
Zubin Kamantau
A nan hanya sananna ka
bi,
Wajen cim ma buri a
tsarin sauti.
‘Zubi na kamantau’ ake ce
da shi,
A nan za mu nuna a kan hankali.
Misali a nan shi baƙin /ba/ da /k/,
Ta yaya ka bambanta in ka
sani?
Kalma ta baya
mu duba mana,
Da kaya
a nan don mu san tabbaci.
Yanki aya
akwai duk cika,
Illa a farko akwai togaci.
Akwai /b/ a farko a baya a nan,
A kaya
kuwa /k/ a wannan wuri
Zubin Kamantau (Minimal pair): Zubi ne na kalmomi biyu waɗanda
suka bambanta da juna waje ɗaya tak.
Misali a harshen Larabci.
Kalmar Larabci Ma’ana Ƙwayar sauti
Ƙalbun Zuciya /ƙ/ mai lanƙwasa
Kalbun Kare /k/ marar lanƙwasa
Haƙƙun gaskiya /ƙ/ mai lanƙwasa
Hakkun susa /k/ marar lanƙwasa
Misali a harshen
Ingilishi.
Ball ƙwallo /b/
Tall dogo /t/
Ship
jirgin ruwa
/i/
Sheep
tumaki
/ee/
Misali a harshen Hausa
ƙofa
door /θ/
ƙoda
kidney
/d/
faarii
locusts
/θ/
taarii
cough
/t/
ƙwaarii insects /ƙw/
gaarii
flour /g/
Zaman Bamban (Contrastive Distribution)
Zaman bamban: A duk lokacin da aka samu ƙwayoyin sauti da suka
bayyana a muhalli (wuri) iri ɗaya ta hanyar zubin kamantau tare da haifar da
bambanci ma’ana tsakanin kalmomi.
Hilafa ta bayu wajen ma’ana,
Ta
kalmar duka babu shakka ciki.
Dalilin haka duk cika /b/ da /k/
Ba
wanda ke yin zaman na wani.
Raga
da raɓa akwai mu da su,
A
nan /r/ da /b/ sun hilafa ciki.
Alfiyar M .A. Z. Sani
Ƙarin misalai:
Barga da
bargo tsauni da tsani
kariya da wariya
Gadaa da kadaa.
Aikin aji.
A kawo misalia ashirin na zaman
bamban a kowane harshe da ka sani?
Zaman Daidaito (Non contrastive)
‘’Rarrabewa ta zaman zaɓi na
nufin ne inda ƙwayoyin sauti biyu suka zo a waje iri gudu na kalma ba tare da
jirkita ma’anar wannan kalma.’’ M. A. Z.
SANI
Hilafa akwai ta ta /k/ nan da /w/,
Amma
kuma ai akwai akasi.
Akwai wata kalma ta kashegari,
Waɗansu sukan ce fa washegari.
Ka ga a nan ma’ana ai ɗaya,
Hilafa ka lura a nan ta tafi.
Alfiyar M .A.
Z. Sani
Ƙarin misalai: moto da mota saafiya da saahiya barci da bacci,Wuri da guri buurii da guurii jiha da jaha
Zaman Surukuta
Akwai sautuka wanda ba sa zama,
Na kansu da kansu da munka fadi.
ɗauki misalin baƙin [ŋ] da [ɲ],
zaman /n/ suke
yi fa ai mun sani.
Akwai inda kowa
yake bayyana,
A kalma a nan
ai wajen lafazi.
Shi dai fa [ŋ] wurare biyu,
Ka ƙara matsowa
a nan ai ka ji.
Yakan zo a
ƙarshe na kalma a nan,
A kalmar gusun babu shakka ciki.
Tsakiya ta
kalma yakan bayyana,
Gabanin baƙin /g/
da dangi nashi.
Shi ko fa /ɲ/ a muhalli guda,
Na kalma yakan
zo, tsaya ka gani.
Gabanin baƙin /j/ a nan tsakiya,
Misalinmu nan
ai a /ha ɲ ja/, ka ji.
Zaman Surukuta
(Complementary)
A kan samu zaman surukuta inda sautuka biyu ba za su iya
sarrafuwa a muhalli iri ɗaya ba, amma suna da takwaran sauti iri ɗaya. Takwaran
sauti tana wakiltar ƙwayar sauti ne a wajen faɗar kalma. Misali, sautukan [?], [a], [ʤ], [i] a lafazin
kalmar aji takwarorin sauti ne na ƙwayoyin sautin /?/, /a/, /j/,
/i/.
Don haka, ƙwayoyin sautin /n/ da /ŋ/ da /ɲ/ duk suna da takwaran sautin [n] amma ba su bayyana a
muhalli ɗaya cikin kalmomi.
[n] Bahanke Ɗan hanci
Mai ziza, tana zuwa ne a farkon kalma, misali, nama, noma. Tana zuwa ƙarshen gaɓa gabanin baƙi Bahanƙe, misali. Bante, hanta, manda, takan zo ƙarshe
kalma tare da wasali, misali kano, manu.
[ŋ] Bahanɗe – Ɗan hanci mai ziza, kan zo a ƙarshen gaɓa, misali, nan, can takan kuma zo a ƙarshen gaɓa
kafin baƙi bahanɗe, misali, bango,
hankali, dangi.
[ɲ] Baganɗe- Ɗan
hanci mai ziza, takan zo tare da baƙi baganɗe, misali, sanyi, ganye, ɗanye, dunya,
Aikin Aji
Rarraba waɗannan kalmomi inda suka dace.
Banza hanga,
dankali, yun’wa, fanka, fanta, nasu, tukun, gunki, Suntai,
canza, hanzari, canji, cancanta, kanwa, dundu, dunduniya,
hantsa, hanwawa
shanshani fartanya,
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