Nazari A Kan Littafin Turmin Danya

    DAGA

    RABI YUSUF

    FAUZIYYA ABUBAKAR WAZIRI

    SAMIRA SHEHU AHMAD

    SASHEN HAUSA TSANGAYAR HARSUNA, KWALEJIN ILIMI DA KERE-KERE TA GWAMNATIN TARAYYA DA KE GUSAU, JAHAR ZAMFARA.

    www.amsoshi.com

    SADAUKARWA


    Mun sadaukar da wannan kundin bincike na samun takardar shaidar malanta ta Æ™asa (NCE) a Sashen Hausa na kwalejin Ilimi Da Ƙere-Ƙere da ke Gusau a jihar Zamfara ga mahaimafanmu Alhaji Abubakar Waziri da Alhaji Yusuf ‘Dan Ƙane da Alhaji Shehu Ahmad da kuma ‘yan ‘uwanmu. Allah ya saka masu da Alheri. Amin.

    GODIYA


    Dukkan godiya ta tabbata ga Allah madaukakin Sarki, mai kowa mai komai da ya ba mu rai da lafiya da ikon gudanar da wannan bincike.

    Tsira da amincin Allah (SWT) su tabbata ga Fiyayyen halitta wato Annabi Muhammadu (SAW) tare da iyalan gidansa da Sahabbansa da duk magoya bayansa tun farko har ya zuwa ranar ƙarshe.

    DunÆ™ulalliyar godiya cikin girmamawa zuwa ga mahaifanmu: Alhaji Abubakar Waziri da Alhaji Yusuf ‘Dan Ƙane da Alhaji Shehu Ahmad da kuma ‘yan uwanmu yayyenmu, Æ™annenmu, Æ™awanyenmu da masoyanmu tareda da abokan arziki, domin su suka ba mu dukan taimako da goyon baya da ya kamata musamman a wannan karatu namu.

    Haka kuma muna miÆ™a kyakyawar  godiyarmu ta musamman ga malamanmu Na wannan sashe kamarsu; Malam Habibu Lauwali Ƙaura wanda ya É—auki tsawon lokacinsa yana kula da aikinmu har Allah ya sa aka kawo Æ™arshe Allah ya saka masa da mafificin alherinSa amin. sai Shugaban Sashen Hausa (H.O.D) Malam Haruna Umar BunguÉ—u, Shugaban Tsangayar Harsuna (Dean) Malam Surajo Guluba, Mal. Ibrahim ‘Dan’amarya, Mal. Aminu Saleh, Mal. Husaaini Aliyu da sauran su.

    Godiya ta musamman ga Malam Hamisu tare da ‘yan uwa da abokan arziki baki É—aya, dafatan Allah ya saka masu da mafificin alhrinSa. Amin.

     

     

    JINJINA


    Hausawa kan ce, “yabon gwani ya zama dole” wannan haka ne, don haka dole mu jinjina ma malaman mu musamman Mal. Habibu Lauwali Ƙaura da ma wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka taimake muna da wasu shawarwari da gudummuwa, da goyon baya da suka bamu, wajen samun bayanai masu gamsarwa domin wayar da kan dalibai da ma duk masu neman Æ™arin haske dangane da nazari da muka gudanar a kan “BaÆ™o Ra’ba ‘Dan Gari Kaba: Nazari A Kan Tasirin BaÆ™o A Cikin Karin Maganar Hausawa” muna masu roÆ™on Allah ya saka masu da maifificin alheri. Amin.

     

    ƘUNSHIYA


    Shaidantarwa -      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        ii

    Sadaukarwa -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        iii

    Godiya        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        iv

    Jinjina         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        vi

    Ƙunshiya    -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        vii

    BABI NA ‘DAYA


    1.0 Gabatarwa       -        -        -        -        -        -        1

    1.0.2 Yanayin Bincike -   -        -        -        -        -        2

    1.0.3 Muhallin Bincike    -        -        -        -        -        3

    1.0.4 Hanyoyin Gudanar da Bincike    -        -        -        4

    1.0.5 Manufar Bincike     -        -        -        -        -        5

    1.0.6 Matsalolin Da Suka  Taso -        -        -        -        6

    1.0.7 Matsalolin Da Aka Fusakanta -   -        -        -        8

    BABI NA BIYU


    2.0 Gabatarwa       -        -        -        -        -        -        -        10

    2.0.1  Waiwaye A Kan Ayyukan Da Suka Gabata   -        -        10

    2.0.2 Salon Nazari Da Tsarinsa -        -        -        -        -        16

    2.0.3 Kammalawar Babi  -        -        -        -        -        -        17

    Babi Na Uku


    3.0 Rubutun Zube

    3.0.1 Ma’anar Rubutun Zube

    3.0.2 Ire-Iren Rubutun Zube

    3.0.3 Tarihin Rubutun Zube A Ƙasar Hausa

    Babi Na HuÉ—u


    4.0 Jigo

    4.0.1 Jigon Turmin Danya

    4.0.2 Warwarar Jigo

    4.0.3 Ma’anar Zubi Da Tsari

    4.0.4 Ma’anar Salo

    4.0.5 Ire-Iren Salo

    4.0.6 Salon Littafin Turmin Danya

    4.0.7 Ma’anar Taurari

    4.0.8 Taurarin Littafin Turmin Danya

    4.0.9 Manyan Taurarin Littafin Turmin Danya

    4.0.10 Ƙananan Taurarin Littafin Turmin Danya

    4.0.11 Muhimmanci Littafin Turmin Danya

    Babi Na Biyar


    5.0 Jawabin Kammalawa

    5.01 Shawarwari

    5.0.2 Ta’arifin Wasu Kalmomi

    Manazarta

     

     

    Babi Na ‘Daya



    Gabatarwa


    Dukkan yabo da godiya sun tabbata ga Allah (SWT) da Ya ba mu damar gudanar da wannan bincike a kan wannan littafi na “Turmin Danya”.

    Mun yi wannan bincike ne domin mu bayar da tamu gudunmuwa wajen bunÆ™asa sashen Hausa, don haka mun rututa wannan bincike ne mai taken “Nazari A Kan Littafin Turmin Danya” don amfani ga masu nazarin harshen Hausa.

    MaÆ™asudin yin wannan binciken shi ne, saboda kwaÉ—aitar da masu sha’awar harshen Hausa, musamman saboda masu sha’awar gudanar da bincike a irin wannan fage na nazarin Adabi wanda ya danganci zube.

    Domin samu sauƙin gudanarwa mun kasa wannan aikin namu a kan tsarin babi-babi har babi biyar.

    Babi na farko za mu kawo bayani ne a kan Gabatarwa, Yanayin Bincike da Manufar Bincike da Muhallin Bincike da Hanyoyin Gudanar Da Bincike da Matsalolin Da Suka Taso da kuma Matsalolin Da Aka Fuskanta.

    A babi na biyu kuwa nan ne za mu yi tsokaci dangane da Waiwaye A Kan Ayyukan Da Suka Gabata da kuma Salon Nazari Da Tsarinsa.

    A babi na uku za mu yi bayani a kan Rubutun Zube da Ma’anar Rubutun Zube da Ire-Iren Rubutun Zube da kuma Tarihin Rubutun Zube A Ƙasar Hausa.

    Babi na uku nan ne za mu yi tsokaci a kan Ma’anar Jigo da Jogon Turmin Danya da Warwarar Jigo da Zubi da Tsarin Littafin Turmin Danya da Ma’anar Salo da Ire-Iren Salo da Salon da ke cikin Littafin Turmin Danya. Mun kuma yi bayanin Ma’anar Taurari tare da yin bayanin Taurarin da Ke A Littafin Turmin Danya Manya Da Ƙananansu, sannan za mu bayar da Muhimmancin Littafin Turmin Danya.

    A babi na biyar kuwa nan ne za mu yi bayani a kan Jawabin Kammalawa da Shawarwari sai Ta’arifin Wasu Kalmomi.

    Yanayin Bincike


    Kamar yadda aka sani mun gano cewar akwai buÆ™atar mu yi nazari a kan wasu bayyanai da marubuta suka yi a kan wannan binciken  kuma mun gano cewa, mu yi Nazarin wannan Littafi na “Turmin Danya” , don haka muka ga ya kamata mu gudanar da wannan binciken domin  zuwa  gaba ko kuma mu ce domin masu tasowa yanzu da su san cewa wannan lttafi yana rawar da yake takawa a cikin adabin Hausa.

    Haka kuma a yunƙurinmu na gudanar da wannan aikin Binciken mun sha wahala sosai saboda rashin samun wasu litattafai da suka yi Magana a kan wannan aiki namu. Haka kuma yawace-yawacen da muka yi wajen samun wasu bayanai ya sa mun wahala matuƙa.

    Muhallin Bincike


    Wannan bincike mun gudanar da shi ne a ‘bangaren adabin Hausawa, sai dai domin samun sauÆ™in gudannarwa mun ke’bance aikin namu a kan littafin Turmin Danya wanda Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina ya rubuta

    Hanyoyin Gudanar da Bincike


    Wannan ya rataya ne a kan wasu hanyoyin tattara bayanai daban –daban na marubucin littafin ko mai aikin bincike na wasu ayyuka waÉ—anda suka gabata domin yin nazari a kan binciken da ake gudanarwa domin samun ra’ayoyi daban-daban.

    Bayan wannan akwai wata hanya wadda mai bincike ke bi domin samun ra’ayoyi daban-daban don Æ™arin haske ga aikinsa na bincike da yake gudanarwa, wato ta hanyar tambayoyi ga ma’abuta wannan ilimi.

    Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata mun  lura da cewa, dukkan mai aikin bincike dole ne ya yi amfani da littafai daban-daban domin samun ingantu da kuma cikakkun bayanai masu gamsarwa. Haka kuma mun mayar da hankali a wurin gudanar da wannan bincike namu domin kuwa har É—akunan  karatun wasu manyan makarantu mun leÆ™a. Mun kuma ziyarci É—ukunan karatu, don yin bincike ga kaÉ—an daga cikinsu: Jami’ar Usman Danfodio inda muka shiga É—akunan karatunsu wato (library).

    Haka ma binciken namu bai tsaya a Jami’ar Usman Danfodio kawai ba a’a har Jami’ar Bayero da ke Kano mun leÆ™a a É—akin karatun É—alibai duk a wannan Jami’ar.

    Binciken namu bai  tsaya a waÉ—annan Jami’o’in ba kurum. Domin kuwa ziyarar binciken ta kai mu ga daÉ—aÉ—É—iyar Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello mai tarihi ita ma mun shiga lunguna- lunguna domin gudanar da wannan bincike namu. Daga nan sai muka cirata zuwa Jami’ar Katsina, inda a can muka samu ziyarar sauran makarantu kuma yanayin binciken É—aya ne.

    Manufar Bincike


    Binciken yana da muhimmamcin gaske domin ta fuskar bincike ne a kan gano cikakkiyar Æ™warewar É—alibai da fahimtarsu da hazaÆ™arsu. Ta wannan hanyar karance-karace za a ci karo da wani sabon al’amari domin ya Æ™ara tabbatar da abin da aka riga aka sani a fagen ilimi.

    Binciken yana fitar da bayanai domin amfani al’umma, wani babban muhimancin bincike shi ne a duk lokacin da mai bincike ya tsunduma a fagen aikinsa yakan yi karo da wasu ra’ayoyi daban-daban wanda yana iya zama sabon darasi gareshi.

    Manufar wannan binciken shi ne mu fito da wasu abubuwa da wannan littafi na Turmin Danya ya ƙunsa musamman Jogonsa da Salon da aka yi amfani da shi. Muna kuma fatar wannan nazari namu ya zama abin dogaro ga masu nazarin harshen Hausa.

    Matsalolin Da Suka Taso


    Wannan bincike namu mun gudanar da shi ne a kan hanyoyin da suka dace, na irin hanyoyin da ake bi wajen samun bayanan da suka dace ta hanyoyi da dama. Mun ci karo da matsaloli da dama wajen binciken mu kamar haka.

    Rashin isassun kuÉ—in mota, da matsalar iska waÉ—ansu masana da muke tuntu’ba wajen gudanar da wannan bincike namu, haka ma wani lokaci za mu kashe kuÉ—in mota domin zuwa wajen  waÉ—ansu mutane da abin ya shafa, sai mu iske ba su nan. Haka ma kowa ya san irin halin da ake ciki a Æ™asar nan na rashin tsaro, a inda ba ko ina za mu iya shiga ba dole sai da taka tsantsan.

    Aikin bincike aiki ne mai wahalar gaske, musamman ma ga irin mu É—alibai mata masu rauni da kuma karancin ilimi. Saboda haka lokacin da muke gudanar da wannan aiki na bincike wasu matsaloli da dama  sun sha kanmu. Daga cikinsu akwai

    Matsalar kar’bar lacca da aikin aji da na jinga da kuma karatun jarabawar gwaji da ta Æ™arshen zangon karatu.

    Akwai kuma matsalolin gida kasancewar mu mata da suka haÉ—a da girke-girken abinci kula da tarbiyar yara, akwai rashin lafiyarmu da ta ‘ya’yanmu. Duk waÉ—annan matsaloli ne da mu ka yi ta cin karo  da su .

    Akwai matsalar tuntu’bar magabata da masana, saboda wasu daga cikinsu suna ganin kamar za mu É—auki sirrinsu ne mu watsa wa duniya.

    Haka ma akwai matsalar yawan É—aukewar wutar lantarki, domin sai mun tattaro bayanan mu na cikin aikin kwatsam sai wuta ta É—auke. KaÉ—an kenan  daga irin matsalolin da muka ci karo da su.

    Matsalolin da aka Fuskanta


    Kamar yadda aka sani a dukkan bincike za a iya samun nasarori da akasin haka, wato matsaloli a wajen gabatar da aikin. To don haka wajen bincike nan mun fuskanci matsaloli da dama kamar rashin kuÉ—i da za mu buga wannan aiki namu. Haka kuma akwai matsalar haÉ—uwarmu idan mun yi alÆ™awali, kuma idan za mu tafi wajen  ganawa da waÉ—anda za mu yi hira da su, saboda lokacin ba lallai ne a same su ba.

    Haka akwai sha’anin rashin lafiya yakan kama magidanci , ko kuma halin tafiya wajen Æ™aro ilimi wato a bangaren su masana.

    Ba nan kaÉ—ai muka samu matsala ba kuma mun fuskanci matsalar karamcin lokaci. Domin wannan aiki na bincike aiki ne da ya kamata a ce an gudanar da shi a cikin shekara É—aya.

     

    Babi Na Biyu




    Wannan babi zai ƙunshi waiwaye a kan ayyukan da suka gabata, tare da Salon Nazari da tsarinsa.

    2.0.1 Waiwaye A Kan Ayyukan Da Suka Gabata.


    Ayyuka da suka gabata fage na adabin Hausawa suna da yawa, saboda haka wannan aiki namu ba shi ne na farko ba a wannan fage. Don haka ya zama wajibi a garemu da mu waiwayi wasu ayyuka da suka gabata masu alaƙa da wannan aiki domin mu ga inda suka zo daidai da kuma inda suka sha bambam, ko kuma suke da dangantaka da namu.

    Daga cikin ayyukan da suka gabata a wannan fage akwai; bugaggun littafai daban-daban, da suka gabata a kan fannoni daban-daban na adabin Hausawa ga wasu daga cikinsu;

    ‘Dangambo A (1984) a cikin littafinsa mai suna “Rabe-Raben Adabin Hausa Da Muhimmancinsa Ga Rayuwar Hausawa” marubucin ya bayyana ma’anar adabi ya kuma karkasa adabin Hausa, inda ya kawo zube da waÆ™a da wasan kwaikwayo. A Æ™arÆ™ashin zube nan ne ya bayyana cewa akwai littafai waÉ—anda aka yi rubutun zube a cikinsu.

    Wannan aikin na shaihin Malami ‘Danganbo yana da alaÆ™a da namu aikin, saboda ya ta’bo zube, yayin da mu ma a namu aikin zube ne wanda ya danganci nazarin littafi. Inda muka samu bambanci da shi kuwa shi ne, shi marubucin littafin yana magana ne a a kan zube gaba É—ayansa mu kuma mun taÆ™aice aikinmu ga littafi É—aya mai suna “Turmin Danya.”

    Yahaya I.Y. (1988), ya rubuta littafi mai suna “Hausa A Rubuce” a cikin wannan littafi masanin ya yi bayanin rubutu, tarihin samuwar rubutu yadda aka samu rubutun zube, wasu daga cikin littafan da aka samu na zube, gasar da aka shirya don samun littattafan zube tarihin wasu hukumomi na gudanar da ayyukan rubutu musamman na boko da na Arabiyya.

    Wannan aikin na shaihin malami Yahaya I. Y. Yana da alaÆ™a da aikinmu saboda ya yi tsokaci a kan zube da littattafan zube da tarihin Rubutu da dai sauransu. Aikin yana kuma da bambanci da namu saboda shi yana magana ne a kan adabi dukkansa, mu kuma muna magana ne a kan wani sashe daga cikin adabi ko shi kuma mun taÆ™aita akin manu a kan littafin “Turmin Danya”.

    Sagiru A.G (1991) a nasa kundin bincike mai taken “Nazari Da Sharhi A Kan Littafin Uwar Gulma” wannan manazarci ya gudanar da aikinsa ne a kan tsari na babi- babi har zuwa babi baiyar. Bayan ya yi gbatarwa a babi na É—aya ya kuma yi waiwaye a kan ayyukan da suka gabata, sai a babi na uku da na huÉ—u inda ya ta’bo, jigo, warwararsa, taurari, manya da Æ™anana da kuma salo duk a cikin littafin “Uwar Gulma”.

    Wannan aiki na wannan manazarci yana da alaÆ™a da namu aikin, musamman da ya yi bayani a kan jigo da warwararsa, haka namu aikin  zai yi tsokaci a kan jigo da warwararsa da salo da taurari. Amma duk da haka mun sha bamban da shi saboda shi ya gudanar da aikinsa ne a kan littafin “Uwar Gulma” mu kuma namu aikin muna yin sa ne a kan littafin “Turmin Danya”.

    Gobir, (1993), ya rubuta wani kundi mai suna “Malam Muhammadu Umar Kwaren Gamba Da WaÆ™oÆ™insa” manazarcin ya ta’bo jigo da salo da tarihin MawaÆ™in. Mun bi sahun wannan manazarci wajen nemo salo da jigo da tarihin marubuci, wannan ya sa aikinmu yake da alaÆ™a da nasa. Inda kuma suka bambanta shi ne, shi Gobir yana nazarinsa ne a kan waÆ™a mu kuma muna namu a kan zube.

    Hadiza A. Da Wasu (1999), a kundin Bincikensu da suka gudanar mai taken “Nazari A Kan Littafin Jatau Na Ƙyallu”. Marubutan sun fara ne da mayar da taÆ™aitaccen tarihin marubucin wannan littafi, sun kuma yi tsokaci a kan ma’anar jigo, babban jigo da Æ™aramin jigo. Sun ci gaba da yin sharhi a kan littafi tare da bayani a kan salo da zubi da tsarin wannan littafi tare da tsokaci a kan taurari.

    Wannan aiki na su Hadiza yana da alaÆ™a da namu aikin saboda dukan mu muna nazarin Littafi ne, sai dai inda muka sha bamban shi ne su suna nazarin Littafin “Jatau Na Ƙyallu” ne mu kuma muna nazarin littafin “Turmin Danya”.

    Shafa’atu A. I. (2005), sun rubuta kundi mai taken “Nazari A Kan Littafin Iliya ‘Dan MaiƘarfi” a wannan kundin sun yi bayanin jigo, warwararsa da salo da tarihin marubuci da sharhin littafin.

    Wannan kundin nasu yana da alaÆ™a da namu saboda dukanmu muna nazari ne a kan littattafan zube, sai da inda muka bambanta shi ne su suna nazarin littafin “Jatau Na Ƙyallu” ne yayin da mu kuma muna nazarin littafin “Turmin Danya”

    Hannatu A da Wasu (2008), a nasu kundi mai taken “Nazari A Kan Littafin Ai Ga Irinta Nan” a wannan kundin sun yi bayanin jigo, salo tarihin marubuci da sharhin littafin.

    Wannan kundi nasu yana da alaÆ™a da namu kundin saboda dukkanmu muna nazarin littattafan zube ne. Amma fa mun samu bambanci a yayin da su suke nazarin littafin “Ai Ga Irinta Nan” mu kuma muna nazarin littafin “Turmin Danya”

    Firdausi A. Da wasu (2010), sun rubuta wani kundi mai taken “Nazari Da Sharhi A Kan Littafin Jiki Magayi” manazartan sun karkasa kundinsu a kan babi-babi sannan suka gudanar da aikinsu a cikin babi na uku da na huÉ—u. Sun kuma yi bayani a kan salo, jigo, da sharhin littafin, sun kuma yi bayanin taÆ™aitaccen tarihin marubucin wannan littafin.

    Wannan kundin yana da alaƙa da namu aikin saboda su sun gudanar da aikinsu a kan littafin zube haka mu ma mun gudanar da namu aikin a kan zube. Amma inda muka samu bambanci shi ne, su sun yi nazarin littafin Jiki Magayi ne mu kuma muna nazarin littafin Turmin Danya.

    2.0.2 Salon Nazari Da Tsarinsa        


    Salo shi ne hanyar wanzar da wani al’amari, wato hanya ce ta bayyana tunanin mutum.

    Salon nazari wata hanya ce ta isar da saƙo da bayyana tunanin mutum. Haka kuma salo ya na nufin hanyoyin da marubuci ko mawallafi kan bi domin yi wa harshe kwalliya ko kuma yi wa rubutun sa ado, haka kuma wata dabara ce da marubuci kan yi amfani da ita domin samun sauƙin isar da saƙonsa a cikin rubutunsa. A dalilin haka ne mu ka yi amfani da hanyoyin guda uku na nazarin salo.

    Na farko dai irin kalmomin da muka yi amfani da su, kalmomi masu sauƙi ne. Sai kuma muka saka su a inda ya dace.

    To anan za mu yi amfani da salo mai jan hankali, domin  mu ja hankalin mai karatu ya karanci wannan kundi, ba tare da wata wahala ba ko ya Æ™agara da karatun wannan bincike ba.

    Idan mai karatun wannan aiki ya kwantar da hankalinsa ya biyo mu cikin natsuwa to zai ga irin matakan salon da muka yi amfani da shi wajen rubata wannan kundi saboda mun yi amfani da littatafai masu saukin fahimta.

    An kuma yi amfani da nuna ƙwarewar harshe sosai a cikin wannan kundi saboda anyi amfani da kalmomi masu burgewa da kuma armashi waɗanda ke sa mai karatu ya ji daɗi a zuciyarsa, wannan shi zai sa binciken namu ya yi kwarjini da farin jinni ga makaranta.

     

    Babi Na Uku



    • Ma’anar Rubutu


    Kamar yadda aka riga aka sani cewa, rubutu wasu alamomi ne da suke wakiltar zance ko magana. Wannan ya sa masu ilimi na rubutu sukan samu lokaci su tsaya su tsara waɗannan alamomi wato rubutu don su bayyanar da abin da ke cikin zuciyarsu ko su isar da wani saƙo.

    Wasu masana tuni sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu game da ma’anar rubutu. Kuma dukkansu sun tafi kan cewa, alamomi ne masu wakiltar magana, kuma duk sun yarda cewa, alamomin suna isar da wani saÆ™o.

    3.0.1 Ma’anar Rubutun Zube


    Masana da manazarta da dama sun baje kolinsu wajen bayyana ma’anar rubutun zube, kuma ga wasu daga cikinsu:

    Yahaya I. Y. (1988) ya ce, “Rubutun zebe, labari ne Æ™agagge kuma shiryayye, a cikin hikima da fasaha da aka gudanar don Æ™warewa.

    Shi kuwa Ahmad Magaji (1982) ya bayyana rubutun zube da cewa, “Rubutun Zube labari ne da mawallafa suke shiryawa da ka, sannan suka rattaba a zube.”

    Rubutun zube dai shi ne duk wata wallafa da aka ƙago aka rubuta kara zube ba a shirin waƙa ba ko wasan kwaikwayo

    Wannan shi ne rubutun zube.

    3.0.2 Gasar Ƙagaggun Labarai:


            Irin wannan Gasa ta samo asali ne tun lokaci mai tsawo, a kan sanya kyaututtuka ko lada ko wani abu a matsayin goro ga wanda ya fi nuna bajinta ko ya zama gwani a cikin gwanaye.

    Misali, a shekarun da suka gabata hukumar da aka kafa a Æ™asar Ingila domin ta kula da harsunan mutanen Afirka, ta tsara yadda zata rinÆ™a gudanar da gasa tare da cin kyautar kuÉ—i duk shekara, tsakanin al’ummun Afirka ta hanyar shiga gasar rubuta Æ™agaggun Labarai cikin harsunansu. An fara shirya wannan gasar ta harsunan mutanen Afirka, a shekarar 1930.

    Jami’an da ke kula da harkokin ba da ilimin a Æ™asashen Afirka, su ke wakilta waÉ—anda suka shiga gasar ta hanyar taimaka masu da sanin dokokin da hukumar ta tsara domin shiga gasar, tare da É—aukar Labaran da ‘yan Afirkan suka rubuta na shiga gasar, su kai wa jami’an hukumar da ke shirya gasar a can Ingila domin nazari da bayar da shawarwari kan yadda za a inganta hanyar rubutun adabin harsunan da suka shiga gasar.

    Shiryawa da gudanar da irin wannan gasa na daga cikin hanyoyin da aka bi domin samar da ingantaccen adabin harsunan Afirka. Har ila yau, bayan an gama nazarin Labaran da aka aiko domin shiga gasar, ana aikawa da ladan kuÉ—i daga hannun gwamnati da jami’an da suka wakilci masu shiga gasar, domin a raba wa waÉ—anda suka shiga gasar, kusan muna iya cewa wannan shi ne kaÉ—an daga cikin abin da ya assasa shirya gasa a rubutun Æ™agaggen labari Æ™arÆ™ashin adabin Hausa. (Afrika, 1933:102-103 vol.vi No.1).

    3.0.3 Tarihin Samuwar Ƙagaggun Labarai (Rubutun Zube)


            Jami’an gwamnatin mulkin mallaka musamman waÉ—anda ke aiki a Æ™arÆ™ashin Hukumar ilimi na Æ™oÆ™arin bin hanyoyi da matakan da za su dasa tare da samar da ingantaccen adabi ga mutanen da suke yi wa aiki. Kan wannan tunanin ne, Hukumar makarantar Kwalejin Katsina, ta shirya gasar rubuta Æ™agaggun labarai cikin Hausa tsakanin É—aliban kwalejin a shekarar 1927. An shirya wannan gasar da manufar koya wa É—alibai fasahar Æ™irÆ™ira labarai a cikin harsunansu. Haka kuma, yin haka zai sa a sami labaran karantawa masu sanya nishaÉ—i ga al’ummar Hausawa. Dakta East na É—aya daga cikin jami’an makarantar da suka shirya wannan gasa. A lokacin yana aikin malanta a wannan Kwalejin. Abubakar Imam na É—aya daga cikin É—aliban da suka rubuta labarai domin shiga gasar. Kuma shi ne ya samu nasarar lashe gasar Æ™agaggun labaran da aka shirya cikin harshen Hausa, har hukumar makarantar ta ba shi sule Goma a matsayin lada na shiga tare da samun nasarar zama na É—aya cikin waÉ—anda suka shiga gasar. A littafin da aka wallafa kan rayuwa da tarihin Abubakar Imam (Mora 1989:28), wanda Imam É—in ne ya fara rubuta shi da kansa. Abubakar Imam ya nuna cewa, ya rubuta Æ™agaggun labari ne a Kwalejin Malamai ta Katsina, amma bai iya tuna taken labarin da ya yi rubutu a kai, kuma ba a buga labarin a matsayin littafi ba. Haka nan, ba wani kwafe na labarin a hannunsa. Saboda haka labarin yana da wuyar a same shi a yanzu domin masu yin nazari. Wannan ita ce gasar farko da aka ta’ba shiryawa kan Æ™agaggun labaran zube cikin harshen Hausa (Abdullahi, 1998:23). Wannan gasa ita ce ta fara share fage da nuna hanya tsakanin ‘yan bokon Æ™asar Hausa, na yadda za a yi amfani da basirar Æ™irÆ™ira/Æ™agawa a maimakon fassara domin a samar da littafan labarai cikin harshen Hausa.

            A shekarar 1930 ne wasu daga cikin malaman Æ™asar Hausa, suka rubuta Æ™agaggun labarai cikin harshen Hausa suka aika Ingila domin shiga gasar shekara-shekara da Hukumar Nazarin Al’adu da harsunan Mutanen Afirka ke shiryawa domin raya tare da inganta adabin harsunan mutanen Afirka. Hukumar ta fara shirya wannan gasa a shekarar 1930. Amma a wannan shekarar ba a sami waÉ—anda suka shiga gasar daga arewacin Nijeriya ba. Sai a karo na biyu a shekarar 1931, inda wasu Hausawa ‘yan arewacin Nijeriya suka shiga gasar kamar yadda za a ga sunayensu a nan gaba kaÉ—an. Wanda ya wakilci waÉ—annan malamai da kuma kai labaran da suka rubuta a gaban Hukumar da ke Ingila, shi ne Dakta East. A lokacin, yana aiki da Hukumar Fassara wadda aka kafa domin samar da litattafan da za a yi amfani da su wajen koyar da ilimi a makarantun gwamnati na Elementare da ke yankin arewacin Nijeriya. Kamar yadda aka ambata jami’an da suka wakilci waÉ—anda suka shiga gasar, na daga cikin kwamitin da ke nazarin labaran da aka aika da su domin ba da matsayi da kuma kyaututtuka ga waÉ—anda suka sami nasara. Bayan an gama nazarin dukkanin labarai da aka aika a wajen wannan gasa daga harsuna daban-daban na Afirka, sai aka ba da sakamakon gasar tare da aika kyautar kuÉ—i har sule Talatin ga duk wanda ya shiga gasar. Ga yadda Hukumar da ta shirya gasar ta ba da sakamakon gasar kamar haka, ta 1931:

    Nuhu H.G.B, “Hausa Stories”

    Malam Dodo. “Hausa Stories”

    Malam Ahmed Mettden, “Zaman Dara”

    Malam Bello Kagara, “Littafin Karatu Na Hausa”

    Malam Na Gwamatse da ‘Dan Malam AlÆ™ali Sokoto “Takobin Gaskiya” “(Africa 1933:102-103, Vol. Vi).

    WaÉ—annan Malamai daga Æ™asar Hausa su ne suka shiga wannan gasa. Sauran mutanen daga wasu harsuna ma sun shiga wannan gasar. Daga cikin harsunan da suka aika da nasu labaran akwai harshen Suto da Ganda da Mandingo da Mende. Bayan an kammala gasar, Hukumar ta yi shelar cewa ba za ata É—auki nauyin buga waÉ—annan labarai a matsayin littafai ba. Sai dai jami’an da suka je a matsayin wakilai, su taimaka wa masu sha’awar buga labaransu a matsayin litattafai wajen yin hakan. Kuma ba a dawo da su ga marubutansu ba. Haka kuma ba a yi masu wani tanadin da za su kawo yanzu, har a saka su cikin jerin labaran da ake yin nazari a kansu ba, kamar yadda ake yin nazarin sauran labaran da aka samar ta hanyar yin gasa.

    Wannan gasa ta zama ta biyu a jerin gasar ƙagaggun labarai da aka gudanar cikin harshen Hausa. Kuma shirya ta ya yi tasiri ga samar da litattafan da aka rubuta domin samun nasarar cin kyauta a gasar da ta biyo bayanta.

            Dukkan jerin gasar da aka shiya domin samar da Æ™agaggun labarai cikin adabin Hausa, an shirya su ne a Æ™oÆ™arin da gwamnati, tare da taimakon jami’an ma’aikatar ilimi, ke yi na dasa tsiron tare harsashin rubutacce adabin Hausa cikin rubutun boko. Haka kuma domin koya wa ‘yan Æ™asa yadda za su samar da labarai cikin harsunansu ta hanyar amfani da basirar Æ™agawa. Amma har zuwa shekarar 1933 Hukumar Fassara na ganin ba ta sami litattafan adabin da take buÆ™ata ba. Don haka ne Hukumar ta shirya gasar da za ta taimaka wajen samar da litattafan adabin da take buÆ™ata, waÉ—anda kuma za buga a matsayin litattafan karantawa domin nishaÉ—i. Haka kuma domin a sayar da litattafan, ba a raba kyauta ba, kamar yadda aka saba yi. Wannan gasa ta samar da litattafai da suka inganta tare da kyautata adabin Hausa. Kafin a fara gasar sai da  Dakta East ya zagaya Æ™asar Hausa kamar garuruwan Katsina da Kano da Sakkwato da Birnin Kebbi da Bauchi da wasu garuruwan da dama, ya haÉ—u da malamai da É—alibai a makarantu ya bayyana musu abin da ake so dangane da gasar, musamman abin da ya shafi tsari da fasalin yadda litattafan za su kasance. Dakta East ya jaddada wa waÉ—anda suka shiga gasar cewa Hukumar ba za ta amince da duk wani abu mai kama da haka ba. Hukumar Fassara ta sami litattafai da dama da suka amsa shiga wannan gasa. Da yawa daga cikin litattafai da aka aiko wa Hukumar sun dace da tsarin da ta shimfiÉ—a. Lokacin da Hukumar ta zo buga litattafan waÉ—anda suka lashe gasar sai da ta yi musu taciya sosai musamman ta tattace farkonsu da Æ™arshensu, ta kuma sake tsarin wasu daga cikin tabobinsu, sa’anann ta buga su (Abdullahi 1998:54). Byana da Hukumar Talifi ta gama tsara da sake fasalinm waÉ—annan litattafai, sai ta fitar da sakamakon gasar kamar haka: Ruwan Bagaja, Malam Abubakar Imam, GanÉ—oki, Malam Bello Kagara, Shaihu Umar, Malam Abubakar Bauchi, Idon Matambayi, Malam Muhammadu Gwarzo, Jiki Magayi, East da Tafida (NAK/AND/1029/1934).

    Duk da cewa waÉ—annan su ne aka za’ba a matsayin waÉ—anda suka ci gasa, amma ba a sami buga su ba, su ne: Boka Buwaye, Malam Nagwamatse; da Yarima Abba, Malam Jumare Zariya. Wannan gasa ita ce ta uku a jerin gasannin rubuta Æ™agaggun Labaran Hausa. Sai dai ba a sami damar buga sauran labaran da aka samar lokacin gasa ta É—aya da ta biyu ba. Sai dai a wannan karon Hukumar ta yi Æ™oÉ—arin buga litattafan kamar yadda aka gansu a kasuwa.

    Tun daga shekarar 1933 ba a Æ™ara samun wata fitacciyar gasar Æ™irÆ™ira ba sai a shekarar 1971, inda kamfanin Wallafa Littafai na Zariya wato NNPC ya fito da wata gasar ta Æ™irƘira rubutun zube, domin samar da sababbin litattafai na karatu da nishaÉ—i. Kamar dai yadda waÉ—ancan suka gabata, ita ma wannan gasar ta jawo hankalin marubuta da dama. Da Æ™arshe an tankaÉ—e kuma an rairaye daga cikin litattafan da aka samu, an tace litattafai guda takwas waÉ—anda suka tsallake siraÉ—in Æ™a’idojin da aka shimfiÉ—a wa gasar, amma daga waÉ—annan litattafai guda uku kawai kamfanin ya sami damar wallafawa.

    Litattafan da suka yi dace suka yi nasara a ƙarshe aka wallafa litattafan su ne:

    ‘So Aljannar Duniya; Na hafsat Abdulwahid wanda ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara yin fice a rubuta littafin Æ™irÆ™ira a adabin Hausa, kuma ta zama na É—aya a gasar.

    Amadi na Malam Ama; Na Magaji ‘Danbatta shi ya zo na biyu a gasar. A Æ™arshe sai, Mamallakin Zuciyata wanda wani É—an jarida ya rubuta wato, Suleman Ibrahim Katsina.

    Wannan al’amari na gudanar da gasa fagen Æ™irÆ™ira yana bayar da gagarumar gudunmuwa ta fanni da dama musamman samar da litattafan karantawa a makarantu da nishaÉ—i.

            Bayan kammala waccan gasa, sai shekarar da ta gabata, sai a cikin shekarar 1982, aka sami wata sabuwar gasar wadda hukumar yaÉ—a Labarai ta Tarayya da ke Ikko ta sanya gasar Æ™irÆ™irar rubutun zube cikin harsunan Æ™asa wato Hausa, Yarbanci da kuma Ibo. A wannan karon ma littatafai da dama sun shiga gasar wasu sun yi nasara wasu kuma akashin hakan. A harshen Hausa littafin da É—an jaridar nan Suleman Ibrahim Katsina ya rubuta mai taken, ‘Turmin Danya’ shi ya zo na É—aya. Sai waÉ—anda suka rufa masa baya kamar haka:

    ‘Tsumingiyar kan Hanya’, na Musa M. Bello

    Ƙarshen Alewa Ƙasa, na Bature Gagare

    ‘Za’bi Naka’, na Malam Mannir Katsina

    ‘Soyayya tafi kuÉ—i’ na Habib A. AlÆ™alanci

    ‘Dausayin Soyayya’ na Muh’d B. Yahuza.

    Bayan kammala gasar an bayar da kyaututtuka, kuma kamfanin NNPC da ke Zariya ya É—auki nauyin buga waÉ—annan litattafai, kuma daga nan aka ci gaba da samun gasanni nan da can amma ba su yi wani cikakken tasiri ba, saboda waÉ—anda suka É—auki nauyin shirya gasar suna da Æ™arancin Æ™arfin É—aukar gasar, ta yadda za ta karae ko’ina.

    3.0.4 Tsokaci A Kan Marubucin Littafin Turmin Danya: Suleman Ibrahim Katsina.


    Suleman Ibrahim Katsina shahararren ɗan jarida ne kuma haziƙi a fagen rubutu. Kafin ya fara karatun boko sai da ya fara yin karatun ilimin addinin musulunci, kuma shi masani ne a lamurran addini. Ya samu ilimin boko wanda ya zama mashi sanadin shiga fagen gasar rubuce-rubuce a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da gasar rubutattun ƙagaggun Labarai.

    Suleman Ibrahim Katsina ya rubuta, littattafai da dama ciki kuwa har da littafin nan da muke nazari a kai wato “Turmin Danya” ya kuma rubuta wani littafi mai suna, “Mallakin Zuciyata” wanda ya shiga gasa da shi har ya taka muhimmiyar rawa sannan ya É—ora jigon wannan littafin bisa soyayya. Shiga wannan gasar da ya yi ya zame masa alheri domin gasar ta fito da shi sarari, wanda a dalilin Æ™wazonsa ne ya zama É—an jarida na farko, kuma a fage rubuta Æ™agaggun Labarai.

     

    Babbi Na HuÉ—u

    4.0. Jigo


    ‘Dangambo (2007:12) Abin da ake nufi da jigo shi ne saÆ™o, manufa ko abinda waÆ™a ta Æ™unsa, wato abinda take magana a kai.

    Jigo a fagen adabi yana nufin manufar marubuci, wadda dukkan bayanai suka dogara da ita. Saboda haka ana iya cewa Jigo shi ne irin saÆ™on da marubuci ke son sadarwa ga jama’a kuma duk wani salo da tsari ko wata dabara da marubuci zai yi amfani da su, zai yi hakan ne da nufin isar da saÆ™onsa ga jama’a. Sar’bi, (2007:71).

    Dangane da abin da muka gani game da jigo za mu iya cewa, jigo shi ne dukkan wani saƙo da ko manufa ko ginshiƙin abin da ya sa aka rubuta labari, ko dalilan da suka sa marubuci ya rubuta littafinsa. Don haka duk wani abu da za a faɗa a cikin labari, ya kan danganci jigo wannan labari.

    Da wannan muke gani Jigo a matsayin igiya maÉ—aura kayan kowane rubutu da aka yi a fagen adabi ta kowane ‘bangare wato Zube da WaÆ™a da Wasan Kwaikwayo in ba da shi ba to kayan za su kwance. A nan jigo na nufin burin zuciyar mawaÆ™i ko marubuci wanda yake son jama’a su fahimta.

    4.0.1 Kashe-Kashen Jigo


    Kamar yadda aka riga aka sani cewa, da yawan masana da manazarta sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu a fannin adabi kuma sun yi aiki da ya danganci wannan fage da muke bayani a kai. Wato jigo. Mafi yawansu duk sun tafi a kan cewa, Jigo ya kasu kashi biyu. Wato, Babban Jigo da Ƙaramin Jigo.

    Masana sun bayyana cewa jigo ya kasu kashi biyu, kamar dai yadda Bunza (2009) da sar’bi (2007) suka bayyana cewa jigo ya kasu kashi biyu, wato ‘Babban jigo’ da ‘Æ™aramin jigo’. Yanzu bari mu zo da su É—aya bayan É—aya don ganin yadda abin yake.

    4.0.1.1 Babban Jigo


    Babban jigo shi ne abin da mawaƙi ko marubuci ya sa gaba gadan- gadan domin ya feɗe shi a gane shi sosai. Bunza (2009: 63).

    Galibi shi babban jigo mawaƙi ko marubuci ya kan faɗa a cikin waƙarsa ko kuma tun a sunan waƙar ya zan yana tafiya da saƙon wannan waƙar, idan kuma mawaƙi ko marubuci bai faɗa a waƙarsa ba kuma ba a gane a sunan waƙar ba, to sai mai nazari ya yi ƙoƙarin yin anfani da kalmomin fannu da aka gina waƙar da su waɗanda za ka samu ƙananan jigogin.

    4.0.1.2 Ƙaramin Jigo.


    Ƙaramin jigo ya sa’ba wa babban jigo ta kowace fuska. Na farko dai abin da ya kyautu a kula shi ne, Æ™armin jigo É—a ne ga babban jigo, domin babban jigo ke haifar da shi. Haka kuma ba don Æ™ananan jigogi ba da babban jigo bai fito fili sosai aka ganshi ba. Duk wata waÆ™a da aka gina wani babban jigo É—aya, za a samu wasu Æ™ananan da yawa da za su mara wa babban jigon baya, domin Ƙawata shi da Æ™ara fayyace shi sosai. Bunza (2009:64)

    Idan aka ce Æ™ananan jigogi dai, to ana nufin tuballan da suka gina babban jigo, su waÉ—annan tuballan sun danganta daga waÆ™a zuwa waÆ™a, ma’ana dai kowace waÆ™a da irin nata tuballai da suka samar da jigonta. Haka abin yake ga rubutun zube.

    4.0.2 Ma’anar Salo.


    Malamai da masana sun bayar da ma’anar salo ta hanyoyi daban – daban duk da yake abu É—aya suka fuskanta.

    Sa’idu Muh’d Gusau a tashi fahimtar ya ce:

    “Salo shi ne hanyar da aka bi aka nuna gwaninta da dabaru a cikin furuci ko rubutu. Kuma yana nuna yadda mutum ya shirya wani abu ta bin yanayin harshensa da za’bar abubuwa da suka dace game da abin da yake son bayyanawa. Daga nan ne za a fahimci salon mai sauÆ™i ne ko tsauri, mai tsauri ko mai daÉ—i ne da armashi ko mai kashe jiki maras karsashi da sauransu” Gusau (1993).

    Yahya kuwa ya ce:

    “Salo dabara ce ko hanya mai yin kwalliya ga abu domin abin ya kwarzanta ko ya bayyana” Yahya (1999)

    Shi kuma ‘Dangambo cewa ya yi:

    “Masana da manazarta suna ganin cewa Salo yana da wuyar a gane shi a bisa kansa sai dai ana iya gane wasu sigogi nasa” dangane da ma’anarsa.To amma muna iya cewa salo shi ne hanyoyin isar da saÆ™o, ‘Dangambo, (2007).

    A bisa ra’ayin AbdulÆ™adir ‘Dangambo yana cewa  za a iya karkasa salo kamar haka;

    1.     Salo wani Æ™ari ne da ya Æ™unshi za’bi cikin rubutu ko furuci.

    2.     Salo wani Æ™ari ne na daraja a cikin karatu ko furuci wanda ba lalle ne a same shi cikin kowane rubutu ba.

    3.     Salo ya shafi kauce wa wata daidaitacciyar Æ™a’ida

    4.     Salo harshen wani mutum ne, wato yadda salon wane ya bambanta da na wane.


    Haka kuma ya ci gaba da bayyana mana cewa salo yana da nau’oi har guda biyar,

    1.     MiÆ™aƙƙen salo: Wato salo na kai tsaye mai sauÆ™in ganewa, wannan salo yana iya zama kamili mai iya isar da saÆ™o ba tare da “ado” ko Æ™aÆ™ale ba .

    2.     Salo mai armashi ko mai karsashi: Shi ne salon da ya gamsar ta hanyar karsashi Æ™aÆ™ale da burgewa

    3.     Raggon salo: Shi ne salo mai kashe jiki kuma marar gamsarwa.

    4.     Tsohon salo/Sabon salo: Salon da ke yin amfani da tsofaffin hanyoyi ko sababbi don isar da saÆ™o, yana iya zama mai gamsarwa ko akasin haka.

    5.     Salo mai sarÆ™aÆ™iya ko mai tsauri. Shi ne salo mai wahalar ganewa saboda tsaurin saÆ™ar manufofi ko tsauraran kalmomi.


    Wani manazarcin na ganin cewa: .

    “Salo shi ne yadda mawaÆ™i ya zana tunaninsa a takarada, za a dube shi a gani shin yana da manufa, kuma bayaninsa yana da Æ™arfi ko raunanna ne ana fahimtarsa cikin sauÆ™i ko kuma sai an yi lalabe kafin a gane manufarsa. (Bashir 2007).

    Shi kuma Sar’bi cewa ya yi:

    “Salo na nufin za’bi cikin gudanar da wani abu/aiki. Amma fagen nazarin waÆ™a salo hanya ce da marubuta waÆ™oÆ™i ke bi wajen isar da saÆ™onsu ga jama’a” (Sar’bi, 2007).

    A tamu fahimtar, mun lura da dukan bayanan da waÉ—annan masana da manazarta suka kawo suna nufin salo ya Æ™unshi hanya ko hanyoyin da mawaÆ™i ko ke bi domin isar da saÆ™onsa ga jama’a.

    4.0.3 Ma’anar Taurari/Tauraro


    Tauraro ko taurari dai a cikin rubutun zube yana nufin wani mutum da aka yi amfani da sunansa wajen gina wannan labari da aka yi a rubuce, haka abin yake ko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo wadda aka rubuta ko wadda aka gabatar a cikin faifan bidiyo. Tauraro ya kasu kashi biyu. Wato babban tauraro da Ƙaramin/ Ƙananan Taurari/tauraro.

    4.0.3.1 Babban Tauraro.


    Babban tauraro dai a cikin rubutun zube ko a faifan bidiyo shi ne mutumen da aka fi yin amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wannan rubutu ko wasan da ake nunawa a bidiyo domin isar da saÆ™on da ake son a isar ga jama’ar da ake son a sanar.

    4.0.3.2 Ƙananan Taurari/Ƙaramin Tauraro.


    Ƙaramin Tauraro/Ƙananan Taurari dai su ne mutanen da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rubutun zube ko a faifan bidiyo a yayin da ake gudanar da wata wasa ko ake rubuta wani Ƙagaggen Labari don isar da wani saƙo.

    4.0.4 Nazarin Littafin Turmin Danya


    Wannan shi ne ainihin aikin da za mu yi a wahen gudanar da wannan bincike. Sanin jama’a ne cewa, shi wannan littafi kamar yadda muka faÉ—a a baya cewa, aikinmu zai mayar da hankali ne wajen yin Nazarin wannan littafi na “Turmin Danya”.

    4.0.4.1  Jigon Littafin Turmin Danya


    Wannan littafi da muke nazari wato, “Turmin Danya” wanda Suleman Ibrahim Katsina ya rubuta a Shekarar 1982, babban jigonsa dai shi ne “Horo A Kauce ma rashin gaskiya”. A namu nazari da muka yi mun gano cewa, marubcin littafin bai riga ya faÉ—i jigon littafinsa ba, amma kuma da yake ana dubin wasu Ƙananan jigogi a kuma gano babban jigo shi ya sa muka yi wannan tunani cewa, mu kalli littafin gabaÉ—ayansa bayan mun karanta shi, sai mu yi amfani da abin da muka karanta mu gano jigonsa.

    Dalilinmu dai shi ne, Alhaji Gabatari ya yi bushasha a cikin wannan littafi kuma ya ishi kowa, sannan babu yadda suka iya da shi ba wata hanya da za su iya bi su hana shi. Saboda Alhaji Gabatari yana sayar da Æ™wayoyin da aka haramta da hodar ibilis, ko bayansu kuma Alhaji Gabatari yana yin abubuwan masha’a da yawa saboda har gidan karuwai yana da, sai ga shi daga Æ™arshe bai yi Æ™arshe mai kyau ba.

    Idan muka duba a shafi na 129 a sakin layi na biyu da na uku za a gaskata abin da muka faÉ—a cewa, “Horo A Kauce ma Rashin Gaskiya”. Ga dai abin da ke ciki:

    “Alhaji bai daddara ba ya É—aga. Mai shari’a na babbar kutu, ya sake karanta abin da mai shari’a na farko ya yanke. Amma sai ya yanke don haka babu abin da zai raba Alhaji Gabatari da igiyar mutuwa.”

    “Ina wani wanda ya yi Turmin Danya? Wannan ya girbi abinda ya daÉ—e yana shukawa.”

    Wannan É—ai ya isa mu gane cewa, duk abin da mutum ya shuka shi ne zai girba.

    4.0.4.1.0 Warwarar Jigon Littafin Turmin Danya


    Anan za a yi sharhi ne kan Jigo gaba É—ayansa. Za a duba shi dangane da jawaban jigo, da kuma abin da littafin ya faÉ—a a taÆ™aice. To amma muhimmin abin shi ne za a duba lungu-lungu na  dangane da jigo tare da Æ™arin bayani daga dukkannin abin da za a iya danganta waÆ™ar da shi. Misali ana iya kawo Æ™arin bayani don kafa hujja da misalai daga AlÆ™ur’ani, Hadisi, littattafai, muÆ™alu, da ra’ayoyi iri daban-daban da dai sauran bayanai da za su taimaka wajen gane abin da waÆ™ar ta Æ™unsa da inda aka dosa. ‘Dangambo, (2007:16)

    A ɗan tunaninmu a nan mai nazari yake da babban aiki kuma ja! Domin ana son ya tsattsafe bayanan da labarin ya ƙunsa ya fito da su daki-daki.

    4.0.4.1.1 Harƙallar Alhaji Gabatari


            A babi na biyar shafi na 56, sakin layi na Æ™arshe, Alhaji Gabatari ya na cewa:

    “Alhaji ya buga wa ‘yansanda waya cewa, yau ne fa ranar shigo da kaya, shi ma ya ce ai bai manta ba, sai dai yana son sanin lokacin da kayan za su shigo garin Karaini su wuce.”

    Wannan bayani ya nuna cewa, Alhaji Gabatari yan da wani kasuwanci da yake yi wanda yake haramtacce ne.

    4.0.4.1.2 Mai Ƙin Jinin Alhaji Gabatari.


    A babi na biyar shafi na 62, sakin layi na 5. wani mai suna Mukhtar yana Æ™in al’amurran Alhaji, duk da cewa, a wannan lokacin Alhaji alheri zai yi masu. Ga dai abin da yake cewa:

    “......Alhaji Ya ce, wato garin ya bushe,

    Tanimu ya ce, I, Alhaji,

    Alhaji ya ce, Ku nawa ne?

    Mu shidda ne a halin yanzu, in ji Ishaya.

    Mukhtar ya ce, kar ka Æ™irga da ni!”

    Da jin wannan bayani za a iya gane cewa, Mukhtari baya tare da Alhaji Gabatari.

    4.0.4.1.3 Matsayin Alhaji Gabatari Ga Wasu Mutanen Gari


    Wasu mutanen gari ba su ganin girman Alahji saboda irin harÆ™allar da yake yi wadda ta sa’ba wa doka. Ga dai abin da wasu suka tattauna a cikin labarin:

    “Af! To ba shi ya sa nake gaya maka ya dai zame mana “Turmin Danya” ba haka ma na ji wani ,maroÆ™i yana yi masa kirari a ranar bukin Alhaji Adamu.....”

    Wannan ya nuna cewa duk da yake wasu na goyon bayan Alhaji Gabatari bai hana wasu suka dage wajen ƙin ayyukansa ba.

    4.0.4.1.4 Sharholiyar Alhaji Gabatari


    Tun farko an bayyan cewa, shi Alhaji Gabatari yana da dukiya da kuma hanyoyin haramtattun kasuwanci, sannan kuma mun bayyana cewa, yana zuwa gidan Banza ida yake neman mata. Ga dai yadda abin ke gudana a cikin littafin:

    A babi na É—aya shafi na biyar sakin layi na biyar, marubucin yana cewa:

    “Bayan da Alhaji ya Æ™are ya biya kuÉ—insa, sai ya iske Alhaji Shanono a É—akin shaÆ™atawa, suka Æ™ara gaisawa”

    Wannan ya nuna cewa, kenan shi Alhaji yana da inda yake zuwa don shaƙatawa.

    4.0.4.2 Taurarin Littafin Turmin Danya


    Turmin Danya dai kamar sauran littafai yana da taurarin da marubucin ya yi amfani da su wajen gina saƙon wannan littafin. A wannan littafin akwai wasu da suka taka muhimmyar rawa wajen isar da saƙo kuma su ne suka fi fitowa. Waɗannan mutane su ne ake kira da Taurari. Don haka a wannan littafi za a samu manyan taurari da kuma ƙanana. Misali.

    4.0.4.2.1 Manyan Taurarin Littafin Turmin Danya


    Littafin Turmin Danya ya ƙunshi manyan Taurari da suka fi yawan taka rawa wajen isar da saƙon da littafin yake ɗauke da shi. Waɗannan taurarin sun haɗa da:

    • Alhaji Gabatari
    • Baby
    • Bawale
    • Mukhtar
    • Alhaji Bushasha
    • Bansuwai
    • Mista Sammai Aciba.

    4.0.4.2.2. Ƙananan Taurari A Littafin Turmin Danya


    Kamar yadda aka sani cewa, wannan littafi na Turmin Danya yana da Manyan Taurari, to kuma yana da Ƙananan Taurari da suka taimaka wa manyan wajen fito da saƙon da ake buƙata. Waɗannan Ƙananan Taurari sun haɗa da:

    • Baushe
    • Alhaji ‘Dan Faransi
    • Kande Manzagi
    • Mista Samai achiba
    • Alhaji Atiku
    • Dela
    • ‘Yar Fillo
    • Asha Banza
    • Malam magaji

    4.0.4.3 Salon Littafin Turmin Danya.


    A tamu fahimta mun gano cewa, shi wannan littafi na “Turmin Danya” marubucinsa ya yi amfani da miÆ™aƙƙen salo. Wannan ko shakka babu idan mutum ya karanta zai ga cewa, babu kwan gaba kwan baya a cikin labarin, shi dai labarin a miÆ™e yake kuma kowa ma yana iya fahimtar abin da ake son a gudanar a cikin saÆ™i.

    Dalilinmu na cewa haka kuwa shi ne, marubucin ya yi amfani da babi-babi da inda ya bi su É—aya bayan É—aya yana bayanin abin da yake son isarwa ga jama’a.

    Haka kuma salon wannan littafin ba mai kashe jiki ba ne, wanda mutum zai ce ya ajiye saboda ba ya jin daÉ—in karantawa. Da wannan ma muke ganin cewa wannan salo mai Armashi ne.

    Marubucin ya yi amfani da kalmomi masu sauƙi, babu rikitarwa a cikinsu. Sai dai ya ari wasu kalmomi daga Ingilishi da Larabci kuma su waɗannan kalmomi ba masu wahala ba ne. Kalmomi sun haɗa da: sumogal, Kwastam Direba, Lasin, Firij, mista, sakatare, da dai sauransu.

    4.0.4.4 Zubi Da Tsarin Littafin Turmin Danya


    Zubi da Tsari sun ƙunshi yadda marubuci ya zuba ko tsara aikinsa a cikin littafi. Marubucin littafin Turmin Danya ya zuba labarinsa a cikin sakin layi masu kyau tare da amfani da salo mai burgewa. Ya kuma tsara littafinsa bisa ga tsari na babi-babi har babi na tara.

    4.0.5 Muhimmancin Littafin Turmin Danya


    Wannan littafi yana da matuÆ™ar muhimmanci ga rayuwar Al’umma. Wannan ko shakka babu idan mutum mai nazari ne da ya karanta wannan littafi ba zai so ya yi halin Alhaji Gabatari ba saboda ya san cewa, duk abin da ya shuka shi ne zai girba.

    Idan kuma muka dubi irin jigon da wannan littafi ke isarwa za mu ga cewa, ko nan akwai muhimmanci saboda horo ne a kauce wa rashin gaskiya. Saboda kar mutum ya yi da –na- sani.

     

    Babi Na Biyar



    Jawabin Kammalawa


    Kamar yadda a ka gani a bayana, wannan bincike namu yana a matsayin share fage ne kan muhimmin ‘bangaren adabi wanda ya shafi zube.

    Kamar dai yadda aka saba mun kasa wannan kundin bisa ga tsarin babi-babi, kuma kowane babi da abin da yaƙunsa daban tun farko har ya zuwa babi na ƙarshe.

    A babi na É—aya mun yi tsokaci a kan Gabatarwa, Yanayin Bincike, Muhallin Bincike, Hanyoyin Gudanar Da Bincike, Matsalolin Da Suka Taso da Matsalolin Da Aka Fuskanta.

    A babi na biyu kuwa, mun yi Waiwaye A Kan Ayyukan Da Suka Gabata kana muka biyo da Salon Nazari da Tsarinsa.

    Babi na uku ya Æ™unshi, Ma’anar Rubutu, Ma’anar Rubutun Zube, Gasar Ƙagaggun Labarai, Tarihin Samuwar Ƙagaggun Labarai, da kuma Tsokaci A Kan Marubucin Littafin Turmin Danya.

    A babi na huÉ—u nan ne muka yi magana a kan Jigo, Kashe-Kashensa inda muka ce ya kasu kashi biyu wato, Babban Jigo da Ƙaramin Jigo. Mun kuma yi tsokaci a kan Ma’anar Salo inda har muka É—an faÉ—i wasu salailai da suke a cikin wannan littafi na Turmin Danya. Mun yi magana a kan Taurari inda har muka ce, akwai Babban Tauraro kuma a kwai Ƙananan Taurari kuma mun kawo taurarin da suke a cikin littafin Turmin Danya. Mun kuma yi maganar zubi da tsarin wannan littafi, kuma mun kawo muhimmancinsa ga al’umma. Mun yi nazarin wannan littafi inda kuma muka yi warwarar jigon wannan littafi.

    A babi na biyar nan ne muka naÉ—e tabarmar wannan Bincike da Jawabinmu na Kammalawa tare da yin bayar da shawrori ga jama’a tare da yin Ta’aliÆ™in Wasu Kalmomi.

    5.0.1 Shawarwari


    A nan muna kira ga masu sha’awar labaran zube da su hankalta da cewa yanzu fa lokaci ya canza an kuma samu cigaba wajen karatun labarai da aka shirya su domin isar da wani saÆ™o.

    Idan aka duba ta furskar addinin Musulunci za a ga, ya kawo baban sauyi kan yadda Hausawa suke tafiyar da al’amurransu na rayuwa, wanda wannan sauyi ya shafi har yadda ake gudannar da wannan sha’ani na Ƙagaggun Labarai.

    Dangane da shigowar turawan mulkin mallaka sun kawo wata hallayar rayuwa sa’banin wadda mazauna Æ™asar Hausa ke bi kafin zuwansu. A nan sun kawo tsarin ilimin zamani da sabon tsarin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda ya Æ™unshi rubuce-rubucen da suka isar da wani saÆ™o daban, sa’banin namu.

    Bugu da Æ™ari, wasu Hausawa masu ilimin zamani na Æ™yamar wannan wannan sashe na nazarin Hausa. Saboda haka ya kamata iyayen su himmantu wajen sanya ‘ya’yansu makarantun zamani da na addini domin samun ilimin wanda zai zamana domin samun cigaba.

    5.0.2 Ta’arifi Wasu Kalmomi


    A cikin wannan kundin da yake yana da alaƙa da adabin Hausa kuma abin da ya danganci Ƙagaggun Labarai na Zube mun yi amfani da wasu kalmomi da za su iya shige ma mai nazari duhu, don haka za mu tsamo wasu daga cikinsu mu ɗan yi fassara ga mai karatun wannan kundin don ya samu ƙarin fahimta.

    Kwastam     -        -        -        Jami’in Fasa Ƙwauri

    Alli    -        -        -        -        Ƙwaya

    Magajiya     -        -        -        Shugabar Karuwai

    Shamaki      -        -        -        Abin da ya shiga tsakani

    Ganuwa      -        -        -        Katangar da ka zagaye gari

    Hotel -        -        -        -        Gidan ShaÆ™atawa

    Ƙyaure       -        -        -        Gambu/Ƙofa

    Kalwani      -        -        -        Jakadan mai neman karuwai

    Okey -        -        -        -        daidai

    Dont forget  -        -        -        kar ka manta

    Kafet -        -        -        -        kilishi

    Flacks         -        -        -        ma’adanin ruwan zafi

    Hegi  -        -        -        -        fili

    Babur -        -        -        -        mashin

    Rosuman     -        -        -        sunan wata taba ce

    Kushin        -        -        -        kujerun zamani na Æ™awata É—aki

    Albun          -        -        -        wajen adana hoto

    Television   -        -        -        na’ura mai hoto

    Kabed         -        -        -        wajen adana jika

    Shafen É—aki -        -        -        da’ben É—aki

    Wiski -        -        -        -        sunan wata giya ne

    Tambulan    -        -        -        dogon kofi

    Ƙosawa      --       -        -        gajiya

    Rodi  -        -        -        -        Æ™arfen gini

    TangarÉ—a    -        -        -        matsala

    Razana        -        -        -        tsoro

    Barasa         -        -        -        kayan maye

    Sitirio -        -        -        -        babban rediyo

    Catred         -        -        -        abin É—aukar murya

    Tuma Æ™asa  -        -        -        abin rufe abinci

    Tos    -        -        -        -        gasasshen biredi

    MaÆ™asudi   -        -        -        manufa.

    2 comments:

    1. Assalamu alaikum,

      Da fata ana lafiya.

      Na ci karo jiya da shafinku na intanet, wato http://amsoshi.com, inda na ga wani aiki mai suna, “Nazari a Kan littafin Turmin Danya. Aikin da Rabi Yusuf, da Fauziyya Abubakar Waziri da da Samira Shehu Ahmad suka yi: Nazari A Kan Littafin Turmin Danya (amsoshi.com)

      Sun yi ƙoƙari ƙwarai da gaske. Duk da haka, akwai ɗan kuskure game da sakamakon gasar da ta samar da Mallakin Zuciyata, da So Aljannar Duniya da kuma Amadi Na Malam Ama.

      A sashe na:

      3.0.3 Tarihin Samuwaar Ƙagaggun Labarai (Rubutun Zube)
      Sakin layi mai suna:

      Littattafan da suka yi dace suka yi nasara a ƙarshe aka wallafa litattafan su ne:

      An ce “So Aljannar Duniya” ne ya zo na É—aya. Na biyu kuma, “Amadi na Malam Ama”.

      Wannan kuskure ne. Shi kuma kuskure, musamman ma na tarihi da zai ci gaba da wanzuwa, ya kamata a gyara shi. Ga yadda nasarar take:

      Na É—aya: Mallakin Zuciyata – na Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina

      Na biyu: So Aljannar Duniya – na Hafsatu Abdulwahid

      Na uku: Amadi na Malam Ama – na Magaji ‘É—ambatta

      Ina godiya,

      Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina

      ReplyDelete
    2. Mun gode sosai Malam Sulaiman.

      Muna maraba da gyararraki da shawarwari a kowane lokaci.

      ReplyDelete

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