Sake Duba Jinsi a Nahawun Hausa

Article Citation: Isah Abdullahi Muhammad & Abdullahi Sarkin Gulbi (2020). Sake Duba Jinsi a Nahawun Hausa. DEGEL: The Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2. ISSN 0794-9316

SAKE DUBA JINSI A NAHAWUN HAUSA

Na

Isah Abdullahi Muhammad & Abdullahi Sarkin Gulbi

Tsakure

Akwai alaƙa tsakanin ma’ana ta nahawu da ma’ana ta zahiri. Misali a nahawun Hausa ‘yaaroo’ da ‘gidaa’; duk jinsin maza ne (Wato kalmomi ne ‘yan ajin jinsin namiji). Sai dai, kalmar ‘yaaroo’ ba ko tantama, ma’ana ma ta zahiri tana tabbatar da haka. Sannan har takwara ta jinsin mace tana da wato ‘yaarinyaa’. Amma a kalmar ‘gidaa’ abin ba haka yake ba. Babu ta a zahiri, sannan babu takwararta mai jinsin mace, balle a ce ‘*gidanyaa’. To wai meye dalili? Lalabo ansar wannan tambaya shi ne ya haifar da tunanin rubuta wannan maƙala. An yi wannan nazari ne bisa fahintar Kramer (2014, 2015). Wajen ƙoƙarin ansa wannan tambaya, an sabunta ma’anar jinsi da kuma kashe-kashensa, waɗanda su ne sakamakon wannan nazari.

Gabatarwa

Jinsi wani muhimmin aji ne a nahawu. Wanda yake ƙoƙarin bambantawa a tsakanin jinsin namiji da na mace. Harsunan duniya sun kasu gida uku dangane da yadda suke nuna jinsinsu. Kashi na farko suna nuna jinsi ne ta fuskar bambantawa tsakanin mace da na namiji. Kashi na biyu suna nuna jinsi ne ta fuskar aji. Sai kashi na uku marasa jinsi kwata-kwata (Corbett 2011). Wannan maƙala za ta mayar da hankali ne a kan tsarin jinsi a nahawun Hausa. Akasarin rubuce-rubucen nahawun Hausa (Kamar Kraft & Kirk Greene 1973 da Bagari 1986 da Sani da 1999 da Newman 2000 da Jaggar 2001 da kuma Yar’aduwa 2004) bakinsu ya zo ɗaya a kan cewa jinsi yana aikin bambantawa ne a tsakanin jinsin mace da namiji. Sannan ana kasa jinsi a nahawun Hausa zuwa gida biyu ko uku kamar haka: Jinsin namiji, jinsin mace (da jinsin tarayya).

To amma bisa la’akari da sababbin bincike-bincike na baya-bayan kamar a Kramer (2015) akwai buƙatar sabunta bayanan da ake da su musamman ma’anar jinsi da kashe-kashensa a nahawun Hausa. Domin ma’anar ba ta tsaya ga bambanta mace da namiji ba, ko a kasa shi zuwa jinsin namiji da na mace da na tarayya ( jinsi ne mai nuna mace ko namiji, misali, kamar wada tana iya ɗaukar mace ko namiji) kawai ba. Akwai buƙatar duban jinsi ta la’akari da zahiri. Domin akan sami inda jinsin ya bai wa abu jinsin mace ko namiji, alhali ba haka abin yake a zahiri ba. Ko a sami akwai jinsin a zahiri amma a nahawu bai nuna shi ba. Wannan ya sa aka kasa jinsin zuwa manyan sassa biyu: kamalalle da naƙasasshe.

Don ƙoƙarin fitowa da wannan bayani a fili, an kasa maƙalar zuwa waɗannan sassa, kamar haka: Gabatarwa, sai ma’anar jinsi da kashe-kashensa. An kawo gurabun jinsi a nahawun Hausa. Sannan an kawo matsayin jinsi da muhimmancinsa. Sai aka rufe da kammalawa.

Ma’anar Nahawu

Amfani (2007, p.1) ya bayyana ma’anar nahawu kamar haka:

Ƙaramar ma’anar ita ce nazarin abin da ya shafi tsarin jumloli (syntax) da ƙirar kalmomi (morphology) faffaɗar ma’anar nahawu wadda kuma ita ce masana na zamani suka yi ittifaƙi a kai, ita ce yin bayani na musamman wanda aka aza shi bisa wata ƙayyadaddiyar turba game da abubuwa uku, wato ilimin tsarin furuci (phonology) da ilimin tsarin jumla (syntax) da fannin ma’ana (semantics). Don haka, nahawun Hausa (da nahawun kowane harshe) ya ƙunshi yin nazarin ƙwaƙƙwafi a kan waɗannan guda uku da aka ambata.

Fabregas & Scalise (2012, p.4) suna cewa:

Grammar is conceived as a computational system that combines units and associates those structures with sounds (or other physical signals, like hand sign) and with meaning.

Fassara:

Nahawu ana iya ɗaukarsa kamar wata na’ura wadda take aikin ƙulla tubalai zuwa fasulla da sada su ga furuci, su ko fasulla a sarrafa su (wato su koma kamar wasu alamomi na zahiri irin nuni na hannu) da sada su ga ma’anoni^[1]

Wannan ma’ana ta Fabregas & Scalise (2012) ma’ana ce da aka gina bisa ra’in tsirau (Generative Grammar). A ra’in ana kallon ‘Nahawu’ tamkar wata na’ura ce da take cikin tunanin mai harshe wadda take sarrafa gundarin ma’anoni na nahawu zuwa furucin magana. Malaman Nahawun tsirau ba su kallon nahawu a matsayin dokokin harshe kawai, bayani suke yi tare da hujjoji, daga baya su zo da dokokin. ( Carme 2007, Cook & Newson 2007).

Bitar Ma’anar Jinsi da Kashe-kashensa a Nahawun Hausa

Kafin a ji ta bakin malaman Hausa, za a fara kawo ra’ayin malaman kimiyar harshe. Corbett (1991, p. 1) ya ruwaito ra’ayin babban malamin harshe Hockett (1958, p. 231) inda yake cewa:

Genders are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words.

Fassara:

Jinsi ko jinsuna wasu azuzuwa na sunaye ne masu bayyana ƙarara a zamantakewar kalmomi.

Haka ma, ya ƙara da cewa:

The classification frequently corresponds to a real-world distinction of sex, at least in part, but often too it does not.

Fassara:

Rarraba jinsi a mafi yawn lokaci yakan dace da bambanci na zahiri a wani ɓangare, amma a mafi yawan lokaci abin yakan saɓa.

Shi ko Crystal (2008:206) yana cewa:

Gender(n): A GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY used for the analysis of WORD CLASSES displaying such CONTRASIS as masculine (M. Masc, MASC) feminine (F., Fem, FEM) and neuter (n, nevt, NEVT), animate and inanimate.

Fassara:

Jinsi: Aji ne na nahawu da ake amfani da shi a fagen nazarin azuzuwan kalmomi, inda ake fayyace su ta fuskar jinsin namiji ko na mace ko wanda ba ya da jinsi. (fassarar marubuci)

Kramer (2015:1) tana cewa:

Gender is regularly defined as the sorting of nouns into two or more classes as reflected in agreement on determiners, adjectives verbs and other syntactic categories.

Fassara:

Jinsi a mafi yawan wurare an ba shi ma’anar mai fayyace sunaye zuwa gida biyu ko fiye kamar yadda yake bayyana ƙarara a jituwar da ake samu a kan manunai da sifofi da azuzuwan aiktau da sauran yankunan jumla.

Idan aka dawo gida kuma, Newman (2000, p. 200), yana cewa:

Gender in Hausa is a two-term system: masculine and feminine. It is operative only in the singular.

Fassara:

Jinsi a Hausa yana bisa tsari biyu: Jinsin mace da jinsin namiji. Sannan yana aiki ne kawai a kan tilo.

‘Yar’adua (2004, p. 117) yana cewa:

Jinsi (Gender) Jinsi kalmar nahawu ce mai fayyace namiji da mace.

Idan aka yi wa waɗannan ma’anoni dubin nazari, sannan aka danganta su da yadda jinsin yake a nahawun Hausa, za a fahimci cewa ba su danganta ma’anar da ma’ana ta zahiri ba ( abin da ake gani da ido). Domin akan sami ma’anar jinsi (Grammatical gender) ta nahawu ta saɓa wa ma’anar jinsi ta zahiri (Natural gender)^[2]. Akan sami kuma inda suka yi canjaras! Wato ma’ana ta zahiri da ta nahawu duk su tabbatar da jinsi. Misali:

 i. gidaa

 ii. yaaroo

A waɗannan misalai na ‘gidaa’ da ‘yaaroo’ a nahawun Hausa dukkansu suna da jinsin namiji. Sai dai, kalmar ‘yaaroo’ kasancewarta jinsin namiji abu ne wanda za a iya tabbatar a ma’ana ta nahawu da a ma’ana ta zahiri. Wannan ya sa take da takwara mai nuna jinsin mace wato ‘yaarinyaa’. Saɓanin kalmar ‘gidaa’ wadda a ma’ana ta nahawu kawai ake iya tabbatar da ita. Amma a zahiri babu ‘gidaa’ namiji balle macensa (wato *gidanya). A wani lokaci kuma, akan sami a zahiri akwai jinsi amma a nahawu babu shi. Misali; a nahawun Hausa akwai ‘kuti’ da ‘jiminaa’. Waɗannan kalmomi a zahiri akwai namijinsu da macensu, amma nahawu ya taƙaita su ga jinsin mace kawai. Don cike wannan giɓi, a ra’ayin wannan takarda an nuna ma’anar jinsi a nahawun Hausa kamar haka:

“Jinsi aji ne na nahawu mai fayyacewa a tsakanin namiji da mace. Sannan ma’ana ta nahawu da ma’ana ta zahiri takan tabbatar da shi. Idan aka sami ragin ɗaya daga cikinsu, ya zama nakasasshe ba kamalalle ba. Har ila yau, yana da matuƙar tasiri wajen gina kalmomi da jumloli.”

Malaman nahawun Hausa kamar Kraft & Kirk Greene (1973) da Newman (2000) da Jagger (2001) da Amfani (2007) sun kasa jinsi a nahawun Hausa zuwa gida biyu:

(a) Jinsin namiji

(b) Jinsin mace

Amma Fagge (2004) da ‘Yar’adua (2004) sun kasa shi zuwa gida uku:

(a) Jinsin namiji

(b) Jinsin mace

(c) Jinsin tarayya

Waɗannan kashe-kashe da magabata suka yi ya rage giɓi, domin da yawa Hausa takan bai wa abu ‘jinsi’ mace ko namiji a tsarin nahawunta amma a zahiri ba haka abin yake ba. Ko a sami inda a zahiri jinsin namiji ne ko mace amma a tsarin nahawun Hausa ba a nuna hakan. Misali:

(a) gidaa

(b) kurma

Waɗannan kalmomi suna da jinsi a nahawun Hausa. ‘Gidaa’ yana da jinsin ‘namiji’, sai dai a zahiri ba za a iya tabbatarwa ba . Wato a zahiri babu ‘gidaa’ namiji balle mace. Amma, a zahiri akwai ‘kurmaa’ namiji da mace, sai dai, a tsarin nahawun Hausa ba a bambanta su duk kalmar ‘kurmaa’ take nuna su. Wannan dalili ne ya sa wannan maƙala take ganin akwai buƙatar sake duba kashe-kashen. Saboda haka, maimakon jinsin namiji da jinsin mace, ana iya kasa shi zuwa manyan gidaje biyu:

(1) Kammalallen jinsi

(2) Naƙasasshen jinsi

1. Kammalallen Jinsi

1. Kammalallen jinsi:

Jinsi ne wanda aka sami ittifaƙi a tsakanin nahawu da zahiri. Wato dai, nahawu ya nuna jinsin, zahiri ya tabbatar babu musu a tsakaninsu. Duk sun tabbatar. Misali:

 yaaroo yaarinyaa

 farii faraa

 jaaririi jaaririyaa

Duk waɗannan misalai da aka kawo, nahawu ya nuna zahiri ya tabbatar, kuma yana da mace da namiji.

2. Naƙasasshen Jinsi

Naƙasasshen jinsi: jinsi ne wanda tsarin nahawu ya tabbatar amma zahiri ya musanya. Ko a sami a zahiri akwai shi amma tsarin nahawu ya hana. Misali:

(a) Waadaa

(b) Kurmaa

Waɗannan kalmomi kowane daga cikinsu yana iya ɗaukar jinsin mace ko namiji. Ya kamata, tun da a zahirinsa, akwai mace da namiji a ga ya nuna mace daban, ya nuna namiji daban, amma ba ta samu ba. Mai nuna mace da namiji ɗaya ne saboda kasancewarsa naƙasasshe, saboda a zahiri akwai shi, tsarin nahawu ya hana. Haka ma, a kalmar ‘gidaa’ da yake a zahiri ba ta da mace balle namiji, wannan ya sa take nuna namiji kawai babu jinsin mace. Akasarin kalmomi masu naƙasasshen jinsi, suna kasancewa ko dai mata zalla ko maza zalla. Ba su da tsarin namiji da mace. Kamar a ‘yaaroo’ da ‘yaarinyaa’.

Gurabun Jinsi a Nahawun Hausa

Jinsi a nahawun Hausa akan same shi ne, a waɗannan gurabu, kamar haka:

(1) Suna:

 yaaroo - namiji

 yaarinyaa - mace

(2) Sifa:

 farii - namiji

 faraa - mace

(3) Wakilin suna:

 yaa tafii - namiji

 taa tafii - mace

(4) Mallaka:

 goonarsa - namiji

 goonarta - mace

(5) Wakilin Manuni:

 wancan - namiji

 waccan - mace

(6) Ma’aunin Muhallin Sifa:

 farin yaaroo da yaaroo farii - namiji

 baƙar mootaa da mootaa baƙa - mace

(7) Lamirin Tambaya:

 wane? - namiji

 wace? - mace

(8) Tsigalau:

 ɗan yaaroo - namiji

 ‘yar yaarinyaa - mace

(9) Nasaba:

 wandon ƙarfee - namiji

 huular kabaa - mace

(10) Ɗayantau:

 dookin - namiji

 riigar - mace

Matsayi da Muhimmancin Jinsi a Nahawun Hausa

A nahawun Hausa jinsi yana da matsayi biyu:

 (a) Ƙwayar ma’ana

 (b) Aji na nahawu

Jinsi a nahawun Hausa, yana zuwa a matsayin ƙwayar ma’ana. Misali

 i. yaaroo

 ii. yaarinyaa

Kalmomin da aka kawo a sama, suna ƙunshe ne da tubalai biyu. Tubalin saiwa; ‘yaar-’ da ɗofanan ‘-oo’ da ‘-inyaa’ waɗanda ɗofanai ƙwayoyin kalma ne, masu ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin ma’ana na ajin suna da jinsi da adadi.

Jinsi a nahawun Hausa, aji ne na nahawu wanda ake rarraba kalmomi masu ɗauke da shi zuwa gida biyu. Inda suke nuna jinsin mace da inda suke nuna namiji. Misali:

 Namiji Mace

a. yaaroo yaarinyaa

b. zakaraa kaazaa

c. raagoo tunkiyaa

d. karee karyaa

A misalan da aka kawo sama (musamman b, zuwa c), an sami rikiɗar saiwa (suppletion) wato a tsakanin zakaraa da kaazaa da kuma raagoo da tunkiyaa duk da yake ma’anar ɗaya ce. Wannan ne a ilimin ƙirar kalma ake kira rikiɗar saiwa mai tsauri (strong suppletion) Malumfashi (1986), Babban muhimmancin da ‘jinsi’ yake da shi a nahawun Hausa shi ne kiyaye shi yana hana afkuwar kure na nahawu, a lokacin magana. Inda rashin kiyaye shi, yake haddasa afkuwar kura-kurai a magance ko a rubuce.

Kammalawa

Wannan maƙala ta tattauna ne a kan jinsi a nahawun Hausa. A ciki, an yi bitar ma’anar jinsi da kashe-kashensa. Har wa yau, maƙalar ta gano matsayin jinsi da muhimmancinsa. Bugu da ƙari, an gano dalilan da suke sa a sami jinsi a tsarin nahawu da kuma a zahiri. Sannan da abin da yake sa a zahiri a sami jinsi amma a tsarin nahawu a kasa samu. Dalilan da suke haddasa hakan , su ne, kasancewar samun jinsi kammalalle ko naƙasasshe. Kamar yadda aka kawo misalai.

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[1] Keɓantacciyar ma’ana ce ta mazhabar tsirau ( Generative grammar).

[2] Ma’anar jinsi ta nahawu (grammatical gender) ma’ana ce wadda ta keɓanta ga nahawu kawai, ba dole ta zamo ta zahiri ba. Misali, hadari, gida, wando, duk nahawu ya ba su ma’anar jinsin namiji, alhali a zahiri babu namijin hadari ko namijin gida balle namijin wando. Dukkansu ba su da jinsi a zahiri, tsarin nahawun Hausa kawai ya ƙaga masu shi. Amma ma’anar jinsi ta zahiri (Natural gender) inda nahawu da zahiri duk sun tabbatar. Misali, jaririya ko jaka duk a tsarin nahawu da zahiri jinsin akwai shi babu saɓani. Bambancinsu, shi ne jinsin nahawu na tsarin nahawu ne, ba na zahiri ba. Shi ko na zahiri al’amari ne na bayyane, gani ne ya kori ji! 

 

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