Faculty Seminar Paper Presented at Faculty of Arts and
Islamic Studies, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Date: Wed 22
December, 2021
Time: 10am
Chair: Prof. Sani
Umar
Ko Harshen Hausa Zai
Mutu?
Daga
Isah Abdullahi Muhammad
Department of Nigerian Languages,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Phone: +2347037484144
Tsakure:
Zancen mutuwar
harshe darasi ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci da ban sha’awa. Duk da
yake ko a fagen nazarin kimiyar harshe, batu ne wanda ba ya da farin jini.
Wannan ya sa bai samu kulawar da ta kamace shi ba. Darasi ne mai wuyar samu a
nazarin Hausa. Wannan ya sa, a nan, aka ƙudurci kawo batun a bisa faifan nazari. Don fayyace
matsayin harshen Hausa, ko dai a matsayin matacce ko wanda yake a kan hanyar
mutuwa ko kuma a matsayin harshe mai haɓaka da yaɗuwa. An gina wannan bayani a kan fahintar Crystal (2003, 2014). Wannan
nazari ya gano Harshen Hausa sam! Ba matacce harshe ba ne, amma gaskiyar zance yana cikin
harsuna masu rauni. Daga cikin hujjojin da suka haifar da hakan a taƙaice, su ne: Mulkin mallaka da halayyar
da Hausawa suke nunawa Hausa da kuma barazanar da yake fuskanta daga harshen
gama-gari wato ‘Ingilishi’.
Muhimman kalmomi: Harshe, Harshen Hausa, Mutuwar Harshe.
Abstract
The issue of
Language Death is very crucial and interesting topic of discussion. Though even
in Linguistics it is very rare. And that is why; it is yet to receive a
deserving attention. Also, it is very difficult to find in Hausa studies. This
paper intends to discuss this issue to identify the status of Hausa language in
relation to Language death, whether Hausa is death Language, or viable or
unviable language. These issues are discussed based on the opinion of Crystal
(2003,2014). Finally, the paper found that Hausa is not a death language but
sincerely it is not viable language. And what led Hausa to this status
includes: Colonialism, attitudes of Hausa speakers towards Hausa, challenges of
global languages such as English.
Key words: Language, Hausa language, Language death.
1.0
Gabatarwa
Harshe fitacciyar hanya ce kuma
tsararriya ta sadarwa ga mutane. A wata fahinta, halitta ce wadda ubangiji ya
keɓanci mutum da ita. Duk yadda wata halitta ta laƙanci sarrafa harshe abu ne mai wahala ta kai ga mutum. Haƙiƙa mahalicci, ya mallaka wa ‘yan adam harshe.
Akwai alaƙa ta ƙud-da-ƙud a tsakanin harshe da mutum. Saboda haka, yadda mutum yake da rai wata
rana ya mutu. Haka ma, harshe yakan rayu kuma idan lokaci ya yi, ya mutu.
Mutuwar harshe, al’amari ne muhimmi a nazarin harshe. Fage ne, da ake
nazarin halin da harshe yake ciki dangane da abin da ya shafi haɓakarsa da durƙushewarsa. Mutuwar harshe
ba kamar irin mutuwar mutum ba ce, suna da bambanci. A mafi yawan lokuta, akan
sami dalili ɗaya, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutum.
Saɓanin harshe wanda dalilai da yawa ne, suke haifar da mutuwarsa. Akan ce
harshe ya mutu ne, idan babu sauran mai iya magana da shi a doron ƙasa ( Crystal, 2014).
A taƙaice, daga cikin tambayoyin da wannan maƙala take son ansawa, su ne: Mene ne mutuwar harshe? Ko akwai nau’o’in mutuwar
harshe? Waɗanne dalilai ne suke haifar da mutuwar harshe? Waɗanne matakai ya
kamata a ɗauka don farfado da harshe daga mutuwa? Tattauna waɗannan batutuwa,
sannan da alaƙanta su ga harshen Hausa, zai taimaka
wajen gano matsayin harshen Hausa dangane da zancen mutuwar harshe.
Hausa harshe ne da Hausawa (da maƙwabtansu) suke amfani da shi wajen sadarwarsu ta
yau-da-kullum. A ƙiyasin da masana suka yi, idan aka haɗa jimillar masu
magana da shi a matsayin harshen gado da waɗanda ba Hausawa
ba, amma suna cin amfaninsa a fagen sadarwa, to adadin ya zarce miliyan ɗari (Yusuf, 2011).
Harshen Hausa, yana daga cikin ‘yan tsatson Cadi, reshe ne wanda ya samo tushe
daga babban rukunin harsuna na Afirika da Asiya ( Afro-asiatic).
A
taƙaice, wannan maƙala tana ƙunshe da waɗannan sassa, kamar
haka: Gabatarwa sai ma’anar harshe. Daga nan, sai harshen Hausa. Bayan haka, za
a kawo batun Mutuwar harshe a Ilimin harshe. Sai kuma zuciyar tattaunawar wato ƙoƙarin ansa tambayar
ko harshen Hausa zai mutu?
2.1 Harshe
Abin tambaya a nan shi ne, mene ne
harshe? Ma’anar harshe ana iya kasa ta gida biyu:
a.
Ma’ana gama-gari
b.
Keɓantacciyar ma’ana
Ma’ana gama-gari, ma’ana ce wadda aka
fi samu daga bakunan masana da ma manazarta. Wato dai ma’ana ce ta kai-tsaye.
Da za ka tambayi wani a kan ma’anar harshe zai iya ce maka ‘harshe shi ne
magana’. A wani lokaci kuma, a ce maka tsararriyar hanyar sadarwa ce. A mizanin
waɗannan bayanai, harshe magana ce kuma sadarwa ce ( Bagari, 1986). Anyanwu
(2007:7) ya ce:
Language is a type of patterned human
behaviour. It is a way; perhaps the most important way; in which human beings
interact in social situations.
Fassara:
Harshe yana daga cikin halaye na ɗan adam wanda yake
da tsari na musamman. Haka kuma, wata muhimmiyar hanyar ce wadda ɗan adam yake
amfani da ita wajen hulɗayya cikin al’umma.
Har wa yau, malamin ya kawo wasu siffofin
harshe tara na ɗan adam. Ga su kamar haka:
1.
Harshe fage ne na ƙirƙirar abubuwa ( wato ‘creative’ da
Ingilishi).
2.
Harshe wakili ne ba abin da aka furta
ba ne. Wato dai, babu alaƙa ta kamanci a
tsakanin abin da aka furta da abin kansa ( da Ingilishi, shi ne ‘arbitrariness’).
3.
Harshe gamin-gambiza ne na sautuka
daban-daban waɗanda asali ba wata ma’ana suke da ita ba (Wato ‘duality’ da Ingilishi).
4.
Harshe wata hanya ce da za a yi amfani
da ita domin yin linƙaya ga abin da zai faru. Ko kuma har ya
faru, ba dole ne sai in yana faruwa ba ( wannan shi ne Displacement).
5.
Harshe hanya ce ko kafa ta yaɗa al’ada (wato
‘cultural transmission’).
6.
Harshe al’amari ne da ya ginu bisa wani
tsari kuma daki-daki, ba kara zube ba. Wato daga matakin sautuka zuwa kalmomi
zuwa jumloli ( da Ingilishi shi ne ‘Pattern congruity’).
7.
Akwai alaƙa ta dindindin a tsakanin kalmomi da ma’anarsu (Shi ne ‘Constancy’).
8.
Harshe al’amari ne da ba a sanya masa
shinge ( shi ne ‘Versatality’).
9.
Harshe wata hanya ce ta bayyana matsayi
ko wata ƙwarewa ( wannan shi ne ‘Specilazation).
Wannan dai, ya nuna cewa harshe hanya
ce ta yin magana don sadarwa mai siffofi daban-daban.
A keɓantacciyar ma’ana
wadda ba ta gama-gari ba. Wato dai, ta keɓanta ne ga fahintar wata mazhaba ko
ra’i. A mazhabar Chomsky a karon farko wata halitta ce da take shimfiɗe a cikin jikin ɗan adam wadda take
taimaka masa wajen laƙantar harshe, cikin ƙanƙanen lokaci. Kuma
laƙanta ta haƙiƙani, wadda take sa idan ka yi kure, ya
gyara maka. Wannan harshe ne gama-gari, duk halittar ɗan adam, tana da
shi. Sai kuma, ɓangare na biyu, wanda yake nuni ga harshen da kowa yake magana da shi wanda
mutum ya tashi cikinsa ( Cook & Newson 2007. Carnie 2013).
2.2 Harshen Hausa
Hausa harshe ne, wanda masu magana da
shi (waɗanda suka ƙunshi ‘yan asalin harshen da masu
magana da shi a matsayin harshe na biyu) suke amfani da shi wajen sadarwa.
Harshe ne wanda ya samo asali daga babban rukuni na harsunan Afirika da Asiya
wato ‘Afro-asiatic’. Har wa yau, harshe ne wanda ya faɗo a ƙarƙashin rukunin
harsuna ‘yan Cadi. Harshe ne mai a ƙalla masu magana
da shi miliyan ɗari (Yusuf, 2011). Wannan ya nuna akwai dimbin masu magana da shi a duniya.
Harshe ne mai farin jini. Masana sun shimfiɗa hanoyin uku na
nazarin Hausa, wato: Harshe da adabi da
al’ada. Shi ko nazarin ana gabatar da shi ne, ta fuska biyu. Idan
aka yi nazari a kan wani al’amari na ilimin harshe ko adabi ko al’ada na Hausa
cikin wani harshe, to a nan, an ‘yayata’ Hausa. In kuma aka gabatar da nazari cikin
Hausa a kan wani al’amari na ilimin harshe ko adabi ko al’ada na Hausa, to an ‘haɓaka’ Hausa. Wannan ya sa, ya zama wajibi ga mai nazarin Hausa, ya laƙanci yayatawa da haɓakawa domin ciyar da nazarin Hausa gaba
(Amfani, 2014).
Ikara (1991) ya tabbatar muna cewa duk al’ummar da ake ganin ta yi
fice a fagen ilimi na kowane fanni a duniya, idan aka bincika, za a ga ana
koyar da ilimi ne cikin harshenta. Wata nau’in bauta ce koyon ilimi cikin wani
baƙon harshe. Saboda haka, kamata ya yi,
al’umma ta ko yi ilimi cikin harshenta. Sannan ya tabbatar muna cewa, ko kusa
ko nesa wata rana, harshen Hausa zai zama harshen ƙasa a Nijeriya. Babban tarnaƙi ga cimma wannan
manufa shi ne, matsala mai alaƙa da Hausawa da
kuma malaman Hausa. Argungu (2021) ya kawo ɗaukaka ko gata har
kashi takwas da Allah ya yi wa Hausa a yau, fiye da duk wani harshe a Nijeriya.
Ga su kamar haka:
1.
Hausa harshe ne na manyan dauloli da
suka yi suna da fice a tarihin baƙar fata.
2.
Tun kafin zuwan Turawa da salon
rubutunsu, Hausawa sun jima suna amfani da salon rubutun ajami.
3.
Hausawa malamai da masu yawo gari-gari
don saye da sayarwa, su ma ta hanyarsu Hausa ta barbazu zuwa sassa daban-daban
na duniya.
4.
Yaɗa da’awa ta
addinin musulunci da ta Kirista cikin Hausa, ita ma ta ƙara bunƙasa Hausa.
5.
Tuni Hausa ta zama wani fage na nazari
da bincike tun zamanin Turawa da bayan zuwansu.
6.
Su ma finafinan zamani na Hausa, ba a
bar su baya ba wajen yaɗa Hausa.
7.
Hausa ta mamaye sauran harsuna da take
maƙwabtaka da su.
8.
Hausa harshe ne wanda ya fi kowane
harshe samun masu magana a nan gida Nijeriya. A ƙarshe malamin ya yi hasashen cewa abin da yake faruwa ga Ingilishi, zai
faru ga Hausa. Domin yanzu Ingilishi ya wuce, ya zama harshe na wata ƙabila ɗaya tal! Ya zama ruwan dare game
duniya. To, Hausa ma tana daf! Da samun wannan matsayi, musamman a Nijeriya.
3.1 Mutuwar Harshe a Ilimin
Kimiyar Harshe
Ilimin kimiyar harshe, fage ne wanda
ake nazari a kan kimiyar da take cikin harshen ɗan adam ( McGregor,2009). Shi ko mutuwar
harshe, ɓangare ne muhimmi a ƙarƙashin nazarin Walwalar harshe, inda ake duba halin da
harshe yake ciki, dangane da cigabansa ko cibayansa. Zancen mutuwar harshe ya fara samun
kulawa ne daga masana harshe daga shekarun 1990. Kamar yadda Crystal (2014:vii)
ya bayyana:
In 1992, linguists attending the international linguistics
congress in Quebec agreed the following statement:
As the disappearance of any language constitutes an
irretrievable loss to mankind, it is for UNESCO a task of great urgency to
respond to this situation by promoting and if possible, sponsoring programs of linguistic
Organizations for description in the form of grammars, dictionaries and texts.
Including the recording oral literatures of hitherto unstudied or inadequately
documented endangered and dying languages.
Fassarar marubuci:
A taron ƙasa-da-ƙasa na kimiyar harshe da aka yi a Kyuba shekarar 1992,
masana kimiyar harshe, sun yi matsaya a kan cewa:
Haƙiƙa ɓacewar harshe ɗaya a duniya,
hasara ce babba ga ɗan adam wadda ba ta misaltuwa. Saboda
haka, ƙungiyar kula da harkokin ilimi da
kimiya da al’adu ta majalisar ɗinkin duniya ‘UNESCO’ ta ɗaura ɗamarar ɗaukar mataki na
gaggawa a kan wannan al’amari ta hanyar ciyar da harsunan gaba. In zai yiwu
hukumar (UNESCO) ta shigo ciki ta hanyar ɗaukar ɗawainiya gudanar
da aikin. Wanda ya ƙunshi samar da ayuka da suke bayani a
kan waɗannan harsuna masu rauni, kamar: Littafan nahawu da ƙamu-ƙamus da gundarin rubuce-rubuce, haɗa da taskace
adabin baka na harsunan da suke da ƙarancin
rubuce-rubuce, sannan suke a gaɓar shuɗewa.
Wannan ya nuna cewa, akwai matsalar
mutuwar harshe a duniya, sannan akwai bukatar ɗaukar mataki.
Marubucin (Crystal 2014) ya bayyana cewa kusan rabin harsunan duniya suna a gaɓar mutuwa. A wata
majiya ( Newman, 2003) akwai a ƙalla jimillar
harsuna 6000 kafin ƙarshen wannan ƙarni rabin waɗannan harsuna za su mutu. Cikin 3000 da suka rage 600 kawai alamu ya nuna
za su cigaba da shaƙar iskar duniya. Sauran kuma, za su
kwanta dama. Wannan ya nuna kashi 90% daga cikin harsunan duniya za su mutu.
Wata babbar musiba da take ƙara rura wutar
wannan matsala shi ne, al’ummomi wannan ƙarni hankalinsu yana karkata ne, ga
manyan harsunan duniya kamar Ingilishi. Wanda
in ba a yi hattara
ba, wata rana za a yi wayi gari da harshe ɗaya a duniya.
Wadda babbar musiba ce da ba a taɓa tunani ko ji ba, a doron duniya.
Wannan ya nuna, akwai buƙatar al’ummar
duniya ta mayar da hankali wajen ceto harsuna masu rauni (Crystal, 2014).
Bayan wannan shimfiɗa abin tambaya a
nan, shi ne, wai mene ne ‘mutuwar harshe’ ( wato ‘language death’ da
Ingilishi). Janse (2003:viii) ya ruwaito ma’anar Campbell (1994:1961) inda yake
cewa:
The loss of language is due to gradual
shift to the dominant language in language contact situation.
Fassarar
marubuci:
Mutuwar harshe shi ne salwantar harshe
a dalilin mayar da hankali kacokan ga babban harshe a hali na cuɗanyar harsuna.
Crystal (2014:5) yana cewa:
‘A language dies when nobody speaks it any more’
Fassarar marubuci:
‘Harshe
yakan mutu ne idan aka kai zamanin da ba sauran mai
magana da shi’
Can kuma a shafi na 14, ya maimaita magana mai kama da
wannan:
‘A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it more’
Fassarar marubuci:
‘Ana iya cewa harshe ya mutu idan aka kai zamanin da ba mai
magana da shi’
Daga waɗannan ma’anoni, ana iya fahintar cewa
harshe yakan mutu idan babu sauran mai magana da shi. Wato dai da zaran al’umma
ta yi sakaci har aka wayi gari, ba wani mai iya magana da harshen, sai dai a yi
musu ta’aziyyar mutuwar harshensu. Makamanciyar wannan ta taɓa faruwa ga
harshen ‘Kasabe’ a lardin Adamawa. Inda aka sami shaidun mutuwar ‘Bogon’wanda
aka tabbatar shi kaɗai ne ya rage, wanda ya iya magana da
harshen. An tabbatar da mutuwarsa a 5 ga watan nuwamba 1995. Haka ma,ga harshen
‘Uboh’ da yake yammacin ‘Caucasian’ a nahiyar Turai. Shi ma mai iya magana da
shi na ƙarshe mai suna ‘Ubykh’, ya mutu ne daidai almurun 8 ga watan oktoba ta 1992. Duk waɗannan harsuna sun
shuɗe, kamar ba a taɓa yin su a duniya ba. Ka ga an yi
hasarar harshen da adabin da kuma al’adunsu duka sun tafi ba dawowa (Crystal 2014).
Mai harshe yana iya samun kansa cikin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan halaye:
a. Musanya harshensa
(Language shift): Wato a samu yanayin da al’umma take fifita wani harshe da ba
shi kula fiye da nata. Har ta kai, ta bar amfani da harshenta, ta riƙe wanda ba nata ba, tana amfani da shi fiye da nata.
b. Kuɓucewar harshe
(Langugae loss): Shi ne a sami yanayin da mai harshe ya wayi gari, kwata-kwata
bai iya magana da harshensa, sai wani harshen.
c. Kula da harshe (Language maintenance): A nan
mai harshe ta kai, yana ɗaukar wasu matakai na kula da harshensa kada ya kuɓuce masa.
d. Kishin harshe (Language loyalty): A nan kuma, an lura cewa harshe yana fuskantar
wata barazana, sai a dalilin haka, a ɗauki matakai na cigaba da amfani da shi(Crystal 2014).
3.1.1 Nau’o’in Mutuwar Harshe
Sasse (1992) ya kawo nau’o’in huɗu na mutuwar
harshe, kamar haka:
1.
Mutuwar gaggawa (Sudden death): Mutuwa
ce wadda harshe yake yi a dalilin wata annoba wadda ta kashe dukkanin al’umma
masu magana da harshe.
2.
Mutuwar kisan gila ( Radical death):
Wannan yana da alaƙa da manufofin siyasar danniya, inda za
a haramta amfani da wani harshe. Duk wanda ya yi magana da shi, a kashe shi.
Wanda bisa tilas, a daina amfani da harshe, ba don rai ya so ba.
3.
Mutuwa ta tsanaki ( Gradual death):
Harshe yakan mutu idan al’ummar da take amfani da shi, ta fara daina amfani da shi, ta rungumi wani harshe daban, saboda dalilai
masu alaƙa da siyasa da tattalin arziki.
4.
Mutuwa ta musamman (Bottom to top
death): Wannan yana faruwa ne a dalilin keɓance amfani da
harshe a wani muhalli na musamman. Kamar wajen harakar addini ko wasu bukukuwa
da ake yi jefi-jefi.
3.1.2 Dalilan
Mutuwar Harshe
Dalilan da suke haifar da mutuwar harshe suna da yawa. To
amma, za a kawo manya-manyan dalilan da suke haifar da salwantar
da harshe. Waɗannan dalilai suna da alaƙa da: (a) Addini
(b) Siyasa (c) Tattalin arziki (d) Mulkin mallaka (e) Yawaita aro.
A cikin littafan addinin Yahudawa da na
Nasara, an nuna saboda yawan saɓon da ‘yan adam suke yi, sai Allah ya
yi fushi da su, wannan ya sa harsunan mutane suka bambanta saɓanin harshe ɗaya. Wannan yana
nuna ke nan samun harsuna daban-daban sharri ne ba alhairi ba ne, ya kamata a
yaƙe shi. Ta fuskar siyasa kuwa, da yawa
ake samun fito da wasu manufofi da dokoki waɗanda suke illa ne
ga ƙananan harsuna. Sannan suna ƙara wa harsuna masu ƙarfi, ƙarfi. Tattalin arzikin masu harshe yana
daga cikin abin da yake ƙara wa harshensu ƙarfi da matsayi a cikin al’umma. Su kuma harsunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ba za su sami wata kulawa ba. Shi
ko mulkin mallaka, tuni ya dasawa ƙananan harsuna tarko,
wanda har wa yau suna cikinsa ba ranar fito. Wato dai, ‘yan mulkin mallaka suna
da hannu dumu-dumu wajen karya darajar harsunan ƙasa. Sai suka mayar da harshensu a matsayin harshen mulki. Wannan ya sa a
kodayaushe, musamman wurare masu muhimmanci ba za a yi amfani da kowane harshe
ba, sai harshensu. Haka ma, yawaita aro na ba- gaira-ba-dalili, shi ma yana
nakasa harshe, har ta kai wata rana, ya kai ga kashe harshe (Crystal 2014).
3.1.3 Matakan Mutuwar Harshe
Har wa yau, Sasse (1992) ya kawo muna
matakai uku na mutuwar harshe, kamar haka:
a.
Musanya harshe (Languge shift): Al’umma
saboda wasu dalilai, suna iya karkata ga amfani da wani harshe wanda ba harshensu
ba. Sannu a hankali, tun da sun fifita shi bisa amfani da nasu, sai ya zama
sanadiyar ajalin harshensu.Wannan ne matakin farko.
b.
Gurɓacewar harshe
(Language decay): Wato inda aka sami, al’umma tana amfani da harshe, yadda ta
ga dama, ba tare da kiyaye dokokin harshe ba, wataƙila saboda tasirin wani harshe a kan nasu. Wannan ma, yana kai wa ga
mutuwar harshe.Wannan ne mataki na biyu.
c.
Mutuwar harshe (language death): Wannan
shi ne mataki na ƙarshe. Da zaran masu harshe, suka musanya
harshensu, saboda ba su yawan amfani da shi, to zai gurɓata. Bayan gurɓata, sai lalacewa.
Daga nan sai mutuwa.
3.1.4 Mizanan Auna Mutuwar Harshe
Masana harshe, sun kawo mizanai
daban-daban na auna mutuwar harshe. Amma dai dukkansu ana iya kasa su zuwa
manya sassa uku a taƙaice. kamar haka:
a.
Harsuna tsayayyu (Safe languages): Wato
harsuna tsayayyu waɗanda ba su tsoron wata barazana. Harsuna ne da suke cikin ganiyarsu.
b.
Harsuna masu rauni (Endangered
languages): Waɗannan rukunin harsuna ne masu rauni ta fuskoki daban-daban. Harsuna ne da
suke fuskantar barazanar manyan harsuna.
c.
Matattun harsuna ( Extinct languages):
Rukunin harsuna ne da suka riga mu gidan gaskiya.
(Crystal, 2014).
Waɗannan mizanai an faɗaɗa su, kamar haka:
Akan sami harshe tsayayye mai ƙarfi (viable). Kamar harshen Ingilishi, domin harshe ne wanda ya mallaki gida da
daji. Sannan kullum aka wayi gari ƙarfi yake ƙarawa. Wannan ya sa ake ganin, shi ne harshe na ɗaya a duniya
(Crystal, 2003). Sai masu take masa baya, wato harsuna tsayayyu amma masu
matsakaicin ƙarfi (Small viable). Daga nan, sai kuma
rukunin harsuna masu rauni (Endangered). Daga cikinsu akwai waɗanda masu magana
da su, suna da yawa amma kash! An taƙaita amfani da shi
a wurare masu muhimmanci. Akwai waɗanda rauninsu ya yi yawa, tsofaffi
kawai ne, suke iya magana da shi, ban da matasa. Da Iniglishi shi ake kira
‘Nearly Extinction’.
Haka ma, Crystal (2014) ya ruwaito
bayanan Stephen Wurm wanda ya yi a kan kashe-kashen matakan harsuna masu rauni:
1.
Harsuna da aka tauye ( Potentially
endangered): Rukunin harsuna ne masu ƙarfi idan aka ba
su dama. Sai dai, manyan harsuna sun tauye su. Ma’ana sun nuna musu ruwa ba
sa’ar kwando ba ne.
2.
Harsuna masu rauni ( Endangered
languages): A nan, ana nuni ne ga harsuna masu rauni, saboda matasan da suka
iya harshen kaɗan ne ba su da yawa. Amma tsofaffi da yawa suka iya harshen.
3.
Harsuna masu matuƙar rauni (Seriously endangered languages): Harsuna da kwata-kwata matasa
‘yan asalin harshen ba su jin harshen, tsofaffi kawai suka iya magana da shi.
4.
Harsunan da suke gaɓar mutuwa (
Moribund): Rukunin ne na harsuna, waɗanda suka iya magana da shi, tsofaffi
ne sosai kuma ba su da yawa, ‘yan kaɗan ne. Wato ko cikin tsofaffin ba kowa
yake iya magana da shi ba.
5.
Matattun harsuna ( Extinct languages):
Rukunin harsuna ne da babu sauran mai magana da su a duniya ( Bunza, 2017).
Dole ne, al’umma ta ankara a kan
matakin da harshenta yake. Shin yana cigaba ne ko yana cibaya. Domin kuwa,
harshe al’amari ne muhimmi:
a.
Harshe kafa ce ta yaɗa zaman lafiya da
hana tashin hankali cikin al’umma.
b.
Harshe yana ƙara inganta tattalin arzikin al’umma, domin zai sauƙaƙa hulɗayyar ciniki.
c.
Samun harsuna da daban-daban a ƙasa, ba musiba ba ce, alheri ne kuma ƙawa ce na al’ummar.
d.
Kar a manta harshe tushe ne kuma asali
ne na al’umma.
e.
Harshe taska ce ta tarihi.
f.
Harshe fage ne na ilimi.
g.
Rumbu
na kyawawan halayen al’umma.
h.
Kuma rumbu ne na al’adun al’umma. (Crystal.
2014).
Idan har waɗannan alherai, ana
samunsu ta fuskar harshe, ta yaya al’umma za ta yi wa harshenta riƙon sakainiyar kashi?
3.1.5 Ko Akwai
Ra’in Nazarin Mutuwar Harshe?
Sasse (1992) ya tabbatar da cewa, ya
zuwa yau, babu wani tsayayyen ra’in nazarin mutuwar harshe. Neman ra’in ɓata lokaci ne.
Amma duk da hakan, ya yi nasa yunƙurin na samar da
wata sahihiyar hanya ta fito da halin da harshe yake cikin matsayin ra’i. Inda
a taƙaice, ya kawo abubuwa uku da za a yi
la’akari da su. Domin ya nuna duk akasarin nazarce-nazarcen da aka yi baya a
kan mutuwar harshe, sun ƙunshi abu uku,
sannan ana iya amfani da su don fito da wani ra’i na nazarin mutuwar harshe:
1.
Fito da dalilan mutuwar harshe na waje
( External setting): Kamar dalilai na zamantakewa da siyaya da tattalin arziki.
2.
Dalilai na walwalar harshe, (Speech
behaviour): Wato dalilai ne na masu nuna halayyar da mutane suke nunawa
harshensu.
3.
Sai dalilai na fasalin harshe (
Structural description): Wato dalilai na tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla.
3.1.4
Hanyoyin Farfaɗo da Harshe
Crystal (2014) ya yi bayani mai matuƙar muhimmanci da ma’ana a kan hayoyin da za a bi wajen
kare harshe daga taɓarɓarewa da kuma farfaɗo da shi. Na farko abin da za a fara shi ne:
a.
Tattara bayanai a kan harshe don
fayyace inda matsalar take. Wanda ya ƙunshi: Adadin masu
harshe da muhallin mai harshe yake rayuwa da ɗabi’un da masu
harshe suke nunawa harshensu da ra’ayinsu a kan farfaɗo da harshensu da
ma yiwuwar farfaɗowa da harshen da kuma yanayin laƙantar harshensu.
b.
Tacewa da fitowa da manyan matsalolin
da harshe yake fuskanta.
c.
Cusa kishin harshe ga al’umma.
d.
Fitowa da gangariyar harshe da
kare-karensa.
e.
Fahintar da al’umma cewa harshe babban
ginshiƙi ne na al’ada.
f.
Kwaɗaitar da al’umma
wajen yi wa harshensu hidima.
g.
Ɗaga darajar harshe ta hanyar yaɗa shi da amfani da shi.
h.
Masu harshe su duƙufa wajen haɓaka tattalin arzikinsu. Wato su shiga haraka kasuwanci ka’in-da-na’in, su
zama masu ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji a cikin
al’umma.
i.
Masu harshe su kasance masu faɗa-a-ji a harakar zartar da dokoki.
Wanda zai taimaka ƙwarai wajen samar da dokoki masu ɗaga darajar
harshensu.
j.
Masu harshe su yi ƙoƙarin wajen samun ƙarfi-fada-a-ji a harakar ilimi.
k.
Masu harshe mafi yawansu su kasance
suna iya karatu da rubutu.
l.
Masu harshe su ƙara ƙaimi sosai wajen yayata harshensu a
kafafen yaɗa labarai na zamani.
Abin da yawa, mutuwa ta shigo kasuwa! Malamin
(Crystal, 2014), ya tabbatar da cewa muddin masu harshe suka yi amfani da waɗannan shawarwari
to ba shakka, harshe zai sami ɗaukaka da cigaba a cikin tsaransa
sauran harsunan duniya. Kamar yadda wasu harsuna suka samu, kamar harshen
Ingilishi.
A yau harshen Ingilishi, ya zarce duk
wani harshe a duniya. Saboda ko, a yau wasu manazarta suna ganin Ingilishi ya
wuce ya zama mallakin wata keɓantacciyar al’umma tilo. Sai dai a ɗauke shi a
matsayin harshe na alummar duniya (Wato ‘global language’). Wasu suna ganin, in
ba a yi hattara ba, za a kai ga lokacin da harshe ‘Ingilishi’ kaɗai zai rage a
duniya. Dalilin wannan hasashe, shi ne duba da yadda harshen yake ƙara samun ƙarfi da karɓuwa a duniya. A taƙaice Ingilishi, harshe ne wanda:
a.
Ya mamaye yankin Turai da na maƙwabta, sannan ya faɗaɗa ƙarfinsa a sauran maƙwabta na nesa.
b.
Harshe ne da ƙasashe a ƙalla saba’in suke amfani da shi a
matsayin harshen ƙasa.
c.
Harshe mai ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji a siyasar duniya da tattalin arziki da ɓangaren ilimi da
harkonin kimiya da fasaha da sauransu (Crystal, 2003).
Abin da yake da muhimmanci a nan shi
ne, gano hanyoyin da harshen Ingilishi ya bi, ya kai ga wannan nasara. Wataƙila, wata rana zai yiwu Hausa ta sami makamancinta.
Wannan ba zai taɓa samuwa ba, sai in al’ummar Hausawa ta saukar da nauyin da yake bisa kanta
na nuna kulawa ga harshenta.
3.2
Ko Harshen Hausa
zai Mutu?
Da farko, idan aka koma a kan ma’anar
‘mutuwar harshe’ wanda aka ce harshen da babu sauran mai magana da shi, shi ne
mataccen harshe. Idan aka dawo Hausa, tana da miliyoyin masu magana da ita a
yau. Saboda haka, ba zancen sanya Hausa cikin matattun harsuna.
Idan aka zo matakin nau’o’in mutuwar
harshe, Hausa ta faɗo cikin rukunin harsuna masu mutuwa
cikin tsanaki (gradual death). Domin dalilai na barazanar manyan harsunan
duniya, kamar Ingilishi. Wanda yake harshe ne wanda ya yi wa Hausa mulkin
mallaka. Da kuma halayyar da Hausawa ( musamman ‘yan boko) suke nuna wa Hausa. Harshe
yakan sami cigaba ne, idan ya samu kulawar da ta dace. Wannan ya tuno min da
maganar Dixon (1997:147) inda yake cewa:
A sad lesson that has been learnt from
the study of language death situations is that a community does not realise its
language is threatened until it is too late to do anything to remedy the
situation.
Fassarar marubuci:
Wani abin takaici da baƙin ciki da masu nazarin mutuwar harshe suka lura da shi,
shi ne masu harshe ba su cika hankalta da barazanar da harshensu yake fuskanta
ba, sai ta kai ga har alƙalami ya bushe babu
abin da za a iya yi don magance matsalar.
Saboda haka, Crystal (2014:205) ya
janyo hankalin al’umma cewa:
‘Languages need communities in order to
live’
Fassarar
marubuci:
‘Harsuna suna da buƙatar tallafin masu su don su rayu’
Haka ma, duk a cikin shafi a wani wurin
yana cewa:
If community surrenders its responsibility
to outsiders, or even to few persons within community ( such as teachers), tha
language will die.
Fassarar
marubuci:
Idan al’umma ta kakkaɓe hannuwanta daga ɗaukar nauyin da
yake a kan ta (na kula da harshenta) ta bar wa wasu na waje ko kuma ta bar wa
mutane ƙalilan (kamar malaman harshe) to harshe
zai mutu.
Wannan ya nuna ciyar da harshe gaba ɗawainiya ce ta
kowa-da-kowa na cikin al’umma.
A haƙiƙanin gaskiya, harshen Hausa yana
maraicin tallafin masu shi. Wanda idan ba a yi wani abu ba, wata rana Hausawa
za su girbi abin da suka shuka.
Abu na gaba, shi ne idan aka kalli harshen Hausa a bisa matakai na
mutuwar harshe, wato: (a) musanya harshe (language shift) (b) gurɓacewar harshe
(language decay) (c) mutuwar harshe (language death). Rukunin Hausawa musamman
‘yan boko, matasansu da manyansu, sun faɗa cikin wannan rukuni, kwata-kwata wasu
daga cikinsu, suna ganin ba ko’ina ya kamata a yi amfani da harshen Hausa ba,
duk abu na musamman to, sai dai a yi amfani da harshen Ingilishi. Wasu har a
gidajensu, ba a barin yaro ya yi amfani da harshen Hausa, sai dai Turanci. Wannan ya nuna sun musanya harshensu na asali da harshen aro. Irin
wannan hali na ƙyamatar harshensu na asali, sai a wayi gari
su ko, harshen Hausa ya buwaye su. A wannan lokaci, ko da suna son yin magana
da Hausa, ba za su iya ba, sai dai su yi magana da gurɓatacciyar Hausa
(wato nunar rana) ba dai gangariyar Hausa ba. A taƙaice dai, sha’awar Hausa ga matasan Hausawa tana raguwa ainun.
A ɓangaren mizanan
auna mutuwar harshe, kamar yadda aka nuna can baya cewa, manyan mizanan auna
mutuwar harshe uku ne: (a) Tsayuwa (safe) da (b) Rauni ( Endangered) (c) Mutuwa
(Extinction). Ita tsayuwar harshe ta kasu gida biyu: (i) tsayuwa mai faɗi: Inda harshe zai
kasance shi ne harshen ƙasa a tushensa, da ma a wasu sauran ƙasashen duniya. Inda ba shi ne harshen ƙasa ba, to, yana da matsayi na musamman. (ii) tsayuwa taƙaitacciya: Inda aka sami harshe ya zama harshen ƙasa a tushensa kawai. Amma bai da wani matsayi, a sauran
sassa na duniya. Hausa ba ta daga cikin waɗannan da aka
ambata ba. Idan aka waiwaya a ɓangaren mizanan raunin harshe.
(i)
Raunin na farko: Mataki ne inda ake
samun kakanni da iyaye da yara duk suna magana da harshensu. Sai dai, saboda
wasu dalilai, sun sanya ba a ko’ina suke da damar yin amfani da shi ba. Wataƙila, saboda barazanar manyan harsuna
duniya, ya haifar da hakan. Hausa tana fuskantar wannan rauni a yau.
(ii)
Matakin
rauni na biyu: Rauni ne wanda ake samun kakanni sun iya kuma suna magana da
shi. Iyaye sun iya amma ba su magana da shi ga ‘ya’yansu, balle yaransu su iya.
(iii)
Rauni na uku: Rauni ne mai muni, inda
ake samun wani ɓangare na kakanni sun iya harshensu kuma suna magana da shi. Amma ‘ya’yansu
ba su iya, balle jikoki su koya. A wannan mataki ne ake fara bankwana da
harshe.
Daga ɗan abin da aka
tattauna a sama, ana iya hango cewa harshen Hausa, ya faɗo cikin harsuna
masu rauni ne, saboda waɗannan dalilai:
1.
Halayyar da Hausawa suke nuna wa Hausa.
2.
Mulkin mallaka.
3.
Yanayi na siyasa da tattalin arziki na
duniya.
To, idan aka gano akwai matsala, kuma
an yarda akwai matsala, ita ma nasara ce babba. To, me ya kamata a yi? A shafi na goma, an kawo hanyoyin da ya kamata a bi, domin farfaɗowa da raunin
harshe. To, domin ƙara ɗaga darajar Hausa
da ƙarfafa ta a duniya, ana iya gwada waɗannan hanyoyi da
Crystal (2014) ya kawo. Na farko:
a.
Tattara bayanai a rubuce na matsalolin
da harshen Hausa yake fuskanta. Don a san me za a fara yi.
b.
Tacewa don fito da manyan matsaloli, sa
a fara da su.
c.
Ƙara azama wajen taskace daidatacciyar Hausa da kare-karenta.
d.
Dole Hausawa su ƙara zage-dantse wajen haɓaka tattalin arzikinsu.
e.
A ƙara himma wajen ganin Hausa ta ƙara samun ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji a majalisun dokoki.
f.
Sannan Hausawa su ƙara himma a fagen Ilimi, domin nan ma a su sami ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji.
g.
Al’ummar Hausawa ta kasance mafi
yawansu sun iya karatu da rubutu.
h.
A cigaba da ƙara azama wajen yaɗa Hausa a kafafen yaɗa labarai na
zamani.
i.
Cusa kishin Hausa ga Hausawa.
3.3
Sakamakon Nazari
Manya-manyan abubuwa da wannan nazari, ya gano akwai:
1.
Ma’anar mutuwar harshe da nau’o’in
mutuwar harshe da matakan mutuwar harshe da mizanan mutuwar harshe da hanyoyin
farfaɗo da harshe.
2.
Matsayin harshen Hausa dangane da
mutuwar harshe.
3.
Nazarin ya gano darajar Hausa da
nazarin Hausa yana zubewa, a idon Hausawa, musamman ga matasa.
Kammalawa
Wannan maƙala ta yi ƙoƙarin ansa tambayar
ko harshen Hausa zai mutu? Nazarin ya
fara ne da bayyana ma’anar mutuwar harshe. Inda aka nuna duk harshen da aka
wayi gari babu mai iya magana da shi, to ya zama mataccen harshe. Nau’o’in
mutuwar harshe su ne: Mutuwar gaggawa da mutuwar kisan gila da mutuwar tsanaki
da mutuwa ta musamman. Dalilan da suke haifar da mutuwar harshe, suna da sassa
biyu: (a) Dalilan na harshe (Linguistic factors), waɗanda suka haɗa da yawaita aro.
Sai dalilai waɗanda ba na harshe ba (Extra linguistic factors), kamar: (a) addini (b)
siyasa (c) tattalin arziki. Manyan matakan
mutuwar harshe uku ne: (a) musanyawa (b) gurɓacewa (c) mutuwa. Mizanan mutuwar harshe, su ma uku ne: (a) tsayuwa (b)
rauni (c) mutuwa. Idan aka danganta Hausa da mutuwar harshe, tabbas Hausa ba
mataccen harshe ba ne. Akwai miliyoyin masu magana da shi. To kuma, ba ya cikin
tsayayyun harsuna. Abin takaici, ya faɗo ne cikin harsuna masu rauni. Manyan
dalilan da suka haifar da hakan, Hausa tana fuskantar babban ƙalubale daga Hausawa. Wato matsala ta cikin gida. Sannan
akwai matsaloli na waje. Waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗunkewar duniya da
barazanar manyan harsunan duniya wato ‘Ingilishi’. Amma wannan maƙala ta gano har yanzu ba a makara ba, akwai hanyoyin da
za a bi don rage tsananin matsalar.
Manazarta
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taron makon Hausa, Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria.
Anyanwu,O. (2007).
Languages of Nigeria. Basic Linguistics
for Nigerian Languages
Teachers (ed) Ore Yusuf.pp.1-28.
Argungu, D.M. (2021). Hausa andThe
National Language Question in Nigeria: Privilages, Prospects and
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ga mai Koyon Bayanin Ilimin Harshe.
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Kyangawa. Endangered Language Language in Nigeria
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Dimmendaal,G. (1992). Social Context and Language Death. Language
Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with
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Carnie, A. 2013. Syntax: A Generative
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Blackwell.
Cook, V., Newson, M. (2007). Chomsky’s Universal Grammar: An Introduction.
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Dixon, R.M.W. (1997). The Rise and
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Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive
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