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Fassarar Wasu Kalmomin Kiwon Lafiya: Nazari Kan Asibitin Koyarwa Ta Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo (Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Uduth) Da Asibitin Kwararru Ta Sakkwato, Asibitin Daji (Specialist Hospital Sokoto) (3)

KUNDIN BINCIKEN KAMMALA KARATUN DIGIRI NA FARKO (B.A. HAUSA) A SASHEN KOYAR DA HARSUNAN NIJERIYA, JAMI’AR USMANU ‘DANFODIYO, SAKKWATO

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ABUBAKAR ZAHARADEEN MAINIYO

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BABI NA BIYU: TAK’AITACCEN TARIHIN FASSARA

2.0 Shimfid’a


A babi na d’aya an kawo gabatarwa da bitar ayyukan da suka gabata hujjar ci gaba da bincike da manufar bincike da hanyoyin gudanar da bincike da kuma farfajiyar bincike. Wannan babi na biyu mai taken tak’aitaccen tarihin fassara ya kawo ma’anar fassara da nau’o’inta da kuma muhimmancin fassara.

2.1 Tak’aitaccen Tarihin Fassara


Kamar yadda ake kyautata zaton cewa tun bayyanar d’an Adam a bisa doron k’asa aka sami adabinsa na gargajiya, haka ake ik’irarin cewa ita ma fassara ta wanzu tun kafin a fara rubuce-rubuce a duniya, abin da babu tabbas kawai shi ne yadda ta faru. Ga zato fassara ta samu sanadiyar k’aura da mutane ke yi zuwa wurare daban – daban da huld’a da wato al’umma da ba ta su ba, tare da rashin fahimtar harsunan juna, wannan ya haifar da matsalar sadarwa ta yau da kullum.Da farko ana hasashe mutune sun fara fahimtar juna ta hanyar kwaikwayo da tafinta da kuma amfani da wasu muhimman al’amari, wannan shi ne tak’aitaccen tarihin fassara tun dauri. Wasu daga cikin dalilin  da ake gani sun haifar da  buk’atar yin fassara su ne, yad’a ilimi da yad’a al’adu da yad’a addini da musanyar kimiyya da fasaha da kuma yad’a tarihi da yada labarai da manufofin Gwamnati.

Amma a zamanance masu fassara da aka fi jinsu a wannan fage sun had’a da wani Bature mai suna Li’binus Andromicus, wanda ya yi zamaninsa da dad’ewa. Domin kuma ya rayu a shekara ta 240 masihiyya, shi ne mutum na farko da ake kyautata zaton ya fara aikin fassara. Shi ne ya fassara wasu ayyukan ilimi da yawa zuwa wani harshen musamman zamanin Girkawa. Shi ne kuma ya fassara ayyukan Odseey (Labarin tafiye-tafiyen Uluses) bayyan tarihi sun bayyana cewa shi ne kan gaba wajen bud’e k’ofar fassara ayyukan Girkawa zuwa Ingilishi. (Muhammad, 2009)

Daga bisani wasu irinsu masu aikin fassara irin su: Non’bious da Ennus suka bi sahunsa wad’anda suka fassara mafi yawan littattafan wasan kwaikwayo daga harshen Girkanci zuwa Latinanci.Wad’annan ayyuka sun taimaka wajen bud’e makarantun koyon ayyukan Girkawa na dauri da suke  samar da d’imbin masana irin su Aristotle da Plato da  Socretes, da ‘yan Falfasa da masana fannin lissafi. Haka kuma al’amarin ya ci gaba har zuwa k’arni na 18 – 19.( Muhammad, 2009).

Bugu da k’ari Muhammad (2009) ya bayyana cewa wannan lokaci ne al’ummar Larabawa suka mamaye harakokin fassare-fassaren littattafai na kowane k’arni Malaman Larabawa sun fassara littafai da dama daga harshen Girkawa da Latinanci zuwa larabci. Lokacin a wajen shekara ta 1100 Larabawa ba su samu daman hakan ba face bayan sun yak’i al’ummar Rumawa suka fassara ci gabansu a kan kimiyya da wasu bayyanai  da yawa na ilimi.

A Bagadaza aka fassara ayyukan littafan Girkawan,a nan aka fassara ayyukansu Plato, Aristotle da Hippocretes da sauransu kuma a zamani Khalifa Haruna Rashid. (Muhammad 2009). Amma daga baya sai suka yi sanyi musamman a lokacin ne Turawa sun samu damar zak’alk’alewa musamman a k’arni na 12 – 13 sai littafan Larabci suka wayi gari na Andulusiyya (Spain).

A wannan hali ne Turawa suka kwashe littafan ilimi da dama da kuma fassara rubuce-rubucen littafan Larabawa da suka shafi kimiyya, fasaha da sauransu dangogin ilimi, wannan shi ya jawowa nahiyar Turai ci gaba da hanzari, wanda a yau babu wata nahiya a duniya da ta kama k’afarsu ta ‘bangaren kimiyya da fasaha da maganguna da kuma fasahar k’ere-k’ere.

A Toledo ne, aka fara kafa makarantar fassara a shekra ta  (1800) in da aka fassara littafin Larabci zuwa Latinanci. Haka kuma tun a wancan   lokacin k’arni na 12 sai kuma littafan Girkawa suka fara zuwa Toledo kuma ana fassara su kai tsaye zuwa harshen Latinanci ba tare da an fassara su zuwa harshen Larabci ba. Akwai kuma wani mai fassara da ake kira Robert Rotiners wanda shi ma ya yi fice wajen fassara domin ya yi aikin a wannan wuri inda ya fassara K’ur’ani zuwa harshen Latinanci.

A k’arni na 14 – 15 Mathew Luther King ya fassara littafin Bible a cikin harshen Jamusanci. Akwai wani Bishop da ya yi suna a fagen fassara, wannan Bishop shi ne Jek’ues Anniyot wanda ake masa lak’abi da d’an sarkin fassara. A shekara ta 1539 ne ya fassara wani littafin Plato mai suna “Li’bes of Famous Errenks and the Romans” wanda ya fassara ga harshen Latinanci zuwa harshen Ingilishi.

Kazalika akwai wani mak’eri mai suna “Claud Syssei” wanda ya fassara littafai daga Latinanci zuwa Faransanci. Kuma a wannan lokaci ne George Champass ya fassara wak’ok’in Homer kuma wannan fassara ita tasa ta zama k’ashin bayan rubuta wak’ok’in rausaye (Somee). (Muhammad,2009).

Wani muhimmin aiki a wannan lokaci shi ne na John Flario wanda ya fassara aikin mutum da ake kira “Montainges” mai suna “Montainge Essay” kuma wannan shi ne aikin da William Shakespeare ya kwaikwayi rubuta wak’ok’in rausaye wajen rubuta littafinsa mai suna “The Tempest”.

A k’arni na 19 ne, mujallu da littafai da muhimman al’amurran Wallafe - wallafe suka yad’u sosai wannan ke da wuya sai wani Lord Wood House Lee ya rubuta wani littafi mai taken“Easy on the Principles of Translation”. A cikinsa ne ya ba da wasu sharud’a guda uku wad’anda lallai fassara ta k’unshe su. Wad’annan da wasu ayyukan fassara sun taimaka sosai wajen sabuntawa da ha’baka matsayin ilimi da k’asashe da suka fito da nahiya gaba d’aya. Sakamakon aikin nasu ne da wasunsu ya sa a yau a ka sami ci gaba wanda ba don haka ba da duniya tana nan a tsaye cik ba motsi ta fannin ilimi da masana’antu. (Muhammad, 2009:18-22).

2.2 Ma’anar Fassara


Masana da dama sun bayar da ra’ayoyinsu dangane da ma’anar fassara. Daga cikinsu akwai  Nida (1967) kamar yadda Yakasai (2012) ya ruwaito “Asalin kalmar ya duba, inda ya ce kalmar asalinta daga harshen Latin aka samo ta kuma tana nufin isar da sak’o”.

Yakasai da Malumfashi (1993) a nasu ra’ayi sun ce “To translate means to transfer what one say or write down, and while to interpret means to say in another language what is said in the first language” Fassara ta na nufin musanya abin da aka fad’i ko aka rubuta, daga wani harshe zuwa wani.

K’amusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero Kano (2006) ya bayyana fassara: A matsayin juyawa ce daga wani harshe zuwa wani a magance ko a rubuce.

Muhammad (2009) cewa ya yi; “Fassara ita ce musanyar ma’ana  tsakanin wani harshe da wani, lallai ne d’aya daga cikin harsunan ya zamo wanda ake fassarawa d’aya kuma wanda ake fassara daga gareshi”.

Yakasai (2012) ya bayyana cewa “Fassara ta k’unshi mai da kwatankwacin ma’ana da salon sak’on harshen asali (HA) domin zama sak’on harshen kar’ba (HK).

Bugu da k’ari Brislin (1976) kamar yadda Yakasai (2012) ya kawo “A dunk’ule fassara na nufin musayar hikima da tunani harshe (HA) zuwa (HK), la’alla harshen nan rubuce yake ko a magance ne tamkar harshen kurame ko bebaye”.

Sar’bi (2013) ya bayyana cewa “Fassara hanya ce da ake bi wajen mayar da ma’anar abin da aka fad’i ko aka rubuta daga wani harshe zuwa wani”.

A tak’aice za' a iya cewa fassara tana nufin sauya wani abu da aka fad’i ko aka rubuta daga harshen asali zuwa harshen kar’ba tare da kulawa da ma’anar sak’on da siga kuma  da salonsa .

https://www.amsoshi.com/2018/01/03/zambo-da-habaici-a-cikin-wasu-wakokin-alhaji-musa-danbau-gidan-buwai-4/

2.3 Nau’o in Fassara


Marubuta da manazarta a kan fassara sun ba da ra’ayoyinsu a kan nau’o’in fassara daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin malamai da suka bayar da ra’ayinsu akwai; Yakasai da Malumfashi (1993) da Muhammad (2009) da Sar’bi (2013) Dukkaninsu sun bayyana cewa; daga cikin nau’o’in fassara akwai;

  • Fassara Kalma da kalma

  • Fassara ta ilimi ko mai ‘yanci

  • Fassara kimiyya da fasaha da kuma

  • Fassarar kai tsaye


Fassara Kalma Da Kalma: fassara ce da ake yi ta hanyar la’akari da kalmomi ko jumlolin domin fassarar su, sau da k’afa, daki-daki sai dai tilas ne a yi kaffa-kaffa ko taka - tsantsan domin a tabbatar da an samu muwafak’a ta ma’ana tsakanin matani da kuma fassara.

E’bery bird sings with their melody of his  ancestors

Kowane tsuntsu kukan gidansu yake yi

Red guards

Jajayen dakaru

Black board

Bikin Allo

Fi’be  fisherman fought for fi’be fishes

Biyar musunta dambace don biyar kifaye

Fassara Ilimi Ko Mai ‘Yanci: Fassara ce da ake ba mai fassara ‘yancin fad’ar duk wani abin da ya ga ya dace matuk’ar dai yin hakan zai taimaka wajen fito da ma’anar matanin. Haka kuma irin wannan fassara mai ‘yanci tana ba mai aikin fassari damar k’ara wasu kalmomi ko jumloli ko watsi da wasu kalmomi da jumloli matuk’ar dai yin hakan zai taimaka wajen fito da ma’anar matani a yadda ya kamata. Ga misalan irin wannan fassara a  cikin wasu jumloli.

Let sleeping dog lie

Bari bone ya yi kwana

 

Blood is thicker than water

D’an uwa  rabin jiki.

 

Half a loaf of bread is better than no.

Guntun tagarinka ya fi sari ka ba ni.

 

E’bery tick has its tack.

Kowane allazi da nasa amanu.

When you are at, Rome do as Romans.

Idan ka je gari ka ga kowa da jela, kai ma nemi ka d’aura.

Fassara ta kimiyya da fasaha: Fassara ta kimiyya da fasaha  (Technical Translation) wannan nau’in fassara da ta danganci wani ke’ba’b’bun  musamman ‘bangare ilimi kamar na Sashen  aikin likitanci da k’ere-k’ere da ‘bangaren  addini da dai sauransu. A irin wannan fassara dole mutum ya yi taka-tsantsan domin kaucewa yin shisshigi ko aikin baban giwa  abin da  ake so a cikin wannan yanayin fassara  shi ne fito  da ma'anar sak’o matani ba'a buk’atar  wata kwalliya ko salo wajen fassara.

Nuclear weapon – makamin k’are dangi

Computer – na’ura mai k’wak’walwa

Internet – yanar gizo

Fassara Ta Kai Tsaye: Wannan  fassara ce da zamani ya kawo ta dalili da dama musamman a inda ake taro na mutane daga k’asashe daban-daban      masu harsuna ma bambanta. Dalilin wannan yakan sa a samu masu fassara kai tsaye wad’anda za su yi fassara don ba su jin harshen mai magana ko su   fahimci da abin da yake fad’a. Ana yin irin wannan fassara a d’akunan zauren Majalisar D’inkin Duniya da K’ungiyar Hadin Kan K’asashen Afirka Ta Yamma makamantansu.

https://www.amsoshi.com/2018/01/04/fassarar-wasu-kalmomin-kiwon-lafiya-nazari-kan-asibitin-koyarwa-ta-jamiar-usmanu-danfodiyo-usmanu-danfodiyo-university-teaching-hospital-uduth-da-asibitin-kwararru-ta-sakkwato-2/

2.4 Muhimmancin Aikin Fassara


Fassara tamkar fitilar haskaka tunani mai tunani ce ita fassara abu ce dad’ad’d’iya domin wasu bayanan tarihi sun bayyana cewa wani sahabin Annabi (S.A.W) Salmanu Farisy (RA) ya nemi izini wajen Manzon Allah (SAW) da ya fassara suratul Fatiha, zuwa harshen Persian domin amfanin mutanensa kuma Annabi (SAW) ya ba shi damar yin fassara.Haka ma wasu daga cikin ayyukan fassara sun taimaka sosai  wajen sabunta tunani  hanyoyin ilimantar da al 'umma, d’aukaka martabar harshe

Sabunta Tunani: Wannan muhimmancin fassara ne da ya kawo sabon tunani da ilimi ta hanyar shigowar sababbin kalmomi da aka fassara daga harshen asali zuwa harshen kar’ba.

Ilimantar Da Al’umma: fassara tana taimakawa wajen ilmantar da al’umma.Ta hanyar fassara al’umma sun samu ilimomi na fannoni daban-daban kamar ilimin addini da ilimin kimiyya da fasaha da tarihi da adabi da kuma k’ere-k’ere a cikin fassara aka same su. Atuwo (2016).

Bugu da k’ari fassara na taimakawa wajen bunk’asa harshe, yawaitar fassara daga harshen asali zuwa harshen fassara na bunk’asa harsunan guda biyu ta hanyar musayar hikimomi wannan yana kai harsunan ga matsayin da ba su kai ba a da.

D’aukaka Martabar Harshe: Wannan gaskiya ne babu shakka fassara tare k’ara k’ima da d’aukaka ga harshe a tsakaninsa da takwarorinsa a duniya, wannan zai sa a rink’a ganin harshe ya kai matsayin tsaransa ko kuma ya yi wa tsaransa zarra. Misali ana amfani da Harshen Hausa a BBC da ‘BOA da Sashen Gidan Rediyo Germany (DW) Sashen Gidan rediyon Faransa da  Sashan Gidan Rediyon Hausa na China da Sashen Hausa na Rediyon Iran da kuma gidajen Rediyon sassan Arewacin Nijeriya kamar FRCN ssauransu, wajen yad’a labarai a duniya a cikin harshen Hausa.

2.5 Nad’ewa


Wannan babi na biyu ya tattauna tak’aitaccen tarihin fassara da ma’anar fassara da nau’o’in fassara da kuma muhimmancin aikin fassara. Wad’annan su ne abubuwan da aka tattauna a cikin wannan babi na biyu.
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