Paper Presented at the 1st National Conference Organised by the School of Secondary Education Languages. Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau. Zamfara State. On Monday 4th to Thursday 8th September, 2023.
Fasahar Bincike Na Haƙiƙa:
Jagoran Ɗalibai
Cikin Aikin Bincike
Na
Haruna Umar Maikwari
Department of Hausa Language.
Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau
maikwariharuna@gmail.Com
(+234) 07031280554
Tsakure
Wannan maƙala mai taken “Fasahar Bincike Na Haƙiƙa: Jagoran Ɗalibai
Cikin Aikin Bincike.” Bincike na haƙiƙa shi ne irin nau’in binciken da ake yi na ilimi. Wannan bincike dai shi ne
gano wani abu da ya faku ko ya ɓoyu a wani sashen na daban. Manufar wannan maƙala ita ce fito da aikin bincike na haƙiƙa da
matakan da za a bi wajen yin sa. Haka kuma wannan maƙala jagora ce ga ɗalibai masu aikin bincike.
Hanyar da aka bi wajen aiwatar da wannan maƙalar
ita ce, ta karance-karancen bugaggun littattafai da kundayen bincike da mujallu
na ilimi daga makarantu daban-daban. An kuma zaɓi a ɗora wannan binciken (Maƙala) a kan ra’in
kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory) wanda aka fi danganta
samuwarsa daga MC Dougal, (1871). Sakamakon binciken da wannan maƙalar ta fitar shi ne, an gano cewa bincike
na haƙiƙi yana buƙatar
bin wasu matakai suka dandanci duban matsala, ziyarar muhallin da za a gudanar
da wannan bincike wato inda matsalar take, tattaunawa da wasu masu ilimi kan abin
da ake bincike a kai, samun kayan aik, (data), yin amfani da fasahar zamani
(SPSS) domin nazartar kayan aikin (analysis), fitar da sakamakon abin da aka
bincika.
1.0 GABATARWA
Bincike ba ƙaramar rawa yake
takawa ba a fagen ilmi ɗungurungu, don bincike tsararren tafarki ne da ake amfani
da shi domin shawo kan matsala da niyyar ilmantarwa. Wannan ma ya sa masana
ilmi da dama suka tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da ma’anar bincike. Kelinger,
(1973) ya bayyana cewa, “Bincike wata tsararriyar hanya ce da ake bi ko amfani
da ita don a gano wata matsala da niyyar yin gyare-gyare ko yin bayanai masu
gamsarwa a kan abin da ake bincike a kai don cimma manufar da aka sa gaba. Daramola, (1992) a
tasa fahimtar “Bincike tsararren tafarki ne da ke ƙoƙarin samar da mafita a kan
matsalolin ilmi, tare da sasanta taƙaddamar da ke
tsakanin batutuwa masu alaƙa da juna don
ilmantarwa ko don koyar da wani abu da ba a sani ba”. Wani masani mai suna Lawal (1995) gani yake ba wani abu
ba ne bincike illa abubuwa kamar haka:
i.
Binciko
matsala/Batu
ii.
Faɗin dalilinta da
amfaninta
iii.
Tattaro
bayanai a kan abu tare da warware bayanan da aka tattaro
iv.
Samarda
kyakkyawan sakamakon bincike
v.
Kammala
bincike.
Onyene da Anunmu
(2000) sun ce “Bancike ba wani abu ba ne illa dabara ce da ake amfani da ita
don a samu damar magance wata matsala”. Wannan haka yake idan aka lura da cewa bayyanar matsala ke sa a nemi hanyar
warware matsalar. Odediran (2001) ya
bayar da ma’anar bincike da cewa, “Bincike ilmantarwa ne da ake amfani da ita
don a gano wasu bayanai na ɓoye a kan wata matsala ko batu”. Ko shakka babu idan wani abu ya ɓata ko ya faku a
wani wuri da ba a sani ba akan shiga nema don gano shi. Haka kuma da ilmi ne
ake amfani wajen wajen gano duk abin da ake nema. Idan kuma wata matsala ce ta
bayyana, yin binciken ta fuskar ilmi shi ke bayar da damar warware matsalar.
Salihu (2004) yana ganin “bincike a matsayin
hanyar neman abu tare da bin diddiginsa ko tace wani abu ko gano wani abu.” Abin nufi a nan shi ne idan wani abu ya ɓata bin diddiginsa
na taimakawa wajen gane wannan abin. Osuala (2007) ya bayyana bincike da cewa, “shi ne matakin isa
ga ingantacciyar mafita ko ingantacciyar hanyar warware wata matsala ta hanyar
bin daidaitaccen kuma ƙayyadajjen tsari da sharhin bayanai.” Bunza, (2017) ya bayyana “Binciken wani abu, ta fuskar biyar taliyo,
ko diddigin tushensa, da duginsa, tare da ƙwanƙwance silalen
mafarinsa. Kalmar bincike tana da alaƙa da tono wani
tarihi ko bayani ta fuskar tambaye-tambayen neman waɗanda suka san shi,
ko suka naƙalce shi. A bincike, dole a ba da
kambaɗa da cigiya da wakurwar madosa ga abin da ake son a tono
ko a gano yadda yake ko yadda ake yinsa ko yadda ya kamata ya kasance.”
Binscike na haƙiƙa ya ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓen
tsari da tsayayyen lokaci da nagartattun manufofi. Haka kuma ya haɗa da dabarun zahiri
da aka tsara domin tattara bayanai daidai da yadda aka tsara tambayoyin da za a
samar da amsar da za a gane abin da ake bincike. Ya kuma kasance akwai kayan
gina shi (data) wadatattu nagartattu. Shafin internet (google). Idan aka yi la’akari da abin da masana da manazarta suka
bayyana game da bincike za a iya cewa, “Bincike dai ya shafi yunƙurin shawo kan wata matsala musamman a ɓangaren ilmi domin
ci gaban masu nazari da masu buƙatar magance wannan
matsala.
Da wannan za mu fahimci cewa, bincike shi ne yunƙurin gano ɓoyayyun abubuwa, sababbin bayanai, ko sabuwar hanyar
amfani da wani tsohon ilmi. Hasali ma dai bincike ya ƙunshi warware wata matsala a ilmance. Al’amarin bincike
al’amari ne mai buƙatar zare dantse wajen nemo wasu bayanai
da za su gamsar zuwa ga gano abin nan da ake yin bincike a kansa. Wannan lamari
ya fi shafar ɓangaren ilmi. Ana sa mutum ya nemo wani abu domin ya zama
abin amfani ga wasu.
1.1 Hanyoyin
Gudanar da Bincike
Wannan maƙalar ta kammala ne ta hanyar karance-karancen bugaggun
littattafai da muƙalu da masana da manazarta suka
gabatar musamman waɗanda suka shafi aikin bincike da dabarunsa domin sanin makamarsa. Da shike taken/batu
(topic/theme) na taron da suka shirya wannan haɗuwa, sun rinjaya
wajen yin amfani da fasaha wajen koyarwa, na ga dacewar yin wannan maƙala tare da duban fasaha a cikin sha’anin bincke wanda kuma akwai kayan aiki da fasahar ta
samar wajen inganta sha’anin bincike kamar
dai fasahar da ke ƙididdige (analysis) tarin bayanai
(data) da aka samu don gudanar da aikin bincike wato amfani da fasahar manhajar
nazari da ƙididdige bayanai ta (SPSS).
1.2 Ra’in Kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory)
An zaɓa ɗora wannan maƙala a kan ra’in kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory)
kalmar motivation ta samu fasara daga masana da dama, Garba, (2012:65) ya
fasara kalmar motivation a matsayin zaburarwa wadda ya ce, “hanya ce da ake
sanya mutum ƙaimin cimma wata manufa. Wannan ra’i an fi danganta
samuwarsa daga MC Dougal, (1871-1838) a wani littafi nasa mai suna An
Introduction to Social Psychology ya
bayyana cewa zuciya da tunanin mutane na da wani halattaccen wani hali wanda ke da ƙarfin ingiza yin duk wani
tunani ko aikata wani aiki.
Ado, (2017) a maƙalarsa mai taken Sarkin
Gardin Sarkin Katsina Allhaji Amadu Na Lado Gwarzon da ya yi Fice a Sana’ar
Gardanci a ƙasar Katsina wadda ta fito a littafin The
Heros and Heroiness of Hausa Land, ya ce shi dai ra’in kwaɗaitarwa (Motivation Theory)
ra’i ne wanda yake yin bayani kan ɗabi’a da halayyar ɗan Adam ta fannin bayar da
dalilin da ke sanya ko a zaburar da ɗan Adam a lokacin da yake ƙawa ko sha’awa ta mausamman, na
aikata wasu ayyuka ko wani ƙuduri ko nuna wata buƙata ta rayuwa. Don haka an ɗora wannan maƙala ne a kan wannan mazhaba ta
kwaɗaitarwa ga ‘yan makaranta masu
neman ilimi a ƙasar Hausa, da su shiga rigar zamani a dama da su. Lura da
cewa zamani ya sauya salon tafiyar da komai a yau yana tafiya ne da zamani.
Kuma samun kayan aiki da fasaha ta samar ya taimaka wajen rage wahalar ƙididdigar abin da ake nazarta.
1.3 MENE
NE BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA
Bincike na haƙiƙa dai shi ne nau’in binciken da aka yi shi ta hanyar kayan aikin yinsa (data), a tattara ta
kuma a tsara ta a nazarce kamar yadda ya kamata domin fito da dukkan abin da ya
faku, tare da gano yaƙini a cikin bayyananne. Haka kuma
akan yi tankaɗe-da-rairaya (check and balance) domin guje wa duk wata
illa da za ta hana gane gaskiya. Domin shi wannan bincike na haƙiƙa shi ne ke bayar da damar yanke
hukunci. Ga masu ilmin kimiyya kuma, suna ganin wannan binciken a matsayin
waraka. Abin nufi a nan shi ne duk lokacin da wata cuta ta kama mutum, yin irin
wannan binciken shi ke warware hanyar da za a bi wajen magance wannan matsala.
Babbar buƙatar wannan bincike ita ce a gano
gaskiya, idan kuma ba a gano gaskiya ba, to bincike bai kammala ba.
Bincike na haƙiƙa za a iya cewa shi ne bincike na ilmi[1]. Shi kuma binciken ilmi kamar yadda Bunza, (2017:17)
ya bayyana cewa “yana buƙatar sadaukar da
kai da ɗawainiyar adalcin ilmi.” Bunza ya ci gaba da cewa ya
kyautu ga ɗalibin bincike ya kula da wasu muhimman abubuwa. Bunza
dai ya zano wasu muhimman abubuwa waɗanda yake ganin wajibin mai aikin bincike na ilmi ne da
ya bi ta kansu. Waɗannan muhimman abubuwa dai a taƙaice sun haɗa da:
i.
Tattaro
ayyukan mutane daban-daban da sunan aikin mai bincike, ya ce, “wannan ba
bincike ba ne.”
ii.
Tattaro
ma’anoni na wasu kalmomi da wasu abubuwa daga ƙamusoshi na harsuna ko fannonin ilmi ba tare da wani
sharhi ba shi ma dai ba bincike ba ne.
iii.
Dole ne
mai binciken ilmi ya bi dabarun gudanar da bincikensa ba satar fasahar wani ba.
iv.
Duk
aikin da ba ya da sakamakon bincike to ba bincike ba ne. Ba zai kyautu ga mai
bincike ya yi aiki ya kammala ba tare da an ga sakamakon abin da ya aikata ba.
v.
A
bincike na ilmi akwai buƙatar mai bincike ya
kauce wa kafa hujja da nasa aiki kawai. Kenan akwai buƙatar ya nemi bayanai daga wasu masana da manazarta domin
kauce wa wannan illa.
vi.
A
bincike na ilmi ana buƙatar kauce wa bin abin da mutum ya
samu a makauce da fadanci (Miƙa wuya abada)
vii.
Ana
magana da masana da malamai da ɗalibai da masu sha’awa don a kaiwace wa miƙa wuya a ɓangare ɗaya. Haka kuma akwai buƙatar a kauce wa zantuka irin na ɓangaranci kamar:
Kamar yadda aka sani..., sanin kowa ne.., babu wanda bai san.... da
makamantansu.
viii.
Ɗalibin bincike ya
guji mayar da ilmin bincike a kansa kaɗai ko shi da mai duba shi.
ix.
Mai
bincike ya kiyaye fassara aikin wani da suna nasa. Wannan ba bincike ba ne.
x.
Mai
binciken ilmi wajibinsa ne ya guje wa duk wani abu da ba nagartacce ba. Kuma
wajibinsa ne ya zo da hujjoji nagartattu kar ya ɓuge ga zantuka
kamar “an ce...” ko “ana zaton” ko “ga jita-jitar mutane” da sauransu.
Duk waɗannan abubuwa da Bunza ya zo da su, dole ne mai bincike
na haƙiƙa (na ilmi) ya kiyaye su kar aikinsa
ya rasa nagarta.
1.4 SIFFOFIN BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA
Ɗaliban ilmi ya kamata su san cewa shi bincike na haƙiƙa yana da wasu siffofi da suka
dangance shi. Misali Sadi, (2010) ya ruwaito Asika, (1991) da Baba (2005) da
Abdulmalik (2006) sun tafi a kan cewa bincike na haƙiƙa yana da siffofi kamar haka:
1.
Tsari:
Wannan tsari na bincike ya shafi matakai guda shida:
a.
Samuwar
matsala
b.
Zayyana
ko fayyace matsalar
c.
Mafuskanta
wadda ke haifar da sakamakon abin da ake bincike a kai.
d.
Neman
bayanan zahiri
e.
Sharhin
bayanan zahiri
f.
Hukunci
a kan amsar wucin gadi ko gwaji da zai warware matsalar.
2.
Bin
hanyoyin warware matsalar da aka hango.
3.
Gina
bincike a kan bayanin zahiri wanda aka samar ta fuskar sa ido ko dubawa da
aune-aunen haƙiƙanin lamurra.
4.
Ƙimanta halayyar
wanda za a sharhanta ko jaraba ta fuskar bayanan zahiri
5.
Lura da
zahiri ko ɗabi’a ko yanayi (controlled situation.)
6.
Kula da
ƙa’idar wanzar da
bincike.
Waɗannan su ne siffofin bincike na haƙiƙa. Domin shi wannan bincike yana buƙatar a tafiyar da dukkan hanyoyin gudanar da shi bisa ga
tsari mai kyau da neman hujja ta gaskiya domin inganta shi.
1.5
BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA YANA BUƘATAR
TATTARA BAYANAI.
A bincike na haƙiƙa ya zama wajibi mai yinsa ya kasance yana mai tattara
bayanai. Misali. A rubutun rayuwar wani gwarzo, ana tattara bayanai daga
madogarai daban-daban:
a.
Daga
gwarzon in yana raye
b.
Daga
‘yan uwa da abokan arziki ko aiki na gwarzon.
c.
Rubuce-rubucen
gwarzon in akwai su, kamar waƙoƙi, littattafan addini, littattafan ilimin zamani.
d.
Rubuce-rubucen
wasu a kan gwarzon ko wasu batutuwa da suka shafi gwarzon.
e.
Ma’adanan
hukuma (official records) musamman waɗanda suka shafi wuraren aikinsa da
ayyukan da ya yi.
f.
Jaridu
da gidajen rediyo
Ana iya shirya waɗannan bayanai domin samar da
sahihantaccen bincike. Mai bincike zai tsara yadda zai tattara bayanai daga
dukkan waɗannan hanyoyi domin samun bayanan gaskiya a kan abin da
yake bincike a kai.
1.6 BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA YANA
BUƘATAR
DAIDAITO/ADALCI
A wannan fage ana buƙatar mai bincike ya daidaita tare da yin adalci a cikin
bincikensa. Shi dai daidaito ya shafi kiyaye amanar ilmi. Kiyaye amanar ilmi
wannan matsala ce mai nauyi.
Sau da yawan akan samu al’amurran rikici masu nauyi da
asirai masu saɓani a rayuwar wasu manyan gwaraza[2].
Wasu daga cikin asiran sun shafi martabar gwarzon kila ma su iya shafar
martabarsa ko ta alummarsa ko ta ƙasa ko
shuwagabannin ƙasar. A irin wannan bincike mai
bincike kan iya fuskantar ƙalubale ko ruɗu na tambayar mene
ne adadin sahihiyar gaskiyar da aka tabbatar na abin da za a buga? Yaya mutum
zai sasanta tsakanin haƙƙin al’umma na samun bayanai da wajabcin kariyar gaskiyar tarihi
in sun ƙalubalanci mutuncin gwarzon da
iyalansa da kuma buƙatun ƙasa?
Wannan matsala ce da za a iya samun saɓani kuma za ta yi
wuyar warwarewa. A nan abubuwa biyu ne muhimmai:
i.
Na
farko dai shi ne samun yaƙini ko tabbacin
sahihancin bayanin da aka samu.
ii.
Na biyu
kuma duba maslahar da za ta fi fa’ida.
Misali idan haƙƙin ƙasa da al’umma zai salwanta, babu fa’ida a kare martabar gwarzo a ɓoye gaskiya. Idan
kuma sirrin ya shafi gwarzon ne shi kaɗai ba tare da taɓa haƙƙin a’umma ba, ai ba wata
fa’ida ga buga irin waɗannan bayanai. Hasali
ma dai “duk mutum ɗan tara ne bai cika goma ba.” In dai alherinsa ya fi
sharrinsa yawa sai a rijayar da shi ga mutane kirki.
1.7 ME YA KAMATA A SANI GAME DA
BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA?
Manazarci musamman a fagen ilmi, ya kamata ya san wasu
muhimman abubuwa da za su sa ya gane sahihancin bincike. Odediran, (2007) yana
ganin cewa kafin a tabbatar da sahihancin bincike san an san:
1.
Wa ya
gudanar da bincike?
2.
Wa ya ɗauki nauyin binciken?
3.
Shin ko an samu wadatattun kayan aikin (data sample and rate sufficient)
4.
Shin ko Binciken ya yi amfani da wasu rubuce-rubuce?
5.
Shin ko binciken ya auna abin da ake tsammani?
6.
Ko sakamakon binciken ya game dukkan ƙasa da cibiyoyin ilmi?
Waɗannan tambayoyi su
za su yi wa mai nazari jagora wajen gane sahihancin bincike. Da ma dai idan aka
ce bincike na haƙiƙa, ai kalmar haƙiƙa kalma ce ta
Larabci mai nufi gaskiya. Haka ma sahihanci kalma ce ta Larabci ita ma tana
nufin gaskiya. Ko shakka babu waɗannan tambayoyi su ne da ke nuni
ga ƙalailaicewar
sahihancin aikin da aka yi.
1.8 MATAKAN GUDANAR DA BINCIKE NA HAƘIƘA
A shafin Rumbun Ilmi na Internet kuma sun zo da
matakan gudanar da bincike na haƙiƙa da suka haɗa da:
1.
Duban matsala (problem observation) wannan shi ne mataki na farko na duba
matsala. Babban abin da za a yi a nan shi ne a duba muhallin da ake zato
matsala, sannan a shirya tunkarar wannan muhalli ta hanyar; ziyarar gani-da-ido
(visit). A wannan sashen mai nazari kan tafi muhallin da ake zaton matsalar na
aukuwa, don ya gane ma idonsa dukkan abin da yake zaton shi ne ya haddasa
matsalar da ta saka shi aikin bincike.
2.
Bayan ya je wannan muhalli zai kuma iya tattaunawa da wasu da suke a wannan
muhalli waɗanda suke da masanniya a kan abin da yake bincike a kai (interview). Yin
wannan tattaunawa na sa ya samu bayani ingantacce sahihi da zai iya dogara da
shi wajen shawo kan matsalar da yake bincike a kai.
3.
Abu na gaba bayan tattaunawa kuma shi ne nazari: Bayan ziyarar gani-da-ido
da kuma tattaunawa, sai nazarin abin da aka gani da wanda aka tattauna domin ɗora ɗan ba ga abin da ake
bincike a kai. Wannan tsari na iya bayyana matsalar da aka hango ko ake zato ƙarara domin a samu
hanyar da za a bi wajen magance ta. Bayan yin nazari, sai kuma tantance
matsalar (analysis of the problem). A wannan mataki ne ake tantance matsala a
tabbatar da akwai ta sannan a danganta ta da manufa ko manufofi (objectives).
4.
Za a iya yi wa wannan bincike iyaka (limitation). A nan idan mai nazari ya
shiga gudanar da bincike, lokacin da ya je ga wuri (Muhallin da aye sa ran
wannan matsalar take wadda zai yi bincike a kai) sai ya iyakance gudun kar ya
shiga wani hurumi da ba nan matsalar take ba, ko ya kauce wa abin da ya sa
gaba. Yana da kyau mai bincike musamman na ilmi da ya keɓance muhalli da zai
gudanar da bincikensa a kai.
5.
Bayan an yi nazari an tantance sai a samar da samfari (model development): Samar da samfarin abin da aka yi bincike a kai wani
babban muhimmin al’amari ne. Ta hanyar wannan samfari za a iya auna ƙima da nauyin abin
da ake bincike a kai. Kuma shi wannan samfari wata mashiya ce ga mai aikin
bincike ta gwadin inganci na aikin da ya ƙudurta ko ya ke yi.
1.9 AMFANI DA MANHAJAR ƘIDIDDIGA TA SPSS
Ga amsu aikin bincike na ƙididdiga
(quatitative research) galibi sukan yi amfani da basirarsu wajen ƙididdiga.
Akan tattara bayanai (data) sai a ƙididdige a fitar da sahihin abin da samu wato sakamakon
da ƙididdiga
ta bayar. Wannan tsarin yana da wahala sosai. Ana haka sai fasahar zamani ta
samar da wannan manhaja (SPSS). Wannan manhaja ita ke yin aikin da ake yi cikin
wahala a dauri. A yau kuma idan aka samu wannan manhaja akan saka mata bayanan
kamar yadda aka tsara daga ƙarshe sai a ba ta umarnin ta ƙididdige
dukkan bayanan (data) da aka saka mata.
Wannan tsari ne mai buƙatar
natsuwa da kwantar da hankali. Idan aka yi kuskure, to sakamakon abinda aka ƙididdige
na iya fita da kuskure. Idan kuma aka yi shi daidai, sakamakon kan fito daidai
ba tare da kuskure ba. Idan mutum ya naƙalci wannan manhaja, to duk binciken da za a yi amfani da
manhajar zai zo da sauƙi. Dama dai an ce idan zamani ya ɗinka riga, saka ta shi ne hutawa.
1.10 KAMMALAWA
Wannan maƙala ta yi bayani a kan bincike na haƙiƙa, ta fito
da manufar da aka gina ta a kai fasaha a bincike na ilimi. maƙalar ta
samu sharar fage da bayanai daga masana da manazarta daban-daban dangane da
abinda ake kira bincike. Haka kuma an duba abin da yake bincike na haƙiƙa wanda
galibi bincike na ilmi ne ke bincike na haƙiƙa. Duk
wani bincike da aka saka ilmi a ciki ya zama bincike na haƙiƙa. Haka
kuma ta fito da wasu sifofi na binciken ilmi da kuma matakan bincike na haƙiƙa. Shawara
a nan ita ce ɗaliban
ilimi su duƙufa wajen koyon amfani da manhajar SPSS domin sauƙaƙa aikinsu
na bincike.
Manazarta
Adebayo, A. F. (undate). “Questoinaire Desing and
Administration, (Unpublished manuscript)”.
Department of Ecography: University of Illorin
Adeyemi, B. A. and Fasina, P. A (2004) A Multifaceted Approach to Research Methods.
Osogbo: Jehovah KS Press and Publishers.
Balogun, A.E.O. (1970) Practical Guide in a Research Methodology for Students. Illorin: Decency Printers and Publishers
Bordens, K. S. (1996), Desing and Methods. London: Mayfield Publishing.
Bello, A. S. (2014). Dabarun
Gudanar da Bincike. Kaduna: Unlimited Graphix Prints
Benscomb(2001) The
Good Research Guides for Small Scale Social Research Project:London: London Open University Press
Chandrasekhar,
(Chandra), R. (No date)
How to Write a Thesis: A
Working Guide.
Mo18, Centre for Intelligent Information
Processing Systems (CIIPS) School
of Electrical,
Electronic and Computer Engineering the University of Western
Australia. 35 Stirling
Highway, Crawley, WA
6oo9, AUSTRALIA. First
Written: 24th February,
2000. Last Revised: 24th January, 2008. chandra@ee.uwa.edu.au
Kerlinger, F. N. (1973). Foundations of Behavioural Research. London: Holt-Rine hard and Witson
MLA International
Bibliography of Books and Articles on the Modern Language and Literature. New York
MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research Papers. 7th Ed. (2009). New Delhi.
Okoro, R. U. (2003) Research
Methods and Statistics. Sokoto: But Bass Ent.
Oyetunde, T. O. (2002), Writing Research Projects, Journal Articles, Conference Papers and Documenting References Accurately. Jos: LECAPS Publishers
Osuala E. C. (2007) Introduction
to Research Methodology. Onitsha: African First Publishers Limited
Tsafe, B. A. da Sadi S. A. (2010) Hanyar Binciken Ilimi a Hausa. Gusau: Farin Batu Press
Yabo, A. M. (2007). A
Student’s Guide to Project Writing in Education. Sokoto: Life-line Educational Consultants
[1] Duk wani abu da aka danganta shi da
gaskiya ya zama wajibi ilmi ya yi masa jagora. Haƙiƙa dai ita ce gaskiya ita
kuma gaskiya ba a sanin ta sai da ilimi. Da wannan nake ganin duk wani bincike
da aka gina shi a kan ilmi da bin ƙa’idojin da dokar bincike ta tanada ya zama bincike
na haƙiƙa wato dai binciken ilimi.
[2] Sadi S.A. (2010) Hanyar Binciken Ilimi a
Hausa. Shafi na 52.
0 Comments
ENGLISH: You are warmly invited to share your comments or ask questions regarding this post or related topics of interest. Your feedback serves as evidence of your appreciation for our hard work and ongoing efforts to sustain this extensive and informative blog. We value your input and engagement.
HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.