Daga taskar Farfesa Abdullahi Bayero Yahya.
Abdullahi Bayero Yahya
Sashen Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato
Email: bagidadenlema2@gmail.com
Phone: 07031961302
Tsakure
A ƙoƙarin yin nazarin sabon fannin ilmi ga al’ummar da ke fafutukar bunƙasar da shi ta yadda ya shafe ta domin ta cimma tsara, musamman idan har ta yi nisa ga tattara abubuwan da suke a zahiri na fannin, to hanya mafi dacewa ita ce ta mayar da himma kan zaƙulo abubuwan da suke a ɓoye. Zaƙulo waɗannan abubuwa da ke a ɓoye ko ƙirƙiro waɗanda da can ba a san su ba amma suke iya kwarzanta fannin, yunƙuri ne da sai an tsananta natsuwa tare da zurfafa bincike ake iya gano su sannan a iya faɗaɗa wannan fanni har ya yi rahhu. Wannan maƙala tana yin nuni ne da cewa a yanzu ya kamata nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa ya fuskanci zaƙulo sigogin waƙoƙin da masana da manazarta fagen ba su wada bankaɗo ko haskaka su ba. Maƙalar ta zaƙulo malamai uku na nazarin adabi, musamman na waƙoƙin Hausa, waɗanda daga cikin nazarce-nazarcen da suka yi sun duƙufa a kan wannan hanya ta shaƙo da fitowa da ayyukan da suke lu’ulu’u ne mai kwarzanta nazarin waƙoƙin. Ta gabatar da abubuwan da suka ƙirƙiro ko suka gano, sannan ta yi tsokaci a kansu don ɗalibai su samu hasken ƙalailaice su ko su zurfafa bincike da zimmar su ma su fito da wani abu sabo a nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa na baka da rubutattu, wato su ma su shaƙo wani lu’ulu’u cikin gulbin nazarin. Maƙalar tana a kan koyarwar Farfesa Ɗalhatu Muhammad da ke ƙoƙarin ƙwaƙwalo sabon abu ko ƙara haskaka abin da ba a riga aka fahimce shi sosai da sosai ba.
1.0 Gabatarwa
A farko-farkon
rubuce-rubucen da ɗaliban jami’o’i da manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare
suka yi domin samun takardun shaidar kammala makarantun, galibin nazarinsu ya
fi ƙarfi ne wajen rattaba abin da suka yi bincike da nazari.
Sukan ɗauki
mawaƙi ɗaya sai su gabatar da taken binciken da za su gudanar
wanda kan ƙunshi kalamai kamar “Rayuwar Malam Buba da Waƙoƙinsa”, ko
“Jigogin Waƙoƙin Alhaji
Abdullahi Birnin Hutawa”, ko kuma “Taskace Waƙoƙin Makaɗa Zaune”.
Babu
laifi ga irin wannan nazari ko bincike ko ƙalilan,
saboda ko babu komi, da ba a yi su ba da kuwa waƙoƙin magabata tuni sun ɓace. Nasarta
a cikin ranka cewa manazarta kamar Ɗandatti
Abdulƙadir (1975) da Ɗalhatu
Muhammad (1977) da Abdulƙadir Ɗangambo (1980) da Bello Sa’id (1978; 2002) da Sutura
Sa’idu Mukoshy (1979) da Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau (1983; 1988) da sauransu masu ɗimbin
yawa ba su yi waɗannan ayyuka ba, haƙiƙa da maƙalu ire-iren
wannan da take a gaban mai karatu ba su samu ba. A ganin mai wannan maƙala da tunanin rubuta ta bai ma tusgo ba. Babban abin da
maƙalar ke son ta yi ishara da shi, shi ne irin wannan
bincike na shaƙo kasancewar wani lu’ulu’u cikin nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa
yana da fa’ida sosai. A marrar da nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa yake ciki a wannan zamani, lokaci ya yi ga
manazarta na su mai da hankali kan zaƙulo ko ƙirƙiro abubuwan
da za su ƙara kwarzanta da faɗaɗa
nazarin. Haƙiƙa tun tuni
ne lokaci ya yi da ya kamata masana da manazarta su gurgusa daga ilmantar da mu
yawan waƙoƙin wane da
wane ko jigogi kaza da kaza su ne ke cikin waƙa
kaza ko waƙoƙin wane da
wane, amma fa ko kusa ba wai su kawar da idonsu ko ƙoƙarinsu gaba ɗaya daga irin ayyuka da magabatan da aka ambata ɗazu
suka yi ba. A’a, bukata dai ita ce su ƙara sa ido, da
ƙwaƙulo, da ƙirƙiro sabbin
hajojin kwalliyar nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa, kuma masu kaifafa tunanin duk mai nazarin
ayyukansu.
Wannan
lura ko kira ba yau ne aka fara shi ba. Manazarta waƙoƙin Hausa a yau suna sane da cewa ita wannan hanya ita ce
wadda sanannen malamin nan na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello a Zariya, Farfesa Ɗalhatu Muhammad, Allah ya yi masa rahama, ya goya ya kuma
shahara da ita a nazarin adabi, musamman na waƙoƙin Hausa.
Tunani
na shaƙo wani lu’ulu’un nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa, tunani ne ko hanyar da, a iya binciken da mai
wannan maƙala ya yi, ta samo asali ne daga Farfesa Ɗalhatu Muhammad. Shi ne malamin nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa
wanda ya fara yunƙurin Hausantar da nazarin Hausa a jami’o’in ƙasar nan, ta hanyar zaburar da masana don samar da
kalmomin fannu na nazarin Hausa. Ya
fara wannan ƙoƙari ne
lokacin da yana aiki a Jami’ar Bayero, Kano inda ya samu haɗin
kan sauran malaman Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da Sashen Koyar da
Harsunan Nijeriya, har aka yi taron ƙara wa juna
sani don samar da kalmomin nazarin adabi a 1973. Shi ne ma wanda daga baya ya
tace sakamakon wannan taro har ya gabatar da maƙalar
da ya kira ‘A Ɓocabulary of Literary Terms in Hausa’. Tun a wannan
lokaci ne wannan taliki mai tsananin hangen nesa da basira ya ci gaba da share
wa manazarta adabin Hausa, musamman a fannin waƙa, hanyar
nazarin waƙa.[1]
Ɗalibansa da
dama, kamar Abdulƙadir Ɗangambo, sun
zo sun rungumi hanyar. Shi kuma Ɗangambo sai
wasu ɗalibansa
ciki har da Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau da mai wannan maƙala, da
ya koya musu bin wannan hanya yin ta nuta da shaƙo, sun
zo suka are, suka goye kuma suka talle ta raɗam. To
wannan maƙala, domin ta ba da haske kan wannan hanya ta Ɗalhatu Muhammad ta yi ƙoƙarin kawo ayyukan malamai uku a matsayin misalai.
Malamai
uku ɗin da
maƙalar ta kawo ayyukansu uku kuwa sun fito ne daga jami’o’i
biyu da ke cikin Birnin Sakkwato, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo
da Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato. Malaman su ne Farfesa Atiku Ahmad Dunfawa da Farfesa
Bello Bala Usman da kuma Majiɓinciyar Farfesa Aliyah Adamu Ahmad. Malamai biyu na farko
daga Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo suke yayin da ita kuwa Aliyah ta fito daga
Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato. Abin lura da sha’awa game da waɗannan
malamai shi ne dukansu suna daga cikin waɗanda suka
samu tasirin marigayi Farfesa Ɗalhatu
Muhammad kai tsaye ko kuma ta samun tasiri daga waɗanda suka
samu tasirinsa kai tsaye. Biyu na farko su suka samu tasirinsa kai tsaye, ta
ukun kuwa ta samu tasirinsa daga ɗalibinsa, Ɗangambo, da
Gusau, da Yahya, da ma biyun na farko da aka kawo misalai da ayyukansu, wato
Dunfawa da Usman.
2.0 Shaƙo Daga Malamai Uku
2.1 Atiku Ahmad Dunfawa
An haifi Farfesa Atiku Ahmad Dunfawa a shekarar 1953 a
garin Dunfawa da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Zurmi ta Jihar Zamfara. Kamar yadda
al’adar ƙasar Hausa ta kasance tun aƙalla zamanin Shehu ɗan Fodiyo, mahaifan Farfesa Atiku sun fara saka shi
makarantar Alƙur’ani kafin ta Boko. Makarantar kuwa ita ce ta Sheikh
Ibrahim Ƙaya inda ya yi shekaru goma daga 1959 zuwa 1969. Bayan ya
sami shekaru biyar a cikinta sai aka saka shi ta Boko wadda ta haɗa karatun Addinin Musulunci da na Boko. Za a lura da cewa
al’ummar ƙasar Hausa tun a wancan lokaci, da ma kafin sa, ba ta
yarda ta yi watsi da makarantar Allo ba. Atiku ya kasance ɗan makarantu biyu a lokaci guda, wato da ta gadin-gadin, ta
Allo da ta zamani, ta Boko. Har zuwa yau kuma haka tsarin yake, sai ‘yan
sauye-sauye da suka zo ko ake ƙoƙarin sakawa.
Atiku ya ci gaba da karatunsa har ya yi digiri na farko
da na biyu sannan a 2002 ya samu didirin digirgir, wato Ph.D. a fannin Adabin
Hausa. Karatu bai bar Atiku ba shi kuma bai bar shi ba har sai da a shekara ta
2011 ya ga ya zama farfesa. Kai har yau ma ba su rabu ba! Takardar da ke bayani
game da ayyukansa har zuwa shekara ta 2021 ta nuna yana da rubuce-rubuce har
talatin (30) waɗanda aka buga cikin sanannun mujallu da
kundaye masu daraja.
Za a iya lura da cewa tun daga lokacin da Atiku ya shiga
makaranta a 1959 har zuwa 1973, kamar wada takardar bayanin ayyukan rayuwarsa
ke nuni, karatunsa ya kasance tare da na ilmin Addinin Musulunci da na Larabci.
(Dunfawa, 2021, Curriculum Ɓitae)
2.1.1 Ma’aunin Waƙa
Ma’aunin Waƙa shi ne sunan littafin da ake son a yi magana a kai a
matsayin misali na shaƙon da Atiku ya yi cikin gulbin nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa.
Kamar wada mai littafin ya faɗa, tushensa shi ne a 1986 lokacin da yake ɗalibin Farfesa Ɗalhatu Muhammad, da kuma cewa ya karanta wata
maƙalar da
malamin nasa ya rubuta. An buga wannan maƙala a 1984[2].
Ke nan Atiku a wannan fuska ya kasance wani tabi’in Ɗalhatu kamar
wada Farfesa Abdulƙadir Ɗangambo da wasu da dama suke.
Wannan littafi da aka kira Ma’aunin Waƙa yana da babi
har huɗu da kuma goshi da kammalawa na littafi. Muhimman ɓangarori biyu ne littafin ya yi magana a kai: da ɓangaren da ke magana a kan ma’aunin waƙoƙin Larabci
wanda Hausawa suka ara suka aza rubutattun waƙoƙinsu a kai. A dalilin nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa da
ake yi a makarantu tare da la’akari da wannan ilmin ma’aunin waƙoƙin Larabci, wanda
ake kira arud cikin harshen Larabcin,
ga dukkan alamu shi ne ya sa marubucin ya saka wannan ɓangare cikin littafin. Shi kuwa ɓangare na biyu ya shafi yadda ake iya auna waƙoƙin baka na
Hausa. Wannan ɓangare shi ne maƙalar take ɗauka a matsayin shaƙon da Dunfawa marubucin Ma’aunin Waƙa ya yi.
Iƙirarin da mai Ma’aunin
Waƙa ya yi biyu ne, da cewa
ana yin la’akari da kiɗan da waƙa ke tafiya tare da shi a muhimman gaɓoɓin da ake auna karin waƙar; sannan
da cewa a koyaushe waɗannan muhimman gaɓoɓi su ne guda huɗu na ƙarshen
kowane layi/ɗangon waƙar. Wato dai karin waƙa na samuwa
ta hanyar lura da daidaita kiɗanta da yake maimaita kansa tare da sautin gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen
kowane layi ko ɗango. Malamin ya ƙara da cewa
wannan hanya,
‘ita ya (rbc)
kamata a yi amfani da ita wajen auna Bahaushen kari, ya Alla ga waƙar baka ko
rubutatta. (Dunfawa, 2003, Ma’aunin Waƙa: sh.25).
2.1.2 Awon Kari
Ita wannan hanya Dunfawa ya yi bayanin cewa Bahaushen
kari ya ƙunshi kari har guda bakwai (7). Waɗannan karuruwa masu gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen kowane layi/ɗango sune:
1.Cikakken Kari.
Ana alamta shi da waɗannan gajerun layuka kamar haka - - - -. Ma’ana kowace gaɓa doguwa ce.
2.Kari Mai Dungu Ɗaya. Yana da alama haka: ɓ - - -. Wato gaɓa ta farko gajeruwa ce, sauran uku na ƙarshe kuwa
dogaye ne.
3.Kari Mai Dungu
Biyu. Wannan kari yana da gaɓoɓi biyu na farin gajeru, biyu kuwa na ƙarshe dogaye
ne. Ana alamta shi a haka: ɓ ɓ - -.
4.Kari Mai
Wushirya. Kari ne wanda tsakanin doguwar gaɓar farko da
doguwa ta ƙarshe ake samun gaɓoɓi biyu gajeru. Ga yadda alamar wannan kari take: - ɓ ɓ -.
5. Kari Mai
Cissawai. Wannan shi ne karin da yake da gajeruwar gaɓa a farkon gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshe, sannan mai bi mata duguwa, kana ta
ukun kuma gajeruwa, sannan ta ƙarshen ta kasance doguwa. Ana alamta wannan kari haka: ɓ – ɓ -.
6. Kari Mai Giɓi Gaba. Shi wannan
kari wanda yake gaɓoɓinsa huɗu na ƙarshen layi suka fara da doguwar gaɓa ɗaya sannan gajeruwa ta bi ta, sannan biyu
dogaye su zo a ƙarshe. Alamar wannan kari ita ce: - ɓ - -.
7. Kari Mai Giɓi Baya. Shi kuwa
wannan kari shi ne wanda gaɓoɓin huɗu suke kasancewa biyu na farko dogaye, sannan mai bi musu
ta kasance gajeruwar gaɓa, ta ƙarshe kuwa ta kasance doguwar gaɓa. Alamar wannan kari na bakwai kamar haka ake yin ta: - - ɓ -.
Mai karatu ya lura, domin jaddadawa, da cewa dukkan gaɓoɓin da aka yi magana a kansu dangane da waɗannan karuruwa bakwai ana nufin gaɓoɓi huɗu na ƙarshen kowane layin ko ɗangon waƙa. Haka kuma
marubucin ya jaddada cewa waɗannan karuruwa guda bakwai da su ne ya kamata
a auna Bahashen kari, ko na waƙar baka ko kuma na rubutattar waƙa. Karuruwan
bakwai dangane da rubutattun waƙoƙi, da marubucin ya kawo misali ɗaya daga cikinsu (waƙoƙin), sai ya rufe da cewa,
Wannan hanyar ita ce ake iya amfani da ita a auna sauran
rubutattun waƙoƙi waɗanda aka tsara su ba a bisa karin Larabci ba.
(Dunfawa, 2003, Ma’aunin
Waƙa: sh. 33).
A nan ne wannan maƙala take ganin za a iya cewa shi ne muhimmin
lu’ulu’u wanda Dunfawa ya shaƙo a gulbin nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa dangane da yadda ake auna su.
Lu’ulu’u ne na auna waƙoƙi musamman waƙoƙin baka da yake Hausawa sun riga sun aro wa
nasu rubutattu ma’aunin waƙoƙin Larabci. To sai dai kamar wada muka gani, Dunfawa ya ƙara da cewa
wannan ma’auni da ya shaƙo ana iya amfani da shi har ga auna rubutattun waƙoƙin Hausa waɗanda murubutansu ba su tsara su a kan ararren ma’aunin waƙoƙin Larabci
ba.
A nan ne maƙalar za ta jingine bayani a kan lu’ulu’u na
farko, wato Bahaushen Kari wanda Atiku Ahmad Dunfawa ya shaƙo wa
manazarta waƙoƙin Hausa.
2.2 Bello Bala Usman
A shekarar 1962 ce ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu aka haifi
Farfesa Bello Bala Usman, a unguwar Nasarawa, Shiyyar Sarakuna cikin garin
Birnin Kebbi. Ya fara karatunsa, kamar sauran ‘ya’yan ƙasar Hausa, a
makarantar allo da ake samu a kowane birni da ƙauye na ƙasar Hausa. Yana da shekaru uku na haihuwa
aka saka shi a makarantar Malam Namadina a Shiyyar Sarakuna, Unguwar Nassarawa
ta Birnin Kebbi. Ya shiga makarantar Boko ta furamare mai sunan Palace Primary
School, Birnin Kebbi, ya yi ta daga 1967 zuwa 1974. Daga 1974 zuwa 1979 ya yi
makarantar gaba da furamare wadda ake kira Goɓernment
Secondary School, Kamba a garin Kamba. Sannan ya kammala karatunsa da ya fara
cikin wannan makaranta a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Sakkwato, wadda da
Ingilishi aka kira State College of Arts and Science, Sokoto daga 1979 zuwa
1980. Har ila yau dai a wannan kwaleji ce daga 1980 zuwa 1982 ya yi karatunsa
na gaba da Sakandare, wato IJMB, wanda da shi ne ya samu shiga Jami’ar Ahmadu
Bello ta Zariya. Ya yi karatunsa na digiri a wannan jami’a daga 1982 zuwa 1985
inda ya samu digiri a fannin Hausa, wato B.A. Hons Hausa. Digirinsa na biyu, M.A.
a fannin harshen Hausa a Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano daga 1987 zuwa 1990, sannan ya
yi digirin digirgir, Ph.D., a fannin Adabin Hausa daga 2001 zuwa 2008 a Jami’ar
Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo ta Sakkwato, wato Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo Uniɓersity, Sokoto. Sai dai kafin lokacin, daga 1983 zuwa
1985, ya yi wani kwas na neman takardar shaida ta Faransanci, wato Professional Certificate in French.
Likkafar Bello Bala Usman ta riƙa ci gaba
tun yana mataimakin malamin jami’a (Graduate Assistant) a 1986, yana mai hawa
matakan ilmi na malamin jami’a guda shidda har ya kai shi ga mataki na ƙarshe ya
zama Shaihin Malami, wato Farfesa (Peofessor), na fannin Adabin Hausa a shekara
ta 2021. Wannan cigaba kuwa ba kyautar ‘amshi-tashi’ ce ba, domin kuwa ƙwazonsa na
karantarwa da bincike-bincikensa na ilmi da sanin makamar aiki ya kai shi ga waɗannan muƙamai. Misali, maƙalun Farfesa Usman kurum da aka buga cikin
mujallu da littattafai sanannu kuma masu daraja a faɗin duniya sun kai talatin da biyar (35). (Usman 2021, Curricullum
Ɓitae).
2.2.1 Ruwa-Biyu: Sabon
Zubin Waƙoƙin Ƙarni na 21
Ruwa-Biyu maƙala ce wadda Usman ya rubuta aka kuma buga ta
cikin fitowa ta 6 ta mujallar da Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Afirika da Ilmin
Harshe na Jami’ar Jihar Yobe yake bugawa. Sunan Mujallar shi ne, Yobe Journal
of Language, Literature and Culture, YOJOLLAC a taƙaice. Usman
ya lura, kamar sauran manazartan waƙoƙin Hausa, da cewa a wannan ƙarni na
ashirin da ɗaya mawaƙan Hausa sukan gwama sigogin ire-iren waƙa guda biyu
da aka san Hausawa da su tun aƙalla a ƙarni na goma sha takwas (ƙ.18). A kan haka ne Usman ya fito da ra’ayin
samuwar wani zubin waƙa yana mai bayyana shi da cewa waƙa ruwa-biyu,
…wata hanya ce da ake samun gaurayuwar sigogin waƙar baka da
rubutacciya haɗe, a cikin waƙa guda. Irin wannan tsari ya fi fitowa fili a
wasu waƙoƙin Hausa a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya;.. (Usman, 2018, cikin YOJOLLAC 6, sh. 219).
Usman ya yi la’akari da sigogin da manazarta waƙoƙin Hausa
suka gano su ne suka keɓantu da kowace irin waƙa na
ire-iren guda biyu, da kuma sigogin da suka yi tarayya kamar wada Sa’id (1981)
da Yahya (1997) suka luro. Bayan haka sai ya kawo mana ainihin sigogin da ya ce
su ne na waƙa ruwa-biyu da yake son a lura da su a matsayin na ita waƙar. Waɗannan sigogi na waƙa ruwa-biyu su ne wannan maƙala za ta
kawo ta kuma tattauna a matsayin lu’ulu’un da Usman ya shaƙo wa
manazarta.
2.2.2 Sigogin Waƙa Ruwa-Biyu
Akwai aƙalla sigogi guda goma sha biyu (12) waɗanda Usman ya kawo na wannan waƙa da ya kira
ruwa-biyu. Waɗannan su ne:
1.
Kiɗa. Ita wannan siga ta karaɗe wannan
irin waƙa kamar yadda take a waƙoƙin baka na gargajiyar Bahaushe. Bambancin da ke akwai shi
ne a waƙa ruwa-biyu kiɗan ya haɗa da kiɗe-kiɗen baƙi kamar kiɗan
Turawa ko Indiyawa ko Larabawa. A kan haka ne ake amfani da kayan kiɗa
kamar ‘fiyano (piano) da gita (guita) da sauransu, amma kuma hakan bai
hana amfani da kayan kiɗan gargajiya ba irin su kalangu da ganga. Wannan kiɗa da
shi ne ake fara waƙa ruwa-biyu kamar yadda ake fara waƙoƙin baka na
Hausa da aka sani. Abin nufi shi ne kiɗan ne ke samar da irin karin da waƙa za ta hau, abin da Dunfawa (1999) ya kira ‘ƙira’, kuma tare yake tafiya da waƙar.
Usman ya faɗa
cewa sai an fara yin wannan kiɗa ne sannan daga bisani a ji waƙa ta
fito (YOJOLLAC 6, sh. 220), kamar
yadda abin yake ga sauran waƙoƙin baka na Hausa.
2.
Amshi. Sigar amshi
tana cikin sigogin da waƙa ruwa-biyu
take da kamar takwararta ta gargajiya da ma rubutatta. Usman ya nuna cewa waƙa ruwa-biyu takan yi amfani da sigar amshi ko da kuwa
turkenta na wa’azi ko madahu ne (YOJOLLAC
6, sh. 220).
3.
Karɓi. Ita ma sigar karɓi da akan samu cikin waƙar
baka akwai ta cikin waƙa ruwa-biyu.
Siga ce wadda ‘yan amshi ke cika maganar da jagoransu ya faro cikin wani ko
wasu layukan waƙar da suke rerawa.
4.
Karɓeɓeniya. Usman ya tabbatar da wannan siga cikin waƙa ruwa-biyu tare da kawo misalai kamar yadda ya saba
cikin maƙalarsa. Siga ce mai siffar amshi amma wadda ta ƙunshi hira tsakanin jagora da ‘yan amshinsa (YOJOLLAC 6, sh. 221). Wannan siga, kamar
wada za mu gani a tattaunawa ta gaba, muhimmiyar siga ce a wasu wurare. Haka
kuma ya ce akwai wani fitaccen salon karɓeɓeniya
wanda Aminu Ala da El Mu’azu da Yahaya suka yi amfani da shi a waƙar, ‘Haka Allah Yas So’.
5.
Amsa-amo. Rubutattun
waƙoƙin Hausa su
aka sani da sigar da ake kira amsa-amo. Siga ce wadda ta shafi ƙarshen ɗangogin baitocin waƙa.
Usman ya ce amfani da wannan siga a ƙarshen ɗango
shi ne mawaƙan ruwa-biyu suka fi amfani da shi, [3]
har ma a wasu wurare sukan karya ƙa’idar
amsa-amon yadda aka san ta. (YOJOLLAC 6, sh.
222).
6.
Zubin Layukan Baiti. A ɓangaren rubutattun waƙoƙin Hausa daidaita yawan ɗangogin
baitocinta tilas ne, yayin da su kuwa waƙoƙin baka ba haka ba ne, ba lalle ne yawan layukan ya
daidaita ba saboda akan samu waƙa wadda wasu
baitocinta (ɗiyanta)
su ƙunshi layi guda-guda ko bibbiyu ko goma-goma. Usman ya
tabbatar da samuwar duka sigogin biyu cikin waƙoƙi ruwa-biyu. (YOJOLLAC
6, sh. 223).
7.
Sharar Fage. Usman ya bayyana wannan siga ta waƙa ruwa-biyu da cewa shi ne, ‘inda mai waƙa zai buɗe waƙarsa da wani
abu kafin ya koma ga zubinsa na rubutacciyar waƙa mai
ƙwar huɗu’. Ya kawo misali da waƙar
Dauda Kahutu, ‘Ƙurunƙus’.
8.
Mabuɗi. Ita kuwa sigar mabuɗi tana nufin,
duk kuwa da Usman bai faɗi ma’anar ‘mabuɗi ba, mawaƙi ya fara waƙarsa da yabon Allah (s.w.) da Annabi (s.a.w.). Ya ce mawaƙan ƙarni na 21
masu tsara waƙa ruwa-biyu sun ari wannan fitacciyar sigar rubutattun waƙoƙin Hausa.
9.
Amfani Da Sanƙira. Kamar yadda Usman ya faɗa sigar
amfani da sanƙira a waƙoƙin baka na Hausa abu ne sananne. Sanƙira yana daga cikin ƙungiyar
mawaƙi, sai dai ba aikinsa guda da sauran mutanen da ke cikin ƙungiyar ba. Shi ba rera waƙa
yake yi ba, sai dai yakan furta kalamai ko dai masu ƙarin
haske ga abin da jagora ke faɗa ko ya cika maganar da jagora ke yi ko kuma ya yi zuga
ga mawaƙi ko ga wanda ake yi wa waƙar.
Haka kuma yakan furta kalaman da suke zambo ne ga abokin hammayar wanda ake yi
wa waƙar ko ma abokan hamayyar jagoran waƙar. Duk waɗannan kalamai da sanƙira
kan yi yana yin su ne cikin sautin maganar yau da kullum, ba rerawa ba. Ƙololuwar maganar sanƙira
ita ce amfani da karin magana. Duk wannan bayani abin da aka fahimta ne daga
abin da Usman yake nufi ne da amfani da sanƙira
cikin waƙoƙi ruwa-biyu.
(YOJOLLAC 6, sh.226-227).
10.
Kari. Sigar
amfani da kari wurin tsara waƙa dole ne, to
sai dai Usman ya ce waƙoƙi ruwa-biyu kan yi amfani da karin waƙa na Hausa (Bahaushen Kari) da kuma karin waƙoƙin Larabci
da Hausawa suka ara.
11.
Tsarmin Ɗan Waƙa. Usman ya ce a waƙa
ruwa-biyu akan samu an cusa wani ɗa irin na wani nau’in waƙa da
ba da shi ne ya mamaye waƙar ba. Wato
idan waƙar tana cikin tsarin rubutattar waƙa sai kuma a tsinci ɗa guda ko
biyu na waƙar baka. A bayanin Usman babu samuwar akasin haka, misali
a ce waƙa ruwa-biyu wadda ke a kan tsarin waƙar baka sai a samu ɗa guda ko
biyu na rubutattar waƙa. (YOJOLLAC 6, sh. 228-229).
12.
Gaza. Gaza kamar
yadda Usman ya yi bayani, magana ce cikin taƙaitacciyar
‘tsawa da mawaƙan baka ke yi don su mayar da hankulan ‘yan amshi da makaɗansu
ga aikin da ake yi na waƙar, musamman
idan suka ga wani abu na neman janye mataimakan daga waƙa’. Ya
ba da misalin kalmomi kamar, ‘haba’ da ‘sama’ da ‘hayya kai’, dukansu tare da
alamar motsin rai, wato ‘!’.
Waɗannan su ne sigogi goma sha biyu (12) waɗanda Farfeasa Bello Bala Usman ya shaƙo cikin
gulbin waƙa a matsayin lu’ulu’u na biyu da wannan maƙala take
ganin mai faɗaɗa nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa ne.
A wata tattaunawa da shi Usman ya shaida ma mai wannan maƙala cewa
yana nan yana ƙoƙarin sabunta maƙalarsa da ya saka ma suna, “Waƙa
Ruwa-Biyu”.
2.3 Aliyah Adamu Ahmad
Majiɓinciyar Farfesa Aliyah Adamu Ahmad malama ce
a Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato wadda saura ƙiris da yardar Allah ta ɗare a kan kujerar Farfesa (wato daga Associate Professor zuwa Professor),
kuma a fannin adabi da tarihinsa. An haife ta ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekara
ta 1979, cikin birnin Sakkwato a unguwar Minanata. Kamar sauran ‘ya’yan Hausawa
Aliyah ta fara karatun Addinin Musulunci tun tana da shekaru uku na haihuwa, kuma
mahaifinta ne ya fara koya mata da karatun Alƙur’ani. Daga bisani kuma ya kai ta Makarantar
Malam Bala Maiɗori a unguwar Minanata. Mahaifin Aliyah ya
kasance mutum mai son ‘ya’yansa su samu ilmi na Addini da na Boko. A dalilin
haka ne, kamar yadda Aliyah ta faɗa wa mai
wannan maƙala, ko bayan da ita da ‘yan’uwanta suka girma har suka
kama aiki, da yake mahaifin yana da ilmin Larabci da na Addinin Musulunci, sannan
ga shi ma’aikacin gwamnati, sai ya keɓe musu
lokacin da zai zaunar da su ya karantar da su daga abin da Allah ya hore masa.
Lokacin da Aliyah ta kai tana da shekaru shidda a duniya sai ya shigar da ita makarantar
furamare ta Boko a 1985. Wannan makarantar furamare ita ce Uniɓersity Primary School, Sokoto. Ta kammala ta a 1990, lokacin da kai tsaye ta samu
shiga makarantar gaba da furamare ta haɗin kai, wato
Unity Secondary School, Illela a
jihar Sakkwato daga 1990 zuwa 1992. An mayar da ita zuwa makarantar Goɓernment Girls College, Sokoto a 1992 inda ta kammala a 1995. Daga shekarar 1995 zuwa
ta 1997 Aliyah ta yi Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Haliru Binji da ke Sakkwato,
wato wadda a turance ake taƙaitawa da Haliru
Binji S.C.A.S.. A wannan kwaleji ta samu takardar shaidar karatun IJMB mai
darajar maki 10. Wannan shi ya ba ta damar shiga kwas na yin digirinta na farko
a Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo da ke Sakkwato. Ta shiga wannan Jami’a a 1997 ta
kuma kammala a 2000 da samun digirin B.A. na ilmin Hausa.
Bayan da Aliyah ta karɓi takardar
shaidar digirin a 2001 ta yi hidimar ƙasa (NYSC) a shekarar 2002. Wannan shi ne
dalilin da ya sa ba ta ci gaba da neman ilmi ba a wannan shekara. To amma fa da
kammala Hidimar Ƙasa nan take sai ta nemi ta koma jami’a don ta samo
digiri na biyu, a nan dai Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo. Ta kuma yi nasara saboda ta samu
gurbin neman digirin M.A. Hausa Studies
daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Tana kammala wannan karatu sai Aliyah ta ƙara tsunduma
cikin neman digirin digirgir, wato Ph.D.. A wannan karo sai ta tsallaka zuwa
Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano a shekarar da ta kammala karatun M.A., wato a shekarar
2004. Aliyah ta kammala wannan karatu a 2009, aka kuma ba ta takardar kammala
karatun a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2010 lokacin da ta kare kundin da ta
rubuta. Wannan haziƙa fa duk tsawon shekarun nan tun kammala digirinta na
farko ba ta daina fafutukar ƙara neman ilmi ba, domin kuwa a ‘yan tsakankanin nan sai
da ta yi wasu ƙananan kwasakwasai. Waɗannan kwasakwasai
sun haɗa da na takardar shaidar samun ilmin sadarwa wadda da
Ingilishi ake kira, Certificate in Mass
Communication da ta samu a 2003, da ta Difloma a fagen ilmin koyarwa, wato
wadda ake kira Graduate Diploma in
Education, a 2004, da kuma takardar shaidar nazarin ilmin na’ura mai ƙwaƙwalwa, wato,
Certificate in Computer Studies, ita
kuwa a shekarar 2005.
Ta fuskar rubuce-rubuce kuwa Aliyah ba mai sanyin jiki ba
ce. A halin yanzu akwai bugaggun littattafai biyar (5) nata, uku (3) daga ciki
ita ce kurum ta rubuta su, biyu (2) kuwa na haɗin gwiwa ne
waɗanda guda da ita da wasu a kan rubutacciyar Hausa domin
makarantun gaba da furamare, guda kuwa da ita da wani. Littattafai ke nan! Amma
ta ɓangaren maƙalu, a halin rubuta wannan maƙala, Aliyah
tana da guda-guda har talatin (30) waɗanda aka
buga cikin fitattun mujallun da suka shahara a fagen ilmi. A halin da ake ciki
kuma, kamar malaman da aka ambata cikin wannan maƙala, Aliyah tana da tarin maƙalun da ko
dai suke jiran a buga su ko take kan rubutawa. Haka kuma ba ta yi sanyin ƙafa ba wurin
riƙa muƙamai da dama
cikin jami’ar da take yi wa aiki, da kuma wasu wurare da ke biɗar ta domin ta kama musu kamar gidan rediyon BBC da ta
sha yi wa alƙalancin gasar rubuce-rubucen adabi. (Aliyah 2022, Curricullum
Ɓitae).
2.3.1 Waƙa-kwaikwaye: Daɗaɗɗen Adabin Hausawa na
Auren Waƙa da Wasan kwaikwayo
Waƙa-kwaikwaye sakamakon binciken da Majiɓinciyar Farfesa Aliyah Adamu Ahamad ta yi ne, ta kuma
gabatar a wani taron ƙara wa juna sani a Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya na
Jami’ar Jihar Sakkwato da aka gudanar a farkon shekarar 2021. Daga bisani sai
jami’ar ta amince da bukatar da wannan sashe ya yi na ya gudanar da gasar tsara
waƙoƙi na baka da
rubutattu cikin nau’in nan na waƙa-kwaikwaye. Sai kuwa Jami’ar ta aminta da
wannan hangen nesa da Sashe ya yi, ta kuma naɗa Aliyah a
matsayin jagorar kwamitin tsara da gudanar da wannan gasa. Aliyah ta ce ta yi
murna da wannan nauyi da jami’arta ta ɗora mata
saboda kamar wada ta sheda wa mai wannan maƙala, tana da yaƙinin samun damar nuna wa duniya ingancin
sakamakon binciken da ta gudanar. An gudanar da gasar tun daga tarurukan
gudanarwa har zuwa ga yin alƙalancin tarin waƙoƙin da mawaƙa suka aika wa kwamitin wannan gasa. Matakin ƙarshe, wato
bikin rera waƙoƙin da aka samu kurum ya rage sai wasu dalilai, ciki har
da yajin aikin da malaman jami’o’in Najeriya suka shiga, suka yi tarnaƙi ga gudar
da shi.
Wannan maƙala ta Aliyah ita ce ta uku daga cikin lu’ulu’an da
malamai uku suka shaƙo waɗanda maƙalar nan da ke a gaban mai karatu take
tattaunawa a kai. Ana ganin ta dace kamar biyun ɗin da aka
gabatar, ta shiga jerin lu’ulu’an da ke cikin gulbin nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa na
baka da rubutattu saboda dalilin da za su bayyana cikin bayanin da ke tafe
yanzu.
2.3.2 Sigogin Waƙa-kwaikwaye
Aliyah ta fara gabatar da asalin wannan nau’in waƙa da cewa
nau’i ne daɗaɗɗe cikin waƙoƙin Hausa.
Nau’i ne wanda yake da tushe daga waƙoƙin baka na Hausa, kuma da Hausawa suka sadu
da adabin baƙi kamar na Larabawa sai suka ga duk da yake sun karɓi Musulunci da Larabawa suka kawo musu, addinin bai hana
tsara waƙa-kwaikwaye ba. Aliyah ta kafa hujja da misalai daga waƙoƙin da ake
samu cikin daɗaɗɗun wasannin
kwaikwayo na Hausa, da kuma waƙoƙin Larabci. (Aliyah 2021, Waƙa-kwaikwaye:
sh.5-7). Daga nan sai ta kawo sigogin waƙar kamar yadda suke a nan ƙasa.
1.
Zubi da Tsari. Bambancin da ake iya samu ta fuskar zubi da tsari
tsakanin waƙa-kwaikwaye da sauran na’o’in waƙoƙin Hausa ƙalilan ne, domin
ita ma tana cikinsu, saboda ko dai ta kasance rubutatta ko ta baka ko kuma
ruwa-biyu. A kan haka ne Aliyah ta fi mayar da hankali kan rerawa da aiwatarwa
ko sadarwa da kuma salo. Ta ce zubi da tsarin waƙa-kwaikwaye
tilas ne ya ƙunshi rerawar muryoyi fiye da ɗaya, ko dai
mutum biyu ko fiye ne ke yin ta ko kuwa muryar rerawar ta yi naso ga mawaƙin da ke rera waƙar idan mawaƙi guda ne ke yin ta. Naso a nan marubuciyar tana nufin
mawaƙi guda ya riƙa sassauya
muryarsa daidai yadda ma’anar waƙa take
ayyanawa, idan basarake ne ke magana sai mawaƙin ya
rera waƙar kamar yadda Hausawa suka ɗauka
basarake kan yi magana. Idan kuwa talakka ne sai mawaƙin ya
rera kamar yadda talakka kan yi. A kowace rerawa an so mai saurare ya nasarta a
ransa cewa ainihin wanda ake nufi ne ke magana ta fuskar furucin ko motsi da gaɓoɓin
jiki. Aliyah ta ba da misali da wasu rubutattun waƙoƙin ƙarni na goma
sha tara, kamar ‘Waƙar ‘Yan Jihadi/Halin Duniya Karuwa’ da ‘Jama’a Da Ku
Nike’ ta Waziri Buhari. Haka kuma ta kawo misalai daga waƙoƙin Hausa na
baka kamar waƙar Korona ta Maigida da Uwargida wadda AbdusSamad Babson
ya yi (Aliyah da Yahya, 2020), da waƙar ‘Shayi’
wadda Kassu Zurmi ya yi. (Magaji, 2016, sh. 68-69). Waɗannan su
kuma na ƙarni na 20 da na 21 ne.
Cikin duk waɗannan misalai akwai muryoyin rerawa fiye da ɗaya.
Aliyah ta bukaci mai karanta maƙalarta da ya
lura da cewa ba lalle ne mawaƙa biyu ko
fiye su rera waƙa-kwaikwaye ba. Muhimmin abu shi ne ma’anar ɗan waƙa ko layinsa ko baitin waƙa ko ɗangonsa
ta ayyana cewa maganganun da ke ciki na fiye da mutun ɗaya ne. A
dalilin haka ne ta yi amfani da kalmar ‘naso’ cikin bayaninta. (Aliyah 2021, Waƙa-kwaikwaye, sh.7: 5.0.1, da sh. 12: ii).
2.
Aiwatarwa. Aliyah
(sh. 11-12) ta jaddada cewa yayin aiwatar da waƙa-kwaikwaye,
wato sadar da ita ga jama’a, akwai bukatar mutune fiye da ɗaya
ne za su rera ta. To amma hakan ba tilas ba ne muddin mutum ɗaya
yana iya kwaikwayon wanda ma’anar layi ko ɗa/ɗango
ko baiti ta ayyana. Haka za a gani cikin misalan da ta kawo na waƙar Kassu Zurmi ta ‘Shayi’ da waƙar
‘Karuwa’ wadda Mu’azu Haɗeja ya yi (Aliyah 2021, sh. 9-10 da 10-11).
3.
Sutura. Daga
cikin sigogin waƙa-kwaikwaye da Aliyah ta ambata akwai amfani da suturar
mai muryar da aka ambata cikin waƙar. To sai
dai hakan kan dace idan a dandali ko cikin bidiyo ne kuma mutane da yawa ne ke
rera waƙar. Haka kuma mawaƙi
guda ba zai iya kasancewa yana sassauya sutura wai don muryoyin waɗanda
ke cikin ma’anar waƙa. Sutura a cikin waƙa-kwaikwaye
ba ta da ƙa’idoji kamar yadda rerawa da sadarwa ta ƙunsa.
4.
Salo. Idan mai
karatu ya lura da ƙa’idojin da aka ambata kamin nan, ba zai rasa fahimtar
cewa salo a waƙa-kwaikwaye yana cikin manyan muhimman ƙa’idojinta. A kan haka ne Aliyah ta fito da waɗannan
ire-iren salon waƙa waɗanda tilas ne waƙa-kwaikwaye
ta ƙunshe su. Ga su:
a.
Hira. Marubuciyar
ta ce,
salon hira kan samu a musayar magana ko dai tsakanin
mutane (ko tsakanin mutum) da wani abu da ba mutum ba, kamar tsuntsu ko damisa.
Kai hasili har ma da abin da yake ba na zahiri muraran ba irin duniya. (Aliyah
2021, sh.13).
Wannan ya nuna ƙarara cewa
dole ne waƙa-kwaikwaye ta kasance cikin salon hira.
b.
Zayyana. Duk
da yake kamar yadda ta yi amfani da ma’anar hira da zayyana kamar yadda Yahya
(2016) ya bayyana su, Aliyah ta ƙara da faɗaɗa shi
salon zayyana zuwa ‘sassauƙa’ da ‘mai
kwarjini’ (Aliyah, sh. 13). Sassauƙan salon
zayyana shi ne inda mai sauraren waƙar ba zai
samu nasartawar wani aiki a zuciyarsa ba, yayin da zayyana mai kwarjini ke
ayyana ‘siffar abu ko yanayi kar tamkar ga shi a gaban mai saurare ko karatu’
(Aliyah, sh. 13).
c.
Labari. Salon
labari shi ne waƙa ta kasance mai kawo abin da ya gudana tsakanin mutane
biyu ko fiye kamar yadda Yahya (2016) ya bayyana, amma ita Aliyah ta ƙara da cewa, ‘har ma da a kan shi ma kansa mawaƙin ba za a ciire ba’ (Aliyah, sh.15).
Aliyah ta kammala maƙalarta da ƙarfafa cewa waɗannan
ire-iren salo ‘su ne masu tabbatar da hujjar da ta sa aka kira’ waƙa-kwaikwaye
da wannan suna. Duk kuwa sai da marubuciyar ta kafa hujja cikin maƙalarta da
misalai daga tarihi da kuma duka nau’o’in waƙoƙin Hausa, na baka da rubutattu da kuma
ruwa-biyu. Dangane da tarihi ta kawo misalai daga waƙoƙin wasanni
daɗaɗɗu da rubutattun waƙoƙin ƙarni na goma
sha tara (ƙ.19), kamar waƙar Duniya Karuwa ta Audi Sha’iri Gwandu da waƙar Waziri
Buhari mai suna ‘Jama’a Da Ku Nike’, sannan ta kawo misalai daga tsoffi da
sabbin mawaƙa na zamanin da muke ciki, kamar waƙoƙin Kassu
Zurmi da na AbdusSmad Babson cikin waƙoƙin gargajiya da na yanzu, wato ruwa-biyu, da
kuma daga cikin rubutattu kamar na Mu’azu Hɗeja da na
Haliru Wurno.
Wannan shi ne lu’ulu’un da Majiɓinciyar Farfesa Aliyah Adamu Ahmad ta shaƙo daga cikin
gulbin nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa. Ya rage ga manazarta da su daidaita matsayin waƙa-kwaikwaye,
ko dai su amince da cewa nau’in waƙoƙin Hausa ne kamar yadda Aliyah ta ɗauke ta ko kuma wani abu dabam.
A wannan ɓangare ne ake fatar mai karatu zai fahimci
lu’ulu’un da kowane daga farfesoshin uku, Atiku Ahmad Dunfawa da Bello Bala
Usman da kuma Aliyah Adamu Ahmad ya shaƙo.
3.0 Tsokaci
Sunsunen farko da
maƙalar take da
shi shi ne a kan littafin Dunfawa. Sunsunen ya zo ne da kira ga manazarta waƙoƙin Hausa, kira
mai halshe biyu: da halshen da ya shafi sauran rubutattun waƙoƙin Hausa; da
halshen da ya shafi waƙoƙin baka da ba na Hausa ba amma suna da wata alaƙa ko dai da
waƙoƙin baka na
Hausa ko da kuma rubutattu na Hausa ko ma duka.
Ta fuskar sauran rubutattun waƙoƙin Hausa waɗanda aka tsara a kan ma’aunin waƙoƙin Larabci, akwai
bukatar a tantance ko duka waƙoƙin ana kuma iya auna su ta amfani da Bahaushen kari guda
bakwai da Dunfawa ya kawo? Dalilin yin wannan kira shi ne, duk da shike Dunfawa
ya ce hanyar ita ya kamata a bi wajen auna Bahaushen kari a waƙoƙin Hausa na baka ko rubutattu, bai kawo mana
sauran misalai na karin Larabci guda goma sha biyar ba bayan misalin ɗaya daga cikinsu. Kira ne sassauƙa gare shi
domin watakila lokacin rubuta littafinsa ya fi mayar da hankali kan ɗalibansa, bai yi la’akari da ire-iremmu na gefen hanya
ba.
Idan kuwa aka koma kan waƙoƙi na baka ko rubutattu waɗanda ba na Hausa ba, kiran yana magana ne a kan waƙoƙin al’ummomi
da ke da kusanci da Hausawa musamman waɗanda suke a
Yammacin Afirka ko suka samu tasirin Musulunci kamar yadda Hausawa suka samu.
Gudanar da bincike don a gano shin ana iya auna waƙoƙin waɗannan al’ummomi da Bahaushen kari, abu ne wanda zai ƙayatar ainun
ta fuskar ilmi da zamantakewa.Waƙoƙin Fulfulde da Zabarmanci kan iya kasancewa
matakin farko ga ɗalibai, musamman da shike wasu masana, kamar
Farfesa Ibrahim Ahmad Mukoshy, na ganin cewa rubutattun waƙoƙin Fulfulde
su ne tushen samuwar rubutattun waƙoƙin Hausa masu kammala ga tsari da siga.[4]
Wani sunsune shi ne, anya kuwa kari bakwai ne kurum waƙoƙin Hausa
suke da kamar yadda Dunfawa ya ce shi ne Bahaushen kari? Ya kamata ɗaliban nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa su yi yadda Larabawa suka yi inda
suka ƙara yawan karuruwan auna waƙoƙinsu. Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al- Farahidi ya
gano karuruwa goma sha biyar (15), sannan shi kuwa Al Akhfash al- Akbar ya gano
ɗaya suka zama karuruwa goma sha shidda.
(https/www.fluentarabic>introd).
Haka nan kuma maƙalar ta ɗauki
lu’ulu’un da Usman ya shaƙo ta sunsuno bukatu biyu. Bukata ta farko ita ce a taƙaita bayani
kan waƙa ruwa-biyu
ta ɓangaren fitattar sigarta, wato a ce waƙa ce da ta ƙunshi
sigogin rubutattun waƙoƙi da na baka na Hausa. Manufa ita ce ba sai an ce tana da
sauran sigogin da Usman ya kawo ba. Dalilin wannan bukata shi ne duk sauran da
ya ambata akan same su, har ma da waɗanda bai
ambata ba cikin nau’o’in waƙar uku, ciki kuwa har da sigogin tsarma layi ko layuka ko
ɗa ko ɗiya ko ɗango ko ɗangogi ko baiti ko baitoci cikin juna. Akan samu tsarmin
waƙar baka
cikin rubutattar waƙa, irin misalin da shi Usman ya bayar, kamar ‘Waƙar Mata’
wadda Aliyu Maikudu Giɗaɗawa ya yi.
Wannan rubutattar waƙa ce da aka yi tun kafin waƙoƙi ruwa-biyu su bayyana. Ita wannan waƙa da sigar
waƙar baka ta
gargajiya ta fara. Sigar kuwa ita ce zubin kirari da zuga. (Sakina 2005, sh.
67). Dubi farkonta:
A’uzu billahi minas
sheɗanir rajim
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim.
Wasallallahu-Ala man la nabiyya ba’adahu amin.
Assalamu alaikum ya masoyanmu, maƙiyanmu.
Ya babbaƙun mabiyanmu mata
Masoyan dare da rana a ƙi ku
In da ku gida shi yi
kyawo, in kun yi yawa gida ya ɓaci
Mai ku ba shi da kowa
don baƙin ciki ka isa tai,
Ko kun yo dare kuna
yin rana
Koway yabe ku sai ya ɓata, ciyon ajali komi haƙurin mutum
Shinai muku raki, mata.
Ba a yi sai da kuwa,
Ba ku da magani ga
kowane mai rai.
Ɗiyan tahwasa masu daɗin kuka
Sharrinku ya hi
hairinku yawa
Ƙaƙa za mu yi da ikon
Allah?
Maganinku Allah shi tsare mata
(Sakina Adamu Ahmad 2005, Mata a Idon Marubuta Waƙoƙin Hausa, sh.80).
Wannan misali da ji da gani an san siga ce ta zubin waƙar baka. To
ba nan kurum ba. Can cikin sauran baitocin waƙar akan samu wani tsarmin waƙar baka na
kalma guda ko biyu tare da baitin waƙar kamar waɗannan:
16. Sherinku mata na ga ba shi ƙidayuwa,
Zambarku ni na sheda ba ta misaltuwa,
In don jini kaɗ
ɗauki babe yassuwa,
Duw wanda yab bi macce shi taka kasuwa,
Kuma wohoho wayyo dalilin mata.
Modde ya’e
…
21.Sha burkuta! Sha dadaƙa! Dungazumi,
Kasko!
Mai sanya ƙato nan da nan ka ga
yai gumi,
Kowah haye maka yanzu na shi yi tagumi,
Sa maigida kullum shi kwana da zullumi,
Makarinku sabri
ja-bugayya na mata
…
30.Kayanta ta kwashe
su dut ta saisuwa,
Tasa da kwanna haka za zannan ƙawa,
Ta kai ma bokaye tanai musu gaisuwa,
Su ko su cinye sun iza ta ga ɗemuwa,
An ɓad da ‘yan kicihi ɓarayi mata.
Gwai Allah!
31.Ga son shiga yawon gidaje swahe dut,
Ta shigam ma nema tana hwasadi swahe dut,
Sai ga ciki ka gane ta rai ya ɓaci dut,
Kumya ta kamma ta ga cikin a gane shi dut,
Daɗa sai shiga gashi
macuta mata.
Kaico!!
(Sakina Adamu Ahmad 2005, sh.83, 84, 85, 86)
Kalmomin ‘modde ya’e’ da ‘kasko; da ‘gwai Allah’ da kuma ‘kaico’, duk
an fi samun su cikin waƙoƙin baka kuma irinsu ne Usman ya faɗa muna ake kira ‘gaza’, to
amma gashi an same su cikin rubutattar waƙar da aka yi tun ma ba a haifi Hausawan da suka
fito da waƙoƙi ruwa-biyu ba. Mai wannan maƙala ya san wannan waƙa tun cikin gomiyar shekarun 1970 lokacin da yake
makarantar sakandare.
Ta ɓangaren waƙar baka kuwa sanannen abu ne cewa akan sami wasu mawaƙan baka da kan aro wasu
sigogin rubutattun waƙoƙi, kamar saka ayoyin Alƙur’ani Mai Tsarki ko fara waƙa da basmala. Sarkin Taushin Katsina misali ne
cikin mawaƙan baka na Hausa na gargajiya. Haka Sani Aliyu Ɗandawo da Sani Sabulu Kanoma.
Idan haka lamarin yake to ya kamata a dubi waƙa ruwa-biyu ta fuskar
kasancewarta mai haɗa waƙar baka da rubutatta, wato kai tsaye a kira ta waƙar baka ruwa-biyu saboda ba
dukan sigogin abin da ake kira waƙa ne mawaƙi kan saka cikin waƙarsa ba, abin da ya sa ba za mu iya ƙididdige sigogin da waƙa ruwa-biyu kan ɗauko daga nau’o’in biyu ba.
Wani sunsune shi ne ganin yadda Usman ya ɗauka cewa kamar
duk waƙar da take da zubin rubutatta amma take da kiɗa sunanta waƙa ruwa-biyu. To amma akwai wata waƙar Haliru Wurno ta madahu mai suna ‘Gulbin Yabo’.
Marubucin wannan maƙala ya mallaki waƙar kuma daga hannun mawallafinta Haliru Hurno ya same ta, Tana cikin
rubutun ajami na hannun shi Haliru take.[5]. Ya
yi wannan waƙa cikin 1970 amma sai bayan da ya rasu cikin 2003 wani Bashiru Haliru
Wurno wanda shi Halirun ya riƙa, saboda ganin yadda zamani ke tafiya a yau sai ya je sutudiyo aka
saka wa waƙar kiɗa irin na zamani, shi kuma yana rera ta a kan haka. To idan aka bi
bayanin Usman, tambayar da za a iya yi ita ce, ‘Shin ana iya kiran wannan waƙa da sunan ruwa-biyu a dalilin
saka mata kiɗa da Bashir ya yi bayan rasuwar wanda ya yi ta da shekaru fiye da goma
sha biyar (15)?’
Sunsunen da ya zo daga lu’ulu’un waƙa-kwaikwaye na Aliyah shi ne, tunanin cewa yana da
wuya a rasa samun raha cikin waƙar da ta ƙunshi nau’in waƙa-kwaikwaye. Da yawa daga cikin misalan da ta kawo na waƙa-kwaikwaye a maƙalarta suna ƙunshe da raha a wasu wurare na
baitocinsu ko ɗangoginsu. A kan haka ne ake ganin ya kamata manazarta su tantance
matsayin raha cikin waƙa-kwaikwaye. Shin rahan nan da ake samu siga ce ta waƙar ko kuwa naso ne kurum na
salon waƙoƙin mawaƙi? Ko kuma raha kan bayyana cikin waƙa-kwaikwaye dangane da jigon da waƙar ta ƙunsa? Misalin nan da
marubuciyar ta kawo daga waƙar Wazirin Sakkwato Buhari mai suna ‘Jama’a Da Ku Nike’, bai ƙunshi raha ba. Watakila wannan
ya kasance ne saboda jigon zuhudu, musamman tsoron Allah da aka gina waƙar da shi, shi ya kawo haka.
To amma nauyin wannan waƙa ta fuskar Addinin Musulunci kusan ɗaya ne da waƙar ‘Gulbin Yabo’ ta Haliru
Hurno. A cikin wannan waƙa Haliru ya yi amfani da sigar waƙa-kwaikwaye ya kawo abin da ya gudana lokacin da
sayyidi Umar ɗan Haɗɗabi ya karɓi Musulunci. To cikin wannan waƙa-kwaikwaye Haliru ya yi
amfani da kalmomin da za su iya sa mai karatu ko saurare ya yi murmushi ya kuma
ji daɗi saboda da jin wannan tambaya ta Ummaru da kuma martanin da ya yi ga
amsar Annabi (s.a.w), mai karatu ko saurare zai ji lalle marar tsoro ke yin
maganar kuma zai yi wani abu mai faranta rai kuma mai tayar da hankalin abokan
gaba. Za a nasarta cewa ga mai ƙarfi nan ya zo wanda zai cire ma jama’a jin tsoro. Kalmomin /niƙatau/ da /Sidi ɓoyo anka sa ka/ da kuma /ba a ɓoyon ibada ga ni ga ka/, da su
ne mawaƙin ya cusa raha cikin zukatan masu karatu ko sauraren baitocin. Ga dai
baitocin:
127. Rannan gaskiya ta yi kaye ga niƙatau
Ummaru Sanda ya zam Musulmi wa ka jan ka
128. Sai Faruku yag gai da Ahmadu sunka gaisa
Yai kalimar shahada gaba ɗai yar riƙa ka
129. …
130. Sannan lokacin Azzuhur na ga su ɓoye
Sai yat tambaya Sidi ɓoyo anka sa ka
131. Ahmadu yaf faɗa mai ga fili ana forai
Ka ga mu yan kaɗan Sanda mi as shawarakka
132. Ummaru ya yi koyon kiran salla ga Manzo
Yac ce ba a ɓoyon ibada ga ni ga ka
133. Yaf fita nan da nan yai kiran salla ga taro
Rannan wanda am Makka ya san ɗaukakakka
Cikin waɗannan baitoci yanke ana samun muhimman salailan da Aliyah ta ambata, wato da hira da zayyana da labari. Ƙari a kan salailan shi ne ana kuma samun jigon raha cikin baitocin. Idan kuwa haka abin yake a mafi yawan waƙoƙi masu nau’in waƙa-kwaikwaye, to ba laifi ba ne idan saka jigon raha cikin muhimman sigogin wannan nau’i.
Kammalawa
Haƙiƙa sakamakon nazarin da malamai uku, Dunfawa da Usman da Aliyah, suka yi, sakamako ne wanda aka tattauna cikin wannan maƙala. Sakamakon nazarinsu ne wanda ya dace a kira da sunan lu’ulu’u daga gulbin nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa. Kowane lu’ulu’u daga cikinsu mai kwarzanta da kuma faɗaɗa nazarin waƙoƙin ne, saboda kasancewar kowane daga cikinsu abu ne da za a iya ƙara duban sa har ma a zurfafa bincike domin a goge shi. Ta yin haka sai nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa ya sami ƙarin ginuwa. Ya kamata ɗalibai su ɗauki salon yin nazari don gaggano abubuwan da ba a sani ba ko ba a ida ƙalailaice su ba.
MANAZARTA
1. Aliyah, A. A. (2017),
Rupert Moultrie East 1898-1975: Tarihinsa
da Sharhi a kan Gudummawarsa ga Adabin Hausa, Kaduna: Whales Adɓerts Limited.
2. Aliyah, A. A. da
Yahya, A. B. (2020), Kukan Kurciya cikin
Waƙoƙin Korona Biyu, Zaria: ABUPRESS.
3. Dunfawa, A. A., (2003),
Ma’aunin Waƙa. Sokoto: Garkuwa
Publshers.
4. Ɗangambo, A. (2007), Ɗaurayar
Gadon Feɗe Waƙa (sabon tsari), Zaria: amana publishers ltd.
5. Gusau, S. M, (2003), Jagoran Nazarin Waƙar Baka, Kano: Benchmark Publishers
Limited.
6. Gusau, S. M, (2015), Waƙar Baka Bahaushiya No
14, Kano:
Bayero Uniɓersity
7. Haɗeja, M. (1980), Waƙoƙin
Mu’azu Haɗeja, Zariya: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company (NNPC).
8. Hiskett, M., (1975), A History of Hausa Islamic Ɓerse, London: School of Oriental
and African Studies (SOAS).
9.
Magaji, A. (2016), Kassu
Zurmi Da Waƙoƙinsa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, tare da Jersy
– Channel Island, UK: Safari Books (Eɗport) Limited.
10. Muhammad, Ɗ.
(1977), ‘Indiɓidual
Talent in The Hausa Poetic Tradition: A Study of Aƙilu Aliyu
and His Art’, kundin Ph, D. London.
11. Muhammad, Ɗ.
(1978), Waƙa Bahaushiya”, cikin Studies in Hausa Languages, Literature And Culture I, Kano: Bayero Uniɓersity.
12. Muhammad, Ɗ..
(1973), “A Ɓocabulary of Literary Terms In Hausa”, cikin
Harsunan Nijeriya III, Kano: Bayero Uniɓersity.
13. Muhammad, Ɗ..(1990),
Hausa Metalanguage-Ƙamus Na Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomin Hausa, Ibadan: I.U. P.
Limited.
14. Sakina Adamu Ahmad 2005, ‘Mata a Idon Marubuta Waƙoƙin Hausa’.
Kundin digirin farko na B.A. Sokoto: Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo.
15. Sokoto, I. J. (2007),
Tsarabar Waziri Buhari da Waziri Junaidu
ga Manazartan Waƙoƙin Hausa. Sokoto: Al-Amin Printers ltd.
16. Usman, B. B. (2018), “Ruwa-Biyu:
Sabon Zubin Waƙoƙin Ƙarni na Ashirin da Ɗaya” cikin Yobe Journal of Languages, Literature and
Culture (YOJALLAC), Damaturu: Yobe State Uniɓersity.
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Magabata: Nazarin Ƙwaƙƙwafi a kan Rayuwar Malam (Dr) Umaru Nassarawa
Wazirin Gwandu (1916 – 2000) da Waƙoƙinsa”, kundin digiri
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B. (2013), ‘Tsattsafi: Wani Ɗigo cikin
Gulbin Nazarin Salon Waƙoƙin
Hausa’ cikin ƊUNƊAYE: Journal
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Raha Cikin Waƙoƙin Alƙali Alhaji Haliru Wurno”, maƙalar da aka gabatar a
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Jami’ar Bayero Uniɓersity,, shafi na 217
– 232. An gabatar da wannan maƙala a 1986 a taron ƙara wa juna sani
wanda Hukumar Raya Wallafar Littattafai ta Nijeriya (wato Nigerian Book Deɓelopment Council, NBDC) ta gudanar a Durbar Hotel a
Kaduna daga 5 zuwa 8 ga watan Mayu, 1986.
24. Yahya, A.B., Wasu waƙoƙin Alƙali Haliru Wurno da
marubucin wannan maƙala ya mallaka waɗanda kuma ya samo
daga mawallafin waƙoƙin. Mafi yawan waɗannan waƙoƙi cikin rubutun Ajami
suke kuma da hannun shi Haliru Wurno.
25. ZAUREN WAƘA: Mujallar
Nazarin Waƙoƙin Hausa 1,
Sashen
Koyar Da Harsunan Nijeriya (2013), Sakkwato: Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo.
[1] Kamar yadda bincike ya nuna, Ɗalhatu
Muhammad ya ƙirƙiro ko ya yi sanadin samuwar aƙalla waɗannan muhimman ayyuka
biyar a nazarin waƙoƙin Hausa: taron samar da kalmomin fannu, tace kalmomin
fannu da suka haifar da ƙamus na Keɓaɓɓun Kalmomi (Hausa Metalanguage), zaƙulo
zumuntar waƙoƙin baka da rubutattu na Hausa da ƙarfafa samar da rumbun taskace
adabi (na baka da rubutacce) da al’adun Hausa. Don ƙarin bayani duba Champion of Hausa Cikin Hausa: A Festschrift
in Honour of Ɗalhatu Muhammad (2012: Ahmad Halliru Amfani da wasu biyar editoci),
da Graham Furniss (1996), Poetry, Prose
and Popular Culture in Hausa. sh. 314-315, da Abdullahi Bayero Yahya (2016),
Salo Asirin Waƙa (sabon bugu), sh.iɓ, da kuma ayyukan da aka ambata a
wannan ɗure. Haka kuma Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau a maƙalarsa ‘Yanayin Ginin Tunanin
Alhaji Mamman Shata Katsina a Zubin Waƙoƙinsa na Baka’, cikin Gusau, S. M. da
wasu, editoci, (2018) Studies in the
Songs of Dr. Mamman Shata Katsina, sh.17, ɗure na 16.
[2] Domin karanta wannan maƙala
ta Ɗalhatu Muhammad duba I.Y. Yahaya da A. Rufa’I ((editoci), Studies in Hausa
Language, Literature and Culture: Proceedings
of the First International Conference, July 1978, sh. 47-62. Jami’ar Bayero,
Kano.
[3] Ana iya samun cikakken bayani kan
amsa-amo cikin Atiku Ahmad Dunfawa, Ma’aunin
Waƙa (2003), sh. 63-78.
[4]
Hira da Farfesa Ibrahim Ahmad Mukoshy a gidansa cikin garin Sakkwato, ranar
Alhamis, 14 ga Afrilu, 2022, lokaci: 12.50 – 1.45 na rana.
[5] Haliru
kuma ya ba da ramzin waƙar na Hijira da kuma Miladiyya duk cikin waƙar: 19/Jumada
Auwal/1390 wanda ya yi daidai da Attanin 12/yuli/1970. (Haliru Wurno, Gulbin
Yabo, bt. 158-160). Sai dai a ganin mai wannan maƙala ‘sin’ ce Haliru ya nufi
rubutawa sai ya yi mata ɗigagga uku ta zama ‘shin’. Wato a madadin ɗango na
biyu ɗin baiti na 158 ya fara da /Saa tara../ sai ya koma /Sha tara…/ Idan haka
abin yake to 9 ga Jumada Auwal/1390 ramzin ya kamata ya kasance.
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