Matakan Tabbatar Da Tsaro a Gwamnatance

Abstract

This chapter dwelt on some of the security measures used by government to ensure and maintain security with a particular reference to Nigeria. It revealed that the Federal Government is the sole repository of security in Nigeria. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, as amended, has placed the burden and duty of security, the maintenance of law and order and protection of lives and property within the federation squarely upon the shoulders of the federal government. This means that the Federal Government solely owns and controls the security without sharing it with any of the 36 states and the FCT. Paragraphs 17 and 45 of Part 1, Second Schedule, of the Excusive Legislative List of the 1999 Constitution (as amended) has exclusively given the Federal Government control of the security agencies. Hence, the State Governments do not have direct control and significant roles to play in the maintenance of security, except complimenting the Federal Government via provision of logistics for the security agencies in their respective domains. Furthermore, the chapter explored the place of security in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as well as identified security agencies having the stake of ensuring security in Nigeria. It also enumerated and discussed some of the security measures being taken to provide, ensure security of lives and property in Nigeria as well as how Zamfara State Government has been making efforts and complementing Federal Government to contain the security threat the state grapples with. However, some of the security measures identified in the chapter are just overt ones with several covert ones not said here. This is because, no nation, world over, does reveal all of its security measures to avoid countering them by criminals, domestic collaborators and hostile nations.

Sabi’u Alhaji Garba (PhD)
Inkiya da gida mai lamba 47, Titin Tafida, Bukkuyum, Ƙaramar Hukumar Bukkuyum, Jihar Zamfara

1.0 Gabatarwa

Wannan babi ya mayar da hankali ne a kan matakan da gwamnati ke bi ko ɗauka wajen tabbatar da tsaro. An ɗauki gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya a matsayin misali inda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a kan hanyoyin da ake bi wajen tabbatar da tsaron ƙasa a Nijeriya. Sha’anin tsaro a Nijeriya ya ta’allaƙa kacokam a kan gwamnati. A matakan gwamnatin ma, gwamnatin Tarayya ce ke da ruwa da tsaki a kansa, ba gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi ba. A dalilin haka ne, gwamnatin shugaba Obasanjo, a shekarar 2000 ta fito da tsarin tabbatar da tsaron ƙasa, wanda Bala da Ouédraogo (2018:3) suka tabbatar na ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsare-tsare da tanade-tanaden tsaron ƙasa da aka taɓa samarwa a Nijeriya. Duk da haka, sai a shekarar 2014 ce ofishin mashawarcin shugaban ƙasa kan harkokin tsaro ya sake inganta da ɗab’in kundin (Bala da Ouédraogo, 2018:3). A cikin wannan kundi, an tsara cewa, babban buri da babbar manufar Nijeriya ita ce tabbatar da ƙasa mai cike da zaman lafiya da lumana da ƙarfin arziki da yalwar arziki ga kowa (Bala da Ouédraogo, 2018:3). Abin da wannan bayani ke nuna mana shi ne cewa, tsaro babban lamari ne da wannan ƙasa ta bai wa muhimmanci. Wannan ne ya sa aka ayyanan a cikin kundin ‘Babban muradin Nijeriya shi ne tsaro da walwala da jin daɗin ‘yan ƙasa da ‘yanci da kare mutuncin ƙasa da zaman lafiya da dimokaraɗiya da haɓakar arziki da kuma adalci ga kowa (Bala da Ouédraogo, 2018:3). 

Kodayake, su ma waɗannan matakai biyu: gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi na da hannu a tsaron, amma rawar da suke takawa ba ta wuce irin ta ‘yan kallo ba waɗanda ka iya bayar da gudunmuwa idan an buƙaci su bayar ko idan sun ga lamari na neman ƙwacewa! A bisa wannan ne aka gwama wasu daga cikin gudunmawa da rawar da gwamnatin jihar Zamfara ta bayar kasancewar jihar na fuskantar matsalolin tsaro domin ganin an shawo kan matsalar a jihar ta Zamfara. Binciken da Garba (2020) ya gudanar ya tabbatar da haka inda ma ya gano wasu wurare ko yankuna a ƙaramar hukumar mulki ta Bukkuyum da hukumomi ba su da cikakken ƙarfin iko ko faɗa-a-ji. Domin fahimtar ma’anar yankunan da hukumomi ba su da cikakken ƙarfin iko ko faɗa-a-ji, dubi aikin da Rabasa da wasu (2007) suka gabatar.

An mayar da hankali a kan tanade-tanaden doka musamman Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijeriya na shekarar 1999 wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima domin tsamo muhallin tsaron ƙasa Nijeriya tare da karkata akalar aikin domin zaƙulo dokokin da suka tabbatar da kafuwar hukomomin tsaro a Nijeriya. An nuna irin matakan da gwamnatin Tarayya ke bi wajen tabbatar da tsaro da ma yadda gwamnatin jihar Zamfara ke bayar da gudunmuwarta wajen shawo kan matsalar tsaro a jihar.

2.0 Ma’anar Tsaro

Ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero (2006:453) ya bayar da ma’anar tsaro, amma a kaikaice. A cikin Ƙamusun, an umurci mai dubawa ya koma ya dubi kalmar ‘tsara’ inda a shafi na 452 na Ƙamusun aka bayar da ma’anar tsara (tsara, fi’ili) ko a ce (aikatau) da ‘kare’ tare da bayar da misali: Allah Ya tsare shi. Ita kuma kalmar ‘kare’ (karee, fi’ili) ko a ce aikatau), an bayar da ma’anarta a shafi na 234 na ƙamusun a matsayin (i) yin katanga don asirta wani abu, (ii) tsare wani abu, (iii) tokare ko datse. Ita kuma Kalmar ‘kariya’ (kaariyaa, suna, mace) na nufin yin amfani da wani abu don kange wani abu (2006:235). Daga wannan bayani, ana iya fahimtar cewa, tsaro na nufin ɗaukar matakin kariya daga faruwar wani abu, musamman maras kyau ko daɗi.

Tsaro (security) na nufin kariya daga duk wata tsangwama da barazana ga walwalar al’umma tare da bai wa al’umma damar gudanar da hulɗa da zamantakewa cikin lumana. Tsaron cikin gida (internal security) na nufin kariya ko rashin ababen da ka iya yin zagon ƙasa ga fahimtar juna tsakanin mabambantan al’ummomi da ɗorewar kyakkyawar zamantakewar ‘yan ƙasa. Haka kuma, yana nufin matakan da ƙasa ke ɗauka wajen kare muhimman hukumomi daga maƙiya da ‘yan kanzaginsu da ke cikin ƙasar domin ta tabbatar da buƙatunta na kiyaye ɗiyaucinta, al’adunta, tattalin arzikinta da samar da ababen more rayuwa domin biyan buƙatun ‘yan-ƙasa (DSS, 2012).

Tsaro, a wannan babi, na magana ne a kan tsaron ƙasa (national security). Shi tsaron ƙasa na nufin dukkan matakan kariya da ƙasa ke ɗauka domin kare ta da ‘yan-ƙasarta daga barazanar cikin gida da ta waje tare da tabbatar da kyakkyawan yanayi da ‘yan-ƙasa za su gudanar da ingantacciyar hulɗa da zamantakewa. Daga cikin hanyoyin tabbatar da wannan yanayi akwai: kiyaye rayukan ‘yan-ƙasa da dukiyoyinsu da ingantaccen tattalin arziki da addininsu da mutuncinsu da kuma kiyaye iyakokin ƙasa (DSS, 2012).

2.1 Gwamnatin da ke da Haƙƙin Tsaro a Nijeriya

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijeriya na shekarar 1999 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima (Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (daga yanzu KTMN 1999) ya tanadi matakan gwamnati guda uku a Nijeriya. Ga su kanar haka: gwamnatin tarayya da ta jihohi da kuma ta ƙananan hukumomi. Daga cikin waɗannan matakan gwamnati, ta tarayya ce ke da alhakin samar da tsaro. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rabon ayukkan da aka yi tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da sauran gwamnatoci. Wannan rabo ya haɗa da keɓaɓɓun ayukkan majalisar ƙasa (Exclusive Legislative List) da kuma ayukkan da gwamnatoci suka yi tarayya (Concurrent Legislative List). Rataye na biyu, kashi na ɗaya na keɓaɓɓun ayukan majalisar ƙasa (second schedule of the legislative powers, part one of the exclusive Legislative List) na KTMN 1999 ya lissafa tsaro a cikin jerin kaɓaɓɓun ayukkan majalisar ƙasa wato gwamnatin Tarayya. Bugu da ƙari, sassan KTMN 1999 na 214 da na 217 sun dangata haƙƙin tsaro da gwamnatin Tarayya. Sashe na 11 a ƙarƙashin kashi na biyu na babi na ɗaya na KTMN 1999 ya ta’allaƙa alhakin tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankalin jama’a a kan gwamnatin tarayya. Rataye na uku kashi na ɗaya na KTMN 1999 ya ƙunshi batutuwa da suka ta’allaƙa tsaro a kan gwamnatin Tarayya. Misali, batutuwan wannan rataye sun haɗa da: lambobi na 16 da na 25 da kuma na 27.

Duk da haka, sashe na ɗaya, kashi na ɗaya lamba ta 4 (7) ya bai wa majalisar dokoki ta jiha damar samar da dokoki da za su taimaka wajen samar zaman lafiya da lumana da ingantaccen mulki a jihar ko wani yanki nata idan aka yi la’akari da: (a) duk wani lamari da ba a lissafa shi a keɓaɓɓun ayukkan majalisar ƙasa ba, (b) duk wani lamari da aka lissafa a ayukkan da gwamnatoci suka yi tarayya da kuma (c) duk wani lamari da KTMN 1999 ya bai wa majalisar dokokin jiha damar yin doka a kan sa. Wannan bayani bai bai wa jihohi haƙƙin tsaro kai-tsaye ba, sai dai ya nuna cewa, jihohi na da damar samar da dokokin da za su ƙara wanzar da zaman lafiya. Wannan ne ya bai wa jihohi damar samar da hukumomi da ke taimakawa wajen gudanar da tsaro ta fannonin zamantakewa, bisa karantarwar addini kamar hukumomin Hisba da fannonin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa kamar KAROTA a Kano da LASTMA a Legas da sauransu. Har yanzu ba wata jiha a Nijeriya da ke da jami’an tsaro masu damar ɗaukar makamai na kanta. Ko da hukumar tsaro ta AMETOKUN da jihohin Yarabawa suka samar ba ta zauna daram ba. Tana-ƙasa-tana-dabo. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa, haƙƙin tsaro da ya haɗa da kare rayuwa da dukiyar jama’a da kiyaye doka da tsari a Nijeriya ya ta’allaƙa kacokan a kan gwamnatin tarayya. Gwamnatin jiha ba ta da wata rawa a kan tsaro Nijeriya bayan tallafa wa hukumomin tsaro da ke aiki a jihar.

2.2 Gurbin Tsaro a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijeriya na Shekarar 1999

KTMN na 1999 na cike da ayoyin doka da suka shafi kare haƙƙi da rayuwa da dukiyar ‘yan ƙasa. KTMN na 1999 ya ɗora wa gwamnati nauyin kula da rayuwar al’umma. Sashe na 14 (2) (b) na KTMN na 1999 ya ce: ‘zaman lafiya da jin daɗin jama’a su ne ginshiƙai a aikace-aikacen gwamnati’. Wani muhimmin abu shi ne, irin yadda taken tarayya Nijeriya ya ƙunshi wasu ginshiƙan tsaro. Sashe na 15 (1) ya ce: Taken Nijeriya shi ne “haɗin kai da aminci da lumana da ci gaba”. (The motto of the Federal Republic of Nigeria shall be Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress). Bugu da ƙari, sashe na 15 (2) na KTMN 1999 ya ce: “Saboda haka, za a ja hankalin jama’a su ɗinke ƙarƙashin inuwa guda, sannan kuma za a haramta duk wani nuna bambanci bisa dalilin mahaifa da halitta da addini da muƙami da ƙabila da yare ko harshe”. Sashe na 15 (3) ya ce: “Don a ɗinke duk wata ɓaraka tsakanin jama’a, hakkin ne a kan gwamnati ta: (a) samar da wadatattun hanyoyin kaiwa da komowa, jigilar kayayyaki, da ayukkan kyautata rayuwar al’umma a faɗin Tarayyar Nijeriya; (b) bai wa kowane ɗan ƙasa cikakken ikon zama a kowane ɓangare na Nijeriya, ba lalle sai mahaifarsa ba”. Sashe na 16 na KTMN 1999 ya yi magana a kan burin gwamnati na haɓaka arziki, na 17 kuma ya yi tsokaci a kan burin gwamnati na kyautata rayuwa, na 18 kuma manufar ilmi, na 20 ko ya mayar da hankali a kan burin gwamnati na kare muhalli na 21 kuma kiyaye al’adu na 23 ko karkata ya yi a kan ɗa’a ga ƙasa.  

Daga cikin haƙƙoƙi na wajibi da aka zayyana a babi na huɗu na KTMN 1999 akwai sashe na 33 (1) da ya ƙunshi cewa: “Kowane mutum yana da ‘yancin ya rayu, kuma babu wanda za a raba shi da ransa da gangan, sai dai in an zartar masa da hukuncin kisa a sakamakon gurfanar da shi da aka yi gaban kotu bisa wani laifi a Nijerya; (2) ba za ɗauka an raba mutum da ransa da gangan kamar yadda wannan Sashe ya hana ba, in ya mutu a sakamakon amfani da ƙarfi daidai gwargwado kuma ta hanyar da shari’a ta yarda, don: (a) a kare wani mutum da ƙarfi a sakamakon ta’adda, ko don a tsare dukiya; (b) a kama wani mai laifi ko yunƙurin hana wani tserewa yayin da shari’a ta tsare shi; ko (c) daƙile zanga-zanga, tarzoma ko tawaye”. Sashe na 34 (1) ya ce: “Kowane mutum yana da ‘yancin a mutunta shi a matsayinsa na ɗan Adam, saboda haka: (a) babu mutumin da za a gana masa azaba, ko a wulaƙanta shi ko a tozarta shi; (b) babu mutumin da za a tsare cikin bauta ko aikin bauta; (c) babu mutumin da za a sa ya yi aiki dole, ala-tilas”. Sashe na 35 na KTMN 1999 ya tabbatar da ‘yancin walwala ga ‘yan ƙasa, na 36 ya mayar da hankali a kan ‘yancin mutum na a saurare shi a kuma yi masa adalci, na 37 kuma haƙƙin kiyaye sirrun ɗan ƙasa da iyalinsa, na 38 ko ya bai wa ɗan ƙasa ‘yancin tuani da ra’ayi da addini. Shi kuma sashe na 42 ya karkata a kan haramci kan danniya, na 44 kuma ya yi kariya daga karɓar dukiya da ƙarfa-ƙarfa.

Babu shakka, KTMN 1999 ya cika ya tumbatsa da matakan kariya domin tabbatar da tsaro ga ‘yan ƙasa domin ya ƙunshi kusan duk wani ɓangare da ya shafi tsaron jama’a. Sai dai, inda gizon ke saƙa shi ne, ko ‘yan ƙasa suna ganin dukkan waɗannan tanade-tanade da KTMN 1999 ya samar domin tabbatar da tsaron jama’a? Samar da amsar wannan tambaya ba ya daga cikin alƙiblar wannan babi. Yana da kyau a gabatar da cikakken bincike a kan wannan batu domin a samu ƙwaƙƙwarar amsa da tabbaci a kan wancan tambayar.

2.3 Hukumomin Gwamnati da suka Jiɓinci Tsaro a Nijeriya

Domin tabbatar da tsaron al’umma, gwamnatin tarayya ta tanadi hukumomi iri-iri da suka jiɓinci tsaron ‘yan ƙasa ciki da waje. An tsara waɗannan hukumomi tun daga waɗanda za su hango ko shaƙo harkoki ko abubuwan da za su iya tayar da fitina a ƙasa daga cikin ƙasar da ma wajenta tare da bayar da bayanan yadda za a shawo kan su zuwa waɗanda za su kare wanzuwar matsalar da waɗanda za su murƙushe matsalar idan ta kai ga faruwa da waɗanda za su yi kame da bincike da gurfanarwa gaban mashar’anta da kuma waɗanda za su garƙame waɗanda aka zartar wa hukunci. Haka kuma, akwai waɗanda ke kula da shige da fice na al’umma da kayansu da na lafiyar kayan gona da dabbobi da ma masu kula da ruwa da sarararin samaniya da na kare haɗurran titi da na jirgin sama. Duk waɗannan hukumomi an tanade su ne domin su tabbatar da tsaron rayuka da dukiya da lafiya da mutuncin ‘yan ƙasa.

Waɗannan hukumomi sun haɗa hukumar leƙen asirin cikin gida SSS da leƙen asirin waje NIA da ta Soji da ‘Yansanda da mashar’anta da gidan yari. Akwai hukumomin shige da fice Immigration da na fasa-ƙwabri Kwastan da Agricultural Quarantine da Port Health da Sojin ruwa da sama da ta kare haɗurran titi ta FRSC da kuma ma’aikatan tsaro na filayen jirgin sama (Aviation Security) da na kashe gobara. Har wa yau, akwai hukumar hana sha da fataucin kwayoyi NDLEA da ta hana fataucin ɗan Adam NAPTIP da hana cin hanci da rashawa na ICPC da EFCC.

Idan ana maganar tsaron ƙasa, dukkan waɗannan hukumomi na da rawar takawa kuma suna ɗamfare da juna tare da taimakekeniya wa juna. Misali, baya ga samar da dabaru da bayanan kare faruwar haɗurra, hukumar FRSC na taimakawa manyan hukumin tsaro da bayanan da suka shafi ababen hawan da aka aikata wasu laifuka da su. Wannan na faruwa ne domin hukumar FRSC na da rumbun bayanan dukkan ababen hawan da aka yi wa rijista da lamba tare da mamallakarsu a faɗin Nijeriya.

Dukkan waɗannan hukumomi na da gindin zama a dokokin ƙasa. Misali, an kafa hukumomin tsaron ƙasa na sirri na SSS da NIA da kuma DIA masu kula harkokin tsaron sirri na farin kaya da ƙasashen waje da kuma harkokin soji, kamar yadda suka zo a jere, a babi na 278 na dokokin tarayyar Nijeriya na shekarar 1986 (the National Security Agencies Act of 1986 (CAP 278 LFN) bayan da aka rusa hukumar tsaro ta NSO. An yi wa wannan doka kwaskwarima a babi 74 na shekarar 2004 (National Security Agencies Act, Cap N74. The Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004). Za a sami cikakken bayani a kan waɗannan hukummin tsaron sirri na Nijeriya a auakkan Peters (1987) da Karim (2015). Sashe na 214 na KTMN 1999 ya bayar da damar kafa hukumar ‘Yansandan Nijeriya; na 217 kuma ya sahale kafa rundunar mayaƙan tarayyar Nijeriya da ta ƙunshi mayaƙan ƙasa da na ruwa da kuma na sama.

Haka kuma, gwamnati ta ƙara wa waɗannan hukumomi ƙarfi da tallafi wajen ƙirƙirar majalisar ƙoli ta harkokin tsaro iri-iri. Akwai: Majalisar Kiyaye Sirrin Ƙasa da Majalisar Tsaro ta Ƙasa da kuma Majalisar ‘Yansanda ta Ƙasa. Rataye na uku kashi na ɗaya G (16) na KTMN 1999 ya tabbatar da kafuwar majalisar tsaro ta ƙasa; shi kuma na K (25) ya kafa majalisar kiyaye asirin ƙasa a yayin da na L (27) ya kafa majalisar ‘Yansanda ta Nijeriya.

3.0 Tsarin Gudanarwar Wasu Hukumomin Tsaron Nijeriya

Mafi yawan hukumomin tsaro na da mabambancin tsarin gudanarwa, sai dai inda suka yi tarayya da juna shi ne, dukkansu suna da babbar hedikwata a Abuja tare da hedikwatoci a dukkan jihohin Nijeriya tare da birnin tarayya, Abuja. Misali, hukumar Soji na da rundunoni da ake kira Divisions a sassan Nijeriya da birged da garrison da bataliyoyi. Haka, a hukumar ‘Yansada na da ofisoshin shiya wato zones da ofisoshin yanki Area Commands ofisoshi a ƙananan hukumomi Divisional Police Office da ma ƙananan ofisoshi na ƙauyuka wato Out Posts. Haka abin yake a hukumar kare al’umma ta Civil Defence. Ita kuma hukumar leƙen asirin cikin gida SSS tana da irin nata tsarin: tana da ofisoshin da aka sani a fili kamar ofisoshinta na ƙananan hukumomi 774 a faɗin Nijeriya, da kuma waɗanda ba a fili suke ba.

Ba a banza aka tsara waɗannan matakan tsarin gudanarwa na waɗannan hukumomi ba. Kowane mataki da irin aikinsa da kuma abin da ya sa gaba. Akan tattara dukkan ayukkan a ɗauki matakin da ya kamata.

3.1. Wasu Hanyoyin Gudanar da Tsaro

Baya ga bayanin da ya gabata a kan tsarin gudanarwar hukumomin tsaro, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ake tabbatar da tsaron ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi sun haɗa da ma matakin soji ko ƙarfin gwamnati da kuma na lalama da na tallafa wa al’umma. Ga su kamar haka:

3.1.1. Rundunar Haɗaka

Ɗaya daga cikin su ita ce hanyar samar da rundunar haɗaka wato joint operation. Aikin Nte (2013) ya bayar da cikakken hasken a kan wannan hanya ta samar da tsaron ƙasa. Shi kuma Jega (2016) tarihin irin wannan rundunar haɗaka ya bayar, musamman ta ɓangaren soji. Akan kafa irin wannan ruduna domin ta fuskanci wata matsalar tsaro kacokan misali rundunar haɗaka ta Lafiya Dole da ke kula da Boko Haram. Akan kafa irin wannan runduna domin ta yi faɗa da wasu matsaloli misa rundunar haɗaka ta Harbin Daji da ke ƙoƙarin shawo kan matsalolin sace jama’a da satar shanu da sassanta rikicin manoma da makiyaya.

Haka kuma, kowace hukumar tsaro kan samar da irin wannan runduna ba tare da yin haɗaka da sauran hukumomi ba. Misali, hukumar ‘Yansanda na da rundunar PuffAder, ta Soji na da rudunar Murmushin Kada, haka ma hukumar SSS na da irin tata Special Incidence Response Team (SIRT).

A yayin da rundunar haɗaka ke gudanar da aikinta, su ma sauran jami’an tsaro da ba sa cikin rundunar na can na gudanar da ayukkansu. Amfanin rundunar haɗaka shi ne tunkarar matsala ko matsaloli masu tasowa domin a murƙushe su.

Bugu da ƙari, Nijeriya kan yi haɗin guiwa da maƙwabtan ƙasashe da ma ƙasashen da ke nahiyar Afirka da ma duniya baki ɗaya domin shawo kan matsolin tsaron da ke addabar Nijeriya da maƙwabtanta da nahiyar Afirka da ma duniya. Misali, rundunar Soji mai kula da Tafkin Cadi da ta ƙunshi sojoin Nijeriya da Niger da kuma Cadi; rundunar ‘Yansanda ta duniya International Police; Kwamitin hukumomin leƙen asiri da tsaro na Afirka Committee of intelligence and Security Services in Africa. Waɗannan na taimakawa ƙwarai wajen musayar bayanan sirri da tsaro da ake amfani da su wajen tabbatar da tsaron ƙasa.

Karɓuwar da irin wannan hanya ce ta samu ta sa aka samar da rundunonin haɗaka iri-iri a jihar Zamfara. A wani bincike da Suleiman (2019) ya gudanar, ya lissafa irin waɗannan rundunoni da suka haɗa da: Harbin Kunama da Diran Mikiya da Puff Adder.

3.1.2 Rufe Iyakokin Ƙasa

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tsaro da ƙasa ke ɗauka domin kiyaye tsaronta ita ce ta rufe hanyoyi ko iyakokin shigowa ƙasar daga wata ƙasar waje. Akan yi haka ta hanyar rufe iyaka ko hanyar shigowa ƙasa ta ruwa ko ta sama ko ta hanyoyin mota wato hanyar ƙasa. Mahukunta kan ɗauki irin wannan mataki idan sun samu bayanai da suke ɗauke da tabbaccin cewa wani abu ko wata barazanar tsaro da ake jin cewa za ta iya shafuwar ƙasar ko ma ita ce ke haifar da matsalar. Za mu tabbatar da haka, idan muka yi la’akari da yadda gwamnatin Nijeriya ta rufe iyakokinta na ƙasa a watan Agusta na 2019, kuma har yanzu iyakokin na rufe. A cewar gwamnatin, ta ɗauki matakin ne domin hana shigowa da kayan abincin irn su shinkafa da sukari da mai da ma makamai da ta ce ana safarar su zuwa Nijeriya wanda ke ƙara ta’azzara tarzoma a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da annobar cuta mai toshe hanyoyin numfashi wato kurona Coronavirus ta Ɓulla, nan da nan gwamnatin Nijeriya ta rufe dukkan iyakokinta na sama inda aka hana jiragen da suka taso daga wasu ƙasashe sauka ko shigowa Nijeriya. Daga bisani ma, an dakatar da jiragen da ke Jirga-jirga a cikin gida domin a kare yaɗuwar cutar.

3.1.3 Karɓar Makamai daga Hannu Mayaƙa

Ita ma wannan wata hanya ce da gwamnatoci ke amfani da ita wajen magance matsalar tsaro. A irin wannan hanya, akan umurci masu tayar da ƙayar baya da su miƙa wa gwamnati makaman da suke ɗauke da su ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Nazarin da Ebiede da wasu (2020) suka yi ya nuna irin yadda karɓe makamai daga hannun mayaƙa da masu tayar da zaune tsaye a Nijeriya.

An yi amfani da wannan dabarar a jihar Zamfara domin shawo kan matsalolin tsaro da take fuskanta. Jaridar Premium Times (2018) ta ruwaito cewa, a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu na 2018, kwamitin zaman lafiya da sulhu da kuma karɓar makamai na jihar Zamfara da Malam Ibrahim Wakkala, Mataimakin Gwamnan jiha, ke jagoranta, ya karɓo makamai da suka adadin 5,870 daga hanun ɓata-gari, mahara. An miƙa makaman ga kwamitin da shugaban ƙasa ya kafa mai lura da karɓe ƙananan makaman da ke hannun mutane ba tare da ƙa’ida ba, inda aka lalata su.

Bugu da ƙari, Ƙaura (2019) ya ruwaito cewa, a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba na 2019, maharani da suka ajiye makamai a Zamfara sun miƙa wa gwamnati tarin makamai masu yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da: bindiga ƙirar AK-47 guda 39 da albarusai 10 da Labarbar guda 2 da bindiga mai sarrafa kanta GPMG guda 1 da bindigar ƙirar LAR guda 1 da kuma fistol 2. Har wa yau, a cikin rahoton, Kaura ya ƙara da cewa, Kwamishinan ‘Yansanda na jihar Zamfara ya tabbatar da cewa, ’”yan-sa-kai ma sun miƙa makamai kimanin 200 ƙirar gida daban-daban”.

3.1.4 Samar da Kayan Aiki wa Jami’an Tsaro

Kamar yadda aka nuna tun farko, haƙƙin tsaron ƙasa na a kan gwamnatin tarayya kacokam, gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi sai da su tallafa wa jami’an da ke aiki a yankunansu. Bisa wannan, gwamnatin jihar Zamfara ta tallafa wa jami’an tsaro da kuɗaɗe da motoci da sauran ababen buƙata domin gudanar da ayukkansu a jihar. Suleiman (2019) ya ruwaito Mahmoud (2019) na cewa, ‘Gwamnatin Zamfara ta kashe maƙudan kuɗi kimanin Naira biliyan 17, domin tallafa wa jami’an tsaro su gudanar da aikinsu a jihar”. Tirƙashi! An daɗe ana ruwa, ƙasa na shanyewa. Ko ma dai mene ne, wannan ya nuna irin yadda gwamnatin jihar ta kasha kuɗi wajen ganin ta samu zaman lafiya. 

3.1.5 Kwamitocin Tsaro

A matakan gwamnati daban-daban a Nijeriya da suka haɗa da: tarayya da jihohi da kuma ƙananan hukumomi duk akwai wannan kwamiti na tsaro. Shugaban ƙasa da manyan hafsoshin tsaro ne ke halartar kwamitin a matakin tarayya. Gwamnoni da shugabannin hukumomin tsaro ne ke halartar sa a matakin jiha, a yayin da shugabannin ƙananan hukomomi da shagabannin hukumomin tsaro da sarakuna ne ke halartar kwamitin a matakin ƙananan hukumomi. Akan yi wannan taro a ƙarshen kowane wata ko kuma duk lokacin da wata buƙata ko matsala ta bijiro. Akan tautana tare da yanke hukunci da ɗaukar matakin duk abin da ya jiɓinci tsaro a ƙaramar hukuma. Haka abin yake a matakan jiha da tarayya.

3.1.6 Yaƙi da Safarar Kuɗi da Makamai da Rashawa da kuma Ta’addanci

Gwamnati tana ɗaukar matakai ta fuskoki da dama domin yin kan-da-garki a kan wasu matsalolin tsaro da suka haɗa da: safarar kuɗi da makamai da kuma rashawa. Safarar kuɗin haram na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ta’azzara ta’addanci da sauran matsalolin tsaro. Garba (2013) ya ruwaito yadda aka sake yi wa dokar hana safarar kuɗi ta shekarar 2003 aka samar da dokar hana safarar kuɗI ta 2004 The Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act of 2003 was enacted, and re-enacted as the Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act of 2004. Daga bisani, an sake yi wa wannan doka kwaskwarima ta koma dokar hana safarar kuɗi ta 2011 Money Laundering (Prohibition) ML(P) Act 0f 2004 ( Now 2011). Abin da wannan bayani ke nunawa shi ne, samar da dokoki na ɗaya daga cikin hanyaoyin da ake shawo kan matsalar tsaro a duk lokacin da aka fahimci rashin doka ko rashin ingantattun dokoki na bayar da dama ga wanzuwar wasu hanyoyi da ka iya haifar da matsalar tsaron ƙasa. Wannan manufa ta gwamnati ta samu biyan buƙata a shekarar 2018, inda aka samar da hukumar kula da harkokin kuɗi ta ƙasa Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU) wadda ta fara aiki a shekar 2019. Kwalliyar wannan hukuma ta fara biyan kuɗin sabulu domin tun yanzu ta kawo dabaibayi a kan yadda akan yi tu’ammali da kuɗaɗen gwamnati.

Wannan ne ya sa a shekarar 2004, aka samar da wata ayar doka, a karo na farko, da ta shafi ta’addanci a sashe na 15 na dokokin hukumar yaƙi da rashawa da sauran laifukka ta EFCC. A shekarar 2011 kuma aka sake ƙarfafa dokar yaƙi da ta’addanci da kuma samar da kuɗin gudanar da ta’addancin terrorism and terrorist financing was enacted in 2011 as the Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 2011 (i.e. TPA).

3.1.7 Yaƙi da Cin hanci da Rashawa

Yunƙuri da kyakkyawar niyyar da gwamnatin shugaba Buhari take nunawa wajen yaƙi da rashawa na daga cikin matakan tabbatar da tsaronNijeriya. Garba (2018) ya lissafo wasu daga cikin hanyoyi da aka fito da su domin yaƙi da rashawa da gyaran hali da suka haɗa da: shirin gyaran halin ‘yan ƙasa na change begins with me da ƙulla yarjejeniya da ƙasashen duniya domin daƙile satar kuɗin ƙasa da ajiye su a ƙasashen waje tare da dawowa da waɗanda aka rigaya aka ɓoye a ƙasashen da tsarin kwarmato wato whistle blower policy da na tabbatar da tilon asusu treasury single account da kuma tsarin tattara ma’aikatan gwamnati wuri ɗaya wato IPPIS.

3.1.8 Samar da Abinci da Cimaka

Muhimmancin abinci da dangogin cimaka a sha’anin tsaron ƙasa ya fi gaban a nanata. Abinci wani muhimmin ɓangare ne a fannin tsaro ta yadda wasu manazarta da masana suka sa shi wani kaso daga cikin kashe-kashen tsaro, wato food security. Wannan wani ginshiƙi ne mai zaman kansa a fannin tsaro Nwokeabia (2003) da Metu et al (2016) da Akinyetun (2018). Shi kuma Akinyele (2009) nuna wajabcin samar da abinci ya yi a ƙasa musamman ta fuskar abincin mai gina jiki. Wannan ne ya sa gwamnatin shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ta mayar da hakalinta wajen inganta noma domin ƙasa ta zauna da ƙafafunta ta fannin abinci. Gwamnatin tarayya ta samar da hanyoyin ƙarfafa wa manoma guiwa ta hanyar samar da iri da taki da kayan aiki da bashin kuɗi domin inganta noma, musamman noman shinkafa.

Wannan tsari ya haifar wa Nijeriya ɗa-mai-ido, idan aka yi la’akari da yadda cutar kurona ta tunkaro ƙasashen duniya wadda ta tilasta rufe iyakokin ƙasashen duniya tare da dakatar da safara. Sarrafa shinkafar gida da Nijeriya ke yi ne ya agaji ƙasar nan daga faɗawa cikin rikicin ko matsanancin ƙarancin abinci. Da ba don tsarin samar da abinci cikin gida, musamman shinkafa, ya fara kankama ba, da Nijeriya ta gane Barno gabas take! Wanda bai fahimci yadda abin yake ba, zai ce to ai yanzu ma hakan take, sai dai waɗanda suka san kwanan zancen, sun sani. Aikin da Zakaree da wasu (2018) suka yi ya tabbatar da gudunmawar da tsarin noman shinkafa ya bayar a jihar Kebbi. Shi ma Hamagam (2020) ya bayar da tabbacin yadda tsarin bayar da bashi ga manoma na anchor barrower ya bunƙasa noman shinkafa a jihar Kebbi.

3.1.9 Ilmantarwa

Wata hanya da gwamnati ke tabbatar da tsaro ita ce ta ilmantar da al’umma. Hukumomin tsaron Nijeriya daban-daban na bai wa irin wannan tsari muhimmanci. Akan yi wa ‘yan ƙasa bayani a kana bin da ya shafi tsaro ta fuskoki daban-daban: a matakin ƙungiyoyi da matakin ƙauyuka da garuruwa; a fadojin hakimai/uwayen ƙasa da dagattai da sauran masu riƙe da mulki. Bugu da ƙari, hukumomin wayar da kan al’umma irin su NOA da kafafen sadarwa duk suna taka irin wannan rawa.

3.1.10 Sulhu

Wannan na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake samar da tsaro, musamman bayan matsala ta faru tsakanin ɓangarori biyu ko fiye Jeffrey (2009). Wannan daɗaɗɗiyar hanya ce da ake tsagaita matsala ko kawo ƙarshenta gaba ɗaya. Manya da ƙananan ƙasashen duniya na amfani da wannan tsari. A halin yanzu, ƙasar Amurka na can na tattaunawa a kan teburin sulhu da Taliban domin a kawo ƙarshen yaƙin Afganistan na kusan tsawon shekara ashirin.

Gwamnatin jihar Zamfara ma ta yi amfani da wannan salo inda aka haɗa tarurruka tsanin shugabannin al’ummomin Hausawa da Fulani domin a samu bakin zaren matsalar da ta haifar da gagarumar matsalar tsaro a faɗin jihar. Duk da dai matsalar ba ta kau gaba ɗaya ba, amma an sami sauƙin ta.  Jami’an gwamnati da na hukumomin tsaro sun ziyarci dukkan fadojin masarautun jiyar domin tabbatar da wannan sulhu.

3.1.11 Afuwa

Wannan ma na ɗaya daga cikin matakan da ake ɗauka domin kawo ƙarshen matsalar tsaro a dukkan matakan gwamnati a faɗin duniya. Ayukkan Vanessa (2013) da Ajibola (2015) da Tobor da Odubo (2017) sun tabbatar da gudunmawar yi wa ‘yan tayar da tarzoma afuwa wajen samar da zaman lafiya a Nijeriya. Bisa wannan ne, gwamnatin jihar Zamfara ta yi afuwa ga Buharin Daji da mabiyansa a lokacin mulkin Alhaji Abdul’aziz Yari. Shi ma sabon gwamnan jiha, Muhammadu Bello Matawalle ya yi irin wannan afuwa ga mahara. Yana da kyau a gane cewa, wannan babi ba ya da hurumin bayanin ko wannan tsari na afuwa ya yi tasiri ko a’a a matsalar tsaron Zamfara ba.

3.1.12 Samar da Aikin Yi

Wani mataki da gwamnati kan ɗauka wajen samar da tsaro shi ne samar wa ‘yan ƙasa aikin yi. Idan an ce aikin yi, mafi yawa za su tunanin aikin gwamnati na ofis. A nan, ana magana ne a kan yadda za a samar da hanyoyi da ‘yan ƙasa, waɗanda suka yi karatu da ma waɗanda ba su yi ba, za su samu hanyar gudanar da rayuwa ba tare da yin zaman banza ba. Wannan ne ya sa gwamnai ta fito da hukumar samar da aikin yi ta ƙasa National Directorate of Employment da ma wasu irin ta da suka biyo bayanta. Wannan gwamnati ta Muhammadu Buhari ma ba ta ƙasa a guiwa ba wajen fito da hanyoyin samar da aikin yi ga matasa. Misali, akwai: N-Power inda aka ɗauki matasa a sassa daban-daban na ƙasa ake biyan kowannen su albashin Naira dubu talatin duk wata (N30,000).

3.1.13 Tallafi ga Masu Rauni

Domin kare masu fama da matsanancin talauci a cikin al’umma daga faɗawa cikin ayukkan laifi da za su ƙara taimakawa wajen ta’azzara matsalar tsaro, gwamnati ta fito da tsarin tallafa wa masu ƙarami ƙarfi da Naira dubu biyar N5000 duk ƙarshen wata social security. Gwamnatin tarayya da Shugaba Buhari ke jagoranta ce ke gudanar da wannan tsari, amma ya shafi dukkan jihohi, ciki har da jihar Zamfara. Ana kiran wannan tsari a Turance da Conditional Cash Transfer (CCC). Haka kuma, akwai tsari na trader money da har wa yau, gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanar da shi. A wannan tsarin da ake bai wa ƙananan ‘yan kasuwa, mafi yawa mata, tallafin Naira dubu goma (N10,000) domin su ƙara jari. A wani bincike da Roseline da Charles (2019:20) suka yi, sun tabbatar da wannan tsarin tallafi ga jama’a da gwamnatin Buhar ta samar a shekarar 2016 domin rage raɗaɗin talauci a tsakanin al’ umma.

3.1.14 Wasannin Gargajiya

Wasannin gargajiya na daga cikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen magance matsalolin tsaro. Wasu lokuta akan sanya gasa a tsakanin mabambantan al’ummu da ba sa ga-maciji da juna domin ƙarfafa zaman lafiya. A jihar Zamfara, a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta na 2019, gwamnan jihar, Muhammadu Bello Matawalle, ya shirya wasar sharu/shaɗi wa Fulani a bikin sallah ƙarama ta shekarar 2019, a Gusau, babban birnin jihar (Umar 2019). Wannan ya bai wa Fulanin damar sakin jiki su zagaya cikin garuruwa da kasuwanni a faɗin jihar, inda kafin hakan, ba su iya zagayawa.

4.0 Kammalawa

Wannan babi ya yi ƙoƙarin fito da irin matakan tsaro da gwamnati ke ɗauka wajen tabbatar da tsaro a ƙasa tare da shawo kan matsala ko matsalolin tsaro da suke addabar ƙasa ko wani yankinta. Kodayake, matakan da aka yi bayanin su a nan na daga cikin yanki ko kashin matakan da gwamnati ke ɗauka ko amfani da su wajen tsaron ƙasa. Wato, akwai wasu matakan da ba za a iya faɗin su ƙarara a nan ba. Domin kuwa, a harkokin tsaro, ba komai ake bayyanawa duniya ba! Dalilin haka kuwa, shi ne, baya ga ‘yan tayar da zaune tsaye, mahara da ‘yan-barandan da ke yi wa wasu ƙasashen waje aiki domin kitsa kutunguila a cikin ƙasa, akwai magauta na waje da ke neman hanyoyin da za su yi amfani da su domin tayar da zaune tsaye. Kowace ƙasa daga cikin ƙasashen duniya na neman lagon ‘yar uwarta domin ta samu wata dama a kanta.

A cikin babin, an yi nutso, an lalabo tare da tabbatar da gwamnatin da ke da haƙƙin samar da tabbatar da tsaro a Nijeriya da gurbin tsaro a cikin KTMN 1999 da hukumomin gwamnati da suka jiɓinci tsaro a Nijeriya da kuma wasu hanyoyin gudanar da harkokin tsaro a Nijeriya. Bugu da ƙari, an gwama matsalolin tsaro da jihar Zamfara da irin matakan da gwamnatin jihar ta ɗauka ko take ɗauka domin shawo kan matsalar.

5.0 Manazarta

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DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2022.v01i01.012