Hausawa al’umma ce da ta ginu bisa matakan rayuwa har guda uku. Da farko Hausawa sun gudanar da rayuwarsu bisa tsarin al’adun gargajiya wanda ya fara tun daga haifuwa da aure da kuma mutuwa. Hatta bautarsu a gargajiya suka gudanar da ita a wannan matakin. Haka kuma sun gudanar da rayuwa bayan karÉ“ar addinin musulunci duk da haka ba su watsar da al’adunsu na gargajiya ba. Bayan zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka rayuwarsu ta gudana bisa sabon tsari. Duk da waÉ—annan sauye-sauyen matakan rayuwa bai sa su Hausawa sun watsar da al’adunsu ba. Bori yana daga cikin hanyar gargaji da Hausawa suka É—auka a matsayin hanyar warakar da al’ummarta. Aikin daga Æ™arshe zai duba waye Bahaushe, sannan ya duba ma’anar Bori,da kuma ma’anar magani tare da duba mene ne adabi. A duba ma’anar Bori a taskar adabi, kamar waÆ™ar baka da Karin magana da sauransu.
Bori A Matakin Magani: Tsokaci Daga Adabi
Muhammad Abubakar Zabi
Sashen
Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya
Jami’ar
Usmanu ÆŠanfodiyo, Sakkwato
08136844199
muhammadabubakarzabi@gmail.com
DA
Adamu Halilu
Sashen
Nazarin Harsunan Afirka
Jami’ar
Amadu Bello, Zaria
08032307714
1.0 Gabatarwa
Hausawa al’umma ce
da ta ginu wajen riÆ™o da al’adunta. Haka kuma, akwai hanyoyi da dama da za a
iya duba ire-iren al’adun Hausawa, É—aya daga cikin hanyoyin ita ce hanyar
nazarin Bori na gargajiya wanda suke amfani da shi tun matakin rayuwar farko
har ya zuwa wannan zamani da kuma irin tasirin zamanin da aka samu a cikin harƙar
Bori a yau.
Daga cikin al’adun gargajiya na Bahaushe, babu wani É“angare
da ya samu karɓuwa, da farin jinni ga manazarta ýan ƙasa da na waje kamar Bori.
Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi kan Bori sun fi kowane rubuce- rubuce yawa a fannonin
nazarin al’ada. Bunza (2015).
Bori wani nau’i ne daga cikin sassan addinin Bahaushe,
watau Tsafi da camfi da kuma Bori. Don haka wannan nau’i na Bori ya samu karÉ“uwa
a wajen Hausawa sosai, suna amfani da Bori a matsayin wata hanya ta samun magani,
ko wata hanya ta bauta.Bunza (2015).
Bori dai a nahawun ma’ana, Kalmar ta
ci sunanta. A farfajiyar adabi ba ta tsallake ma’anar wasaba. A É“angaren al’ada
kuma wata hanya ce wadda al’ummar Hausawa suka yi Imani da ita Bunza (2015).
Aikin
daga Æ™arshe zai duba waye Bahaushe, sannan ya duba ma’nar Bori. Da kuma ma’anar magani tare da duba mene ne adabi. A
duba ma’anar Bori a taskar adabi, kamar waÆ™ar baka da Karin magana da sauransu.
Sannan sai a kammala aikin.
2.0 Asalin Hausawa A Taƙaice
Sanin asalin Bahaushe kundi ne mai faÉ—in gaske. Domin
Bahaushe mutum ne mai daɗaɗɗen tarihi bisa doron ƙasa. Masana da dama sun
ambaci haka akan wa za a kira Bahaushe. Masana ilimin kimiyyar harshe da tarihi
da al’ada sun sha gwagwarmaya wajen gano wane ne Bahaushe. HaÆ™iÆ™a an daÉ—e ana É—auki
ba daÉ—i wajen bin diddigin gano Bahaushe na asali. Daga cikin irin waÉ—annan
masana ilimin harsuna akwai, Schuh da Yalwa (1993) sun bayanna cewa:
Hausawa na a yammacin Tafkin Chadi ne,
amma sun warwatsu a wurare daban-daban. Daga cikin wannan akwai Arewacin Nijeriya da Nijer da Chadi. Haka kuma,
Harshe ne da ya bunƙasa wajen kasuwanci a ƙasashen Afrika ta yamma, da Afrika
ta tsakiya da kuma É“angaren Arewa maso Yamma da Sudan.
Jinju,
(1985) a nasa binciken ya ce:
Mutanen Masar baƙar fata ne kuma sarakunansu
(Fir’aunoni ne), baÆ™aÆ™e ne har lokacin sarautar gida na ashirin da huÉ—u. Su waÉ—annan
mutanen Masar su ne a ganina suka yiwo ƙaura zuwa Afirka ta yamma suna zaune a
bakin tafkin Chadi wanda can da maƙil yake da ruwa. A wannan lokaci ne mutanen
farar fata suka riƙa kai masu hari, sai suka yi ƙaura suka canza wurin zama
tare da harshen su na misiranci wanda ya canza ga tarihi ya koma Hausa.
Duka waÉ—annan bayanai ba su isa su tabbatar muna da
asalin Hausawa da harshensu ba. Domin harshe kaÉ—ai ba iya tabbatar da asalin mutum.
Zancen zaman Hausawa a gaɓar Kogin Chadi da alaƙar harsunan gidan Chadi wani
wuri ne da Hausawa suka zauna na É—an lokaci, daga baya suka canza wurin zama.
Haƙiƙa Smith ya ce, wani abu game da wane ne Bahaushe, kasancewar
kowane Bahaushe yana iƙirari da harshensa na Hausa a matsayin asali. Hausawa da
dama sukan yi kamannu da junansu. Ra’ayin Smith ya so ya yi kama da na Adamu (1978)
da yake cewa:
Hausawa ne daÉ—aÉ—É—un mazauna Hausa da dukkanin zuriyarsu
ta fuskar maza, ko kuma waÉ—anda suke amfani da al’adun Hausawa da riÆ™e
harshensu da addininsu.
Shi kuwa Bunza (1990) ya bayyana cewa:
Hausawa dai mutane ne da suke zaune a ƙasar Hausa tun
farkonta, kuma suna da zuriya a cikinta har ya
zuwa yau
Kazalika, suna magana da harshen
Hausa ba su da wani
Harshen in ba Hausa ba, suna da É—abi’u
da al’adu irin na
Hausawa. Idan sun saɓa haka to barbarar yanyawa ne.
Kamar
yadda muka gani cewa masana sun kawo wane ne Bahaushe: Bisa ga yadda masana da
manazarta suka ce za mu iya cewa, Bahaushe shi ne, mutumin da yake zaune a ƙasar
Hausa, ta fuskar launi kuma baƙi ne; kuma iyayensa Hausawa ne, idan kuma ba a ƙasar
Hausa yake zaune ba, ya kasance yana jin Hausa, kuma wasu al’adun Hausawa sun
yi tasiri a gare shi, to wannan shi ne Bahaushe.
2.1 Ma’anar Bori
Yana da kyau kafin a fara kallon ma’anar Bori, mu kalli
Kalmar Bori. Kalmar Bori takan É—auki ma’anoni daban-daban idan aka sarrafa ta
yadda al’umma ke kallon ta. Bahaushe ya samu Kalmar Bori daga Kalmar “Bore”,
Bore na nufin zanga zanga ta fito-na-fito, da nuna rashin yarda, da burin
ta’adanci, domin ramuwar gayya, ko tawaye, ga wandaba a so, ko zanga-zangar tabbatar
da wanda ake so. Wasu suna ganin daga nan ne aka samo Kalmar bori. ( Bunza
2006:21)
A wata fassarar kuwa, ana hasashen Kalmar bori daga Borin
tukunya, ko tuwo, ko fura, ke yi idan an É—ora ta a kan wuta ana girki. Yayin da
ruwa suka tafasa zafi ya ci ƙarfinsu suka fara zaɓarɓaka, za a ga
dahuwar/girkin ta shiga wasu halaye kamar haka.
-
Za ta ture marfin da
aka rufe.
-
Ruwan za su fito
waje da ƙarfi.
-
Za ta riƙa fitar da
kumfa.
-
Wutar za ta mutu ta
kowane gefe..
Idan girki ya shiga wannan halin, za a kira mai shi a
ce zo da sauri tukunyarki ta fara Bori. Komai tafasar da ta yi idan ba a samu
abu biyu ba, ba a cewa ta yi Bori.
-
Faɗuwar marfi ƙasa
-
Fitar kumfa a bakin tukunya
Haka yake ko a wajen ɗan Bori, matuƙar bai kai ƙasa baki
na fitar da kumfa ba, ba a cewa an hau bori. Wata ƙila daga nan ne kalmar ta
samo asalinta.( Bunza 2006:21)
2.1.1 Bori
Wani
nau’i ne da yasa mu karÉ“uwa a cikin al’ummar Hausawa sosai. Haka kuma shi wannan fage ya samu karÉ“uwa a É“angaren
masana da manazarta na cikin gida da waje. Ga
kaÉ—an daga cikin wasu ma’anonin Bori:
“Bori
shi ne, shigar Iskoki a ɗayan gaɓoɓin
hanci ko baki ko kunne tare da haƙiƙance
bayyanar
su a idon mai bori. Yawo da ake yi
da kai da rawar da ake yi da fizge-fizge hannaye
da gaÉ“oÉ“i na fitar hankali su ne bori”(Bunza 2015:19).
Haka kuma ya ƙara
da cewa:
“Bori dai wani
wasa ne na gargajiyar Bahaushe
da ya keɓanta ga wasu ýan tsirarru da ke da
sha’awar
kwaikwayar É—abi’un Iskoki da hulÉ—a
da
su. shigan Iskoki na haƙiƙa, ya wuce bori,
ya
zama wata lalura ta daban. Don haka bori ba
haƙiƙa
ba ne kwaikwayon shigan iska na haÆ™iÆ™a ne”(Bunza 2015:21).
Wata ma’ana ta
Bori kuma:
“Bori wata dabarar warkarwa ce da Bokaye suka
yi fice da ita.(Bunza 2015:27).
Ƙamusun Hausa ya ba da ma’anarta
da dogaro da wata iska wadda wasu mutane ke
gaskatawa
don su sami magani
da biyan buƙata.(CNHN 2006:50)
Bisa
waÉ—annan ma’anoni da muka gani game da Bori, za a Æ™ara ganin cewa lallai bori
wani fage na musamman wanda ake yinsa bisa wasu dalilai da daman-daban. Mun fahimci bori ana yin sa saboda neman Iskoki, da kuma
wasa na nishaɗi, tare da mata ma suna yinsa domin isar da wani saƙon da yake
damunsu. Haka kuma yake ana bori domin neman
waraka, wato neman magani ga wata cuta da ta damu al’umma.
Don
haka za mu iya cewa, Bori wani wasa ne da al’ummar Hausawa ke yi, ta hanyar
amfani da garaya da gurmi da goge, tare da ka-ca-kau-ra, da rawa ta fitar
hankali, domin nishaÉ—antarwa, da kuma nema magani ga wata cuta da ta addabi
mutum. Tare da yadda mata ke yin amfani da Bori domin isar da saƙonsu ga wanda
ya matsa musu, ko ya dame su ga wani lamari na daban. Da kuma neman Iskoki don
samun abokan hulÉ—a.
2.2 Magani
Wannan
fage na magani ya samu kulawar masana da mazarta ainun, wanda suka yi ta bayani
game da ma’anar magani. Ga
kaÉ—an daga ciki.
“Maganin gargajiya- shi ne yin amfani da itatuwa
ko rubutu ko addu’a ko sulkulle, don warkar da
wata cuta, ko
neman wani amfani, ko gusar da
sharri, ko haddasa wani abu saboda biyan
buÆ™ata”. (Adamu 2014:125)
“Magani
shi ne duk wani abu da za a yi, kowata
hanya, ko kuma wata dabara da ake yi don gusar
da wata cuta daga jikin mutum É—ungurungum,
ko kuma kwantar da ita don kawo jin daÉ—i ga
jiki
ko ga zuciya dan sauwaƙa duk wahala da damuwa
da ita cutar kan iya haifar
Ahmad”, (1984:6).
“Magani- wata hanya ce ta warkar da ko
kwantar
da ko rage wata cuta ta ciki ko ta
waje
ko wadda aka samu ta haÉ—ari ko kuma
neman kariya ga cuta ko abokan hamayya ko
neman
É—aukaka ta daraja ko ta buwaya ta hanyar
siddabaru
da sihirce- sihirce na ban al’ajabi” (Bunza, 1990).
Kamar
yadda masana da mazarta suka yi ta faÉ—i-ta-shi wajen kawo ma’anar magani, za mu
iya cewa magani shi ne, duk wata hanya da mutum ya bi wajen yaye wata
damuwarsa, da ta dami shi. Walau ta jinya ko ta buƙatun rayuwa.
3.0
Ma’anar Bori A Taskar Adabi
Adabin babbar fitila ce ta hasko rayuwar al’umma da yadda
take tafiyar da ita. (Bunza 2015:12).
Haka
kuma ÆŠangambo, ya Æ™ara da cewa Adabi shi ne madubi ko hoton rayuwar al’umma.
Wannan ya Æ™unshi yadda al’adunsu, É—abi’unsu, harshensu, halayyar rayuwarsu da abincinsu,
tufafinsu, maÆ™wancinsu, hulÉ—oÉ—insu, tunaninsu da ra’ayoyinsu da sauran abubuwa
da suka shafi dabarun zaman duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa; kai har ma da abubuwa
da suka shafi mutuwa. Duk wata al’ada da ake nazari kan al’umma yana da kyau a
lalube adabi a ji yadda ya Harare batun. A nan muna son mu duba Bori ne mu ga me adabi yace game da shi, kamar waƙa
da kirari da Karin magana da sauran É“angarori na adabi.
3.1 Bori A Riwayar Mawaƙan
Baka
Mawaƙan
baka, adabi Bahaushe suke Æ™ara faÉ—aÉ—a wa ma’ana, da Æ™ara fito da shi yadda yake
a cikin rayuwar al’umma. Domin
nuna halin da ake cikin ko yadda al’umma suke. Ana samu MawaÆ™a da dama sun yi
waÆ™a a kan Bori, akwai Mamman Shata da Sa’adu Bori da wasu MawaÆ™a da dama. Haka
za mu ga yadda mawaÆ™an baka suke tabbatar mana da cewa lallai Bori nau’i ne na
Magani, wanda mutum yake nema domin biyan wata buƙata ta daban. Watau jinya ko
wata buƙata ta rayuwa. Ga wani misali a lokacin da ƙwaro daga cikin ƙwarin
Gambu mai waÆ™ar É“arayi ke neman sa’a a kashe masa Tsoho Tudu cewa ya yi:
Jagora:
An yi bori, an yi bori, an yi bori
:Na yanka awakina
da kaji
:An ce sa’a ta
samu babba
:Y ac ce “Dogon
zango nab biyo Tudu”
:Wai shi ya
biyo Tsoho dag Gyalange.
Magani idan aka duba abin da ka faÉ—i a nan, za a fahimci
cewa lallai bori wani nau’i ne na magani, domin ya nuna cewa ya nemo sa’a a
wajen ýan bori. Ya ce ya yanka awaki da kaji domin
neman dacewa.
Haka
kuma domin sake tabbatar da lamarin bori yana cikin nau’i magani, ga wani É—iyan
waƙa da Narambaɗa yake yi wa wani ɗan sarauta da ya yi takara. Yana cewa:
Jagora: Ga wani ya kunna ya ga ba ƙafa
: ýan bori kai shi sun baro
:Saruru
ya baddala abinai
Yara: Ya koma biÉ—an kwabon hura
Gindi:
Ibrahim na Guraguri
:Maishinkahi bajinin zagi
:Mu dai Allah ya
bar muna kaya
Ta
kula da wannan waƙar za mu sake tabbatar da cewa bori magani ne, domin ana zuwa
nema magani domin wata buƙatar rayuwa. Domin ya kawo cewa shi ɗan takarar ya je
neman sa’a wajen ýan bori, suka damfare shi ya zama babu kwabo sai an taimaka
masa.
Ke nan Narambaɗa ya nuna cewa ana amsar magani a wajen ýan bori, saboda haka ke
nan za mu yarda cewa bori wani nau’u magani ne.
Haka
kuma Mamman Shata Katsina ya nuna a cikin bakandamiyarsa cewa lallai bori
magani ne, ga misali kamar haka:
Gindi; Alolo mai ganga ya gode, yaran mai ganga sun
gode.
: Ba malamai
ba ne,
:Ba bokaye ba ne,
: Ikon Allah
ne,
:Im bori ne,
:Mai zai hana boka ya yi É—ansa ya samu.
Ya
nuna cewa, bori ma wata hanya ce ta neman magani, kamar yadda ya faÉ—i a cikin
waƙarsa. Yadda boka ke bayar da magani in ya isa ya bawa ɗansa ya samu ɗaukaka
irin ta sa.
Ga
wani misali daga waƙar Ɗankwairo ta Sarkin Gombe yadda yake nuna cewa lallai
bori wani nau’i ne na magani, domin ya nuna cewa idan yayan sarakuna suna neman
sarauta sukan je gun yan bori domin neman magani ko sa’a gunsu
Sarauta tana
wurin Allah
Sarauta tana
wurin wanda jallah ya bai girma
Shehu ka biÉ—a ga
Allah ka samu
Sai ga wani É—an
sarkin Gombe bai biÉ—a ga Allah ba
Ya sai babbakun
tumakai
Ya sai babbakun
shanu
Sai ya kiraye
ýan bori
Kullum ana yi
mai bori
Wawa bokaye sun
kwashemasa ƙudinsa
Bokaye sun kwace
kuÉ—insa
Ba shi ga Allah
ba shi ga Annabi
Ba shi da tsutsu
ba shi ga tarko
Babu kuÉ—in
kuma babu sarauta
Babu kuÉ—in
kuma babu sarauta
Wannan
ya nuna cewa yan bori da bokaye suna bayar da magani. Haka kuma ÆŠankwairo yana
cewa yan bori suna bayar da magani ga waɗanda suke nema. Wannan shi ya ƙara
tabbatar mana da cewa lallai bori wani nau’i ne na magani.
3.2 Bori A Riwayar Karin
Magana
Karin
magana kusan ya mamaye kowane fanni na rayuwar Bahaushe. Yana da wuyar gaske a
ce ga sha’anin rayuwar da ba a samun Karin Magana ba, kuma wannan shi ya bada
damar kamar yadda harshe da al’ada kan sauya su bi zamani, to kwatankwacin haka
Karin magana ke sauyawa. Don
haka sau da yawa Karin magana na nuna yadda rayuwar Hausawa take da irin
abubuwan da suke mallake da shi, da wanda ba na su ba.
Za mu duba wasu Karin magana da suke tabbatar mana da
cewa Bori wani nau’i ne na magani. Ga misali kamar haka:
An huta Bori ya kashe Boka
Ina magana? An ce Bori ya kashe Boka
Yau
da gobe ƙarya ta boka
Duhu É—akin
bori
ÆŠakin bori,
digar maganin gujajjen bawa
Boka ci kaji,
magani sai Allah
Halin bori, halin
godiya
Borin girka ba shi
warka da mayunwaci
Idan
muka duba waÉ—annan Karin magana za mu fahimci cewa lallai bori wani nau’in
magani ne. don yana nuna mafitar lamari ko samun sauƙin abin da ya yi tsanani
ko warware wata matsala ko biyan buƙata, da dai sauransu.
3.3
Matsayin Bori A wajen Bahaushe
Bori
yana É—aya daga cikin hanyoyin bauta a lokacin gargajiyar Bahaushe. Baya ga
Tsafi da Camfi, sai shi Bori da Hausawa suka yi Imani da shi a wancan lokaci na
gargajiya. Wanda wannan hanya ce da ta samar wa Hausawa abubuwa da dama, baya
ga hanyar bauta, Hausawa suna amfani da wannan hanya a matsanyin wata hanya ta
samar musu da magani, da kuma kariya daga wasu abubuwan cutarwa. Baya ga lokacin
gargajiya, Hausawa sun ci gaba da wannan hanya wajen samar wa kansu magani.
Wanda daga cikin hanyoyin bautar gargajiya ba hanyar da ta ci gaba da karɓuwa
kamar wannan a wajen Hausawa.
4.0 Kammalawa
Wannan
aikin bayan an yi gabatarwa an ɗan yi ƙoƙorin kawo waye Bahaushe, sannan
ma’anar bori da magani da ma’anar bori a taskar adabi daga Æ™arshe kuma bori a
riwayar mawaÆ™an baka, da Karin magana da kuma sanin matsayinsa a wajen al’ummar
Hausawa. Wanda nazarin ya tabbatar mana da cewa lallai Bori wani nau’i ne na
magani, wanda yake nuna mana irin yadda bori ya yi tasiri a rayuwar al’ummar
Hausawa, wanda suka É—auke shi a matsayin wata hanya ta samar da magani ga
al’ummarta. Ta kula da hanyar adabin Hausawa ya Æ™ara tabbatar mana da hakan,
domin a cikin waƙoƙinsu da Karin maganganunsu duk akwai irin waɗannan maganganu
da suke tabbatar mana da cewa bori wani nau’in magani ne a Æ™asar Hausa.A kowane É“angare na waÆ™a da Karin magana an É—an kawo misalai
da za su sake tabbatar mana da haka.
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HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.