Bori A Matakin Magani: Tsokaci Daga Adabi

    Hausawa al’umma ce da ta ginu bisa matakan rayuwa har guda uku. Da farko Hausawa sun gudanar da rayuwarsu bisa tsarin al’adun gargajiya wanda ya fara tun daga haifuwa da aure da kuma mutuwa. Hatta bautarsu a gargajiya suka gudanar da ita a wannan matakin. Haka kuma sun gudanar da rayuwa bayan karÉ“ar addinin musulunci duk da haka ba su watsar da al’adunsu na gargajiya ba. Bayan zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka rayuwarsu ta gudana bisa sabon tsari. Duk da waÉ—annan sauye-sauyen matakan rayuwa bai sa su Hausawa sun watsar da al’adunsu ba. Bori yana daga cikin hanyar gargaji da Hausawa suka É—auka a matsayin hanyar warakar da al’ummarta. Aikin daga Æ™arshe zai duba waye Bahaushe, sannan ya duba ma’anar Bori,da kuma ma’anar magani tare da duba mene ne adabi. A duba ma’anar Bori a taskar adabi, kamar waÆ™ar baka da Karin magana da sauransu.

    Bori A Matakin Magani: Tsokaci Daga Adabi

    Muhammad Abubakar Zabi
    Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya
    Jami’ar Usmanu ÆŠanfodiyo, Sakkwato
    08136844199
    muhammadabubakarzabi@gmail.com

    DA

    Adamu Halilu
    Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Afirka
    Jami’ar Amadu Bello, Zaria
    08032307714

    Bori

    1.0 Gabatarwa

                Hausawa al’umma ce da ta ginu wajen riÆ™o da al’adunta. Haka kuma, akwai hanyoyi da dama da za a iya duba ire-iren al’adun Hausawa, É—aya daga cikin hanyoyin ita ce hanyar nazarin Bori na gargajiya wanda suke amfani da shi tun matakin rayuwar farko har ya zuwa wannan zamani da kuma irin tasirin zamanin da aka samu a cikin harÆ™ar Bori a yau.

    Daga cikin al’adun gargajiya na Bahaushe, babu wani É“angare da ya samu karÉ“uwa, da farin jinni ga manazarta ýan Æ™asa da na waje kamar Bori. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi kan Bori sun fi kowane rubuce- rubuce yawa a fannonin nazarin al’ada. Bunza (2015).

    Bori wani nau’i ne daga cikin sassan addinin Bahaushe, watau Tsafi da camfi da kuma Bori. Don haka wannan nau’i na Bori ya samu karÉ“uwa a wajen Hausawa sosai, suna amfani da Bori a matsayin wata hanya ta samun magani, ko wata hanya ta bauta.Bunza (2015).

                Bori dai a nahawun ma’ana, Kalmar ta ci sunanta. A farfajiyar adabi ba ta tsallake ma’anar wasaba. A É“angaren al’ada kuma wata hanya ce wadda al’ummar Hausawa suka yi Imani da ita Bunza (2015).

    Aikin daga Æ™arshe zai duba waye Bahaushe, sannan ya duba ma’nar Bori. Da kuma ma’anar magani tare da duba mene ne adabi. A duba ma’anar Bori a taskar adabi, kamar waÆ™ar baka da Karin magana da sauransu. Sannan sai a kammala aikin.

    2.0 Asalin Hausawa A Taƙaice

    Sanin asalin Bahaushe kundi ne mai faÉ—in gaske. Domin Bahaushe mutum ne mai daÉ—aÉ—É—en tarihi bisa doron Æ™asa. Masana da dama sun ambaci haka akan wa za a kira Bahaushe. Masana ilimin kimiyyar harshe da tarihi da al’ada sun sha gwagwarmaya wajen gano wane ne Bahaushe. HaÆ™iÆ™a an daÉ—e ana É—auki ba daÉ—i wajen bin diddigin gano Bahaushe na asali. Daga cikin irin waÉ—annan masana ilimin harsuna akwai, Schuh da Yalwa (1993) sun bayanna cewa:

    Hausawa na a yammacin Tafkin Chadi ne, amma sun warwatsu a wurare daban-daban. Daga cikin wannan akwai Arewacin Nijeriya da Nijer da Chadi. Haka kuma, Harshe ne da ya bunƙasa wajen kasuwanci a ƙasashen Afrika ta yamma, da Afrika ta tsakiya da kuma ɓangaren Arewa maso Yamma da Sudan.

     

    Jinju, (1985) a nasa binciken ya ce:

     Mutanen Masar baÆ™ar fata ne kuma sarakunansu (Fir’aunoni ne), baÆ™aÆ™e ne har lokacin sarautar gida na ashirin da huÉ—u. Su waÉ—annan mutanen Masar su ne a ganina suka yiwo Æ™aura zuwa Afirka ta yamma suna zaune a bakin tafkin Chadi wanda can da maÆ™il yake da ruwa. A wannan lokaci ne mutanen farar fata suka riÆ™a kai masu hari, sai suka yi Æ™aura suka canza wurin zama tare da harshen su na misiranci wanda ya canza ga tarihi ya koma Hausa.

                Duka waÉ—annan bayanai ba su isa su tabbatar muna da asalin Hausawa da harshensu ba. Domin harshe kaÉ—ai ba iya tabbatar da asalin mutum. Zancen zaman Hausawa a gaÉ“ar Kogin Chadi da alaÆ™ar harsunan gidan Chadi wani wuri ne da Hausawa suka zauna na É—an lokaci, daga baya suka canza wurin zama.

    HaÆ™iÆ™a Smith ya ce, wani abu game da wane ne Bahaushe, kasancewar kowane Bahaushe yana iÆ™irari da harshensa na Hausa a matsayin asali. Hausawa da dama sukan yi kamannu da junansu. Ra’ayin Smith ya so ya yi kama da na Adamu (1978) da yake cewa:

    Hausawa ne daÉ—aÉ—É—un mazauna Hausa da dukkanin zuriyarsu ta fuskar maza, ko kuma waÉ—anda suke amfani da al’adun Hausawa da riÆ™e harshensu da addininsu.

    Shi kuwa Bunza (1990) ya bayyana cewa:

    Hausawa dai mutane ne da suke zaune a Æ™asar Hausa tun 

                            farkonta, kuma suna da zuriya a cikinta har ya zuwa yau

    Kazalika, suna magana da harshen Hausa ba su da wani

    Harshen in ba Hausa ba, suna da É—abi’u da al’adu irin na

    Hausawa. Idan sun saɓa haka to barbarar yanyawa ne.

    Kamar yadda muka gani cewa masana sun kawo wane ne Bahaushe: Bisa ga yadda masana da manazarta suka ce za mu iya cewa, Bahaushe shi ne, mutumin da yake zaune a Æ™asar Hausa, ta fuskar launi kuma baÆ™i ne; kuma iyayensa Hausawa ne, idan kuma ba a Æ™asar Hausa yake zaune ba, ya kasance yana jin Hausa, kuma wasu al’adun Hausawa sun yi tasiri a gare shi, to wannan shi ne Bahaushe.

     

     

    2.1 Ma’anar Bori

    Yana da kyau kafin a fara kallon ma’anar Bori, mu kalli Kalmar Bori. Kalmar Bori takan É—auki ma’anoni daban-daban idan aka sarrafa ta yadda al’umma ke kallon ta. Bahaushe ya samu Kalmar Bori daga Kalmar “Bore”, Bore na nufin zanga zanga ta fito-na-fito, da nuna rashin yarda, da burin ta’adanci, domin ramuwar gayya, ko tawaye, ga wandaba a so, ko zanga-zangar tabbatar da wanda ake so. Wasu suna ganin daga nan ne aka samo Kalmar bori. ( Bunza 2006:21)

    A wata fassarar kuwa, ana hasashen Kalmar bori daga Borin tukunya, ko tuwo, ko fura, ke yi idan an ɗora ta a kan wuta ana girki. Yayin da ruwa suka tafasa zafi ya ci ƙarfinsu suka fara zaɓarɓaka, za a ga dahuwar/girkin ta shiga wasu halaye kamar haka.

    -          Za ta ture marfin da aka rufe.

    -          Ruwan za su fito waje da Æ™arfi.

    -          Za ta riÆ™a fitar da kumfa.

    -          Wutar za ta mutu ta kowane gefe..

    Idan girki ya shiga wannan halin, za a kira mai shi a ce zo da sauri tukunyarki ta fara Bori. Komai tafasar da ta yi idan ba a samu abu biyu ba, ba a cewa ta yi Bori.

    -          FaÉ—uwar marfi Æ™asa

    -          Fitar kumfa a bakin tukunya

    Haka yake ko a wajen ɗan Bori, matuƙar bai kai ƙasa baki na fitar da kumfa ba, ba a cewa an hau bori. Wata ƙila daga nan ne kalmar ta samo asalinta.( Bunza 2006:21)

    2.1.1 Bori

    Wani nau’i ne da yasa mu karÉ“uwa a cikin al’ummar Hausawa sosai. Haka kuma shi wannan fage ya samu karÉ“uwa a É“angaren masana da manazarta na cikin gida da waje. Ga kaÉ—an daga cikin wasu ma’anonin Bori:

    “Bori shi ne, shigar Iskoki a É—ayan gaÉ“oÉ“in

    hanci ko baki ko kunne tare da haƙiƙance

    bayyanar su a idon mai bori. Yawo da ake yi

    da kai da rawar da ake yi da fizge-fizge hannaye

    da gaÉ“oÉ“i na fitar hankali su ne bori”(Bunza 2015:19).

    Haka kuma ya ƙara da cewa:

     “Bori dai wani wasa ne na gargajiyar Bahaushe

    da ya keɓanta ga wasu ýan tsirarru da ke da

      sha’awar kwaikwayar É—abi’un Iskoki da hulÉ—a

    da su. shigan Iskoki na haƙiƙa, ya wuce bori,

    ya zama wata lalura ta daban. Don haka bori ba

    haÆ™iÆ™a ba ne kwaikwayon shigan iska na haÆ™iÆ™a ne”(Bunza 2015:21).

    Wata ma’ana ta Bori kuma:

    “Bori wata dabarar warkarwa ce da Bokaye suka

    yi fice da ita.(Bunza 2015:27).

    Ƙamusun Hausa ya ba da ma’anarta

             da dogaro da wata iska wadda wasu mutane ke gaskatawa

    don su sami magani da biyan buƙata.(CNHN 2006:50)

    Bisa waÉ—annan ma’anoni da muka gani game da Bori, za a Æ™ara ganin cewa lallai bori wani fage na musamman wanda ake yinsa bisa wasu dalilai da daman-daban. Mun fahimci bori ana yin sa saboda neman Iskoki, da kuma wasa na nishaÉ—i, tare da mata ma suna yinsa domin isar da wani saÆ™on da yake damunsu. Haka kuma yake ana bori domin neman waraka, wato neman magani ga wata cuta da ta damu al’umma.

    Don haka za mu iya cewa, Bori wani wasa ne da al’ummar Hausawa ke yi, ta hanyar amfani da garaya da gurmi da goge, tare da ka-ca-kau-ra, da rawa ta fitar hankali, domin nishaÉ—antarwa, da kuma nema magani ga wata cuta da ta addabi mutum. Tare da yadda mata ke yin amfani da Bori domin isar da saÆ™onsu ga wanda ya matsa musu, ko ya dame su ga wani lamari na daban. Da kuma neman Iskoki don samun abokan hulÉ—a.

    2.2 Magani

    Wannan fage na magani ya samu kulawar masana da mazarta ainun, wanda suka yi ta bayani game da ma’anar magani. Ga kaÉ—an daga ciki.

    “Maganin gargajiya- shi ne yin amfani da itatuwa

                           ko rubutu ko addu’a ko sulkulle, don warkar da

     wata cuta, ko neman wani amfani, ko gusar da

    sharri, ko haddasa wani abu saboda biyan buÆ™ata”. (Adamu 2014:125)

     

    “Magani shi ne duk wani abu da za a yi, kowata

                           hanya, ko kuma wata dabara da ake yi don gusar

    da wata cuta daga jikin mutum É—ungurungum,

                           ko kuma kwantar da ita don kawo jin daÉ—i ga jiki

                           ko ga zuciya dan sauwaÆ™a duk wahala da damuwa

                          da ita cutar kan iya haifar Ahmad”, (1984:6).

     

                 “Magani- wata hanya ce ta warkar da ko

    kwantar da ko rage wata cuta ta ciki ko ta

    waje ko wadda aka samu ta haÉ—ari ko kuma

    neman kariya ga cuta ko abokan hamayya ko

    neman É—aukaka ta daraja ko ta buwaya ta hanyar

    siddabaru da sihirce- sihirce na ban al’ajabi” (Bunza, 1990).

    Kamar yadda masana da mazarta suka yi ta faÉ—i-ta-shi wajen kawo ma’anar magani, za mu iya cewa magani shi ne, duk wata hanya da mutum ya bi wajen yaye wata damuwarsa, da ta dami shi. Walau ta jinya ko ta buÆ™atun rayuwa.

    3.0 Ma’anar Bori A Taskar Adabi

    Adabin babbar fitila ce ta hasko rayuwar al’umma da yadda take tafiyar da ita. (Bunza 2015:12).

    Haka kuma ÆŠangambo, ya Æ™ara da cewa Adabi shi ne madubi ko hoton rayuwar al’umma. Wannan ya Æ™unshi yadda al’adunsu, É—abi’unsu, harshensu, halayyar rayuwarsu da abincinsu, tufafinsu, maÆ™wancinsu, hulÉ—oÉ—insu, tunaninsu da ra’ayoyinsu da sauran abubuwa da suka shafi dabarun zaman duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa; kai har ma da abubuwa da suka shafi mutuwa. Duk wata al’ada da ake nazari kan al’umma yana da kyau a lalube adabi a ji yadda ya Harare batun. A nan muna son mu duba Bori ne mu ga me adabi yace game da shi, kamar waÆ™a da kirari da Karin magana da sauran É“angarori na adabi.

    3.1 Bori A Riwayar Mawaƙan Baka

    MawaÆ™an baka, adabi Bahaushe suke Æ™ara faÉ—aÉ—a wa ma’ana, da Æ™ara fito da shi yadda yake a cikin rayuwar al’umma. Domin nuna halin da ake cikin ko yadda al’umma suke. Ana samu MawaÆ™a da dama sun yi waÆ™a a kan Bori, akwai Mamman Shata da Sa’adu Bori da wasu MawaÆ™a da dama. Haka za mu ga yadda mawaÆ™an baka suke tabbatar mana da cewa lallai Bori nau’i ne na Magani, wanda mutum yake nema domin biyan wata buÆ™ata ta daban. Watau jinya ko wata buÆ™ata ta rayuwa. Ga wani misali a lokacin da Æ™waro daga cikin Æ™warin Gambu mai waÆ™ar É“arayi ke neman sa’a a kashe masa Tsoho Tudu cewa ya yi:

    Jagora:       An yi bori, an yi bori, an yi bori

    :Na yanka awakina da kaji

    :An ce sa’a ta samu babba

    :Y ac ce “Dogon zango nab biyo Tudu”

    :Wai shi ya biyo Tsoho dag Gyalange.

    Magani idan aka duba abin da ka faÉ—i a nan, za a fahimci cewa lallai bori wani nau’i ne na magani, domin ya nuna cewa ya nemo sa’a a wajen ýan bori. Ya ce ya yanka awaki da kaji domin neman dacewa.

    Haka kuma domin sake tabbatar da lamarin bori yana cikin nau’i magani, ga wani É—iyan waÆ™a da NarambaÉ—a yake yi wa wani É—an sarauta da ya yi takara. Yana cewa:

    Jagora:      Ga wani ya kunna ya ga ba Æ™afa

      : ýan bori kai shi sun baro

      :Saruru ya baddala abinai

        Yara:      Ya koma biÉ—an kwabon hura

       Gindi:      Ibrahim na Guraguri

                                       :Maishinkahi bajinin zagi

    :Mu dai Allah ya bar muna kaya

    Ta kula da wannan waÆ™ar za mu sake tabbatar da cewa bori magani ne, domin ana zuwa nema magani domin wata buÆ™atar rayuwa. Domin ya kawo cewa shi É—an takarar ya je neman sa’a wajen ýan bori, suka damfare shi ya zama babu kwabo sai an taimaka

    masa. Ke nan NarambaÉ—a ya nuna cewa ana amsar magani a wajen ýan bori, saboda haka ke nan za mu yarda cewa bori wani nau’u magani ne.

    Haka kuma Mamman Shata Katsina ya nuna a cikin bakandamiyarsa cewa lallai bori magani ne, ga misali kamar haka:

    Gindi;      Alolo mai ganga ya gode, yaran mai ganga sun gode.

    : Ba malamai ba ne,

     :Ba bokaye ba ne,

    : Ikon Allah ne,

    :Im bori ne,

          :Mai zai hana boka ya yi É—ansa ya samu.

    Ya nuna cewa, bori ma wata hanya ce ta neman magani, kamar yadda ya faɗi a cikin waƙarsa. Yadda boka ke bayar da magani in ya isa ya bawa ɗansa ya samu ɗaukaka irin ta sa.

    Ga wani misali daga waÆ™ar ÆŠankwairo ta Sarkin Gombe yadda yake nuna cewa lallai bori wani nau’i ne na magani, domin ya nuna cewa idan yayan sarakuna suna neman sarauta sukan je gun yan bori domin neman magani ko sa’a gunsu

    Sarauta tana wurin Allah

    Sarauta tana wurin wanda jallah ya bai girma

    Shehu ka biÉ—a ga Allah ka samu

    Sai ga wani É—an sarkin Gombe bai biÉ—a ga Allah ba

    Ya sai babbakun tumakai

    Ya sai babbakun shanu

    Sai ya kiraye ýan bori

    Kullum ana yi mai bori

    Wawa bokaye sun kwashemasa ƙudinsa

    Bokaye sun kwace kuÉ—insa

    Ba shi ga Allah ba shi ga Annabi

    Ba shi da tsutsu ba shi ga tarko

    Babu kuÉ—in kuma babu sarauta

    Babu kuÉ—in kuma babu sarauta

    Wannan ya nuna cewa yan bori da bokaye suna bayar da magani. Haka kuma ÆŠankwairo yana cewa yan bori suna bayar da magani ga waÉ—anda suke nema. Wannan shi ya Æ™ara tabbatar mana da cewa lallai bori wani nau’i ne na magani.

    3.2 Bori A Riwayar Karin Magana

    Karin magana kusan ya mamaye kowane fanni na rayuwar Bahaushe. Yana da wuyar gaske a ce ga sha’anin rayuwar da ba a samun Karin Magana ba, kuma wannan shi ya bada damar kamar yadda harshe da al’ada kan sauya su bi zamani, to kwatankwacin haka Karin magana ke sauyawa. Don haka sau da yawa Karin magana na nuna yadda rayuwar Hausawa take da irin abubuwan da suke mallake da shi, da wanda ba na su ba.

    Za mu duba wasu Karin magana da suke tabbatar mana da cewa Bori wani nau’i ne na magani. Ga misali kamar haka:

     An huta Bori ya kashe Boka

               Ina magana? An ce Bori ya kashe Boka

                          Yau da gobe Æ™arya ta boka

    Duhu É—akin bori

    ÆŠakin bori, digar maganin gujajjen bawa

    Boka ci kaji, magani sai Allah

    Halin bori, halin godiya

    Borin girka ba shi warka da mayunwaci

    Idan muka duba waÉ—annan Karin magana za mu fahimci cewa lallai bori wani nau’in magani ne. don yana nuna mafitar lamari ko samun sauÆ™in abin da ya yi tsanani ko warware wata matsala ko biyan buÆ™ata, da dai sauransu.

    3.3 Matsayin Bori A wajen Bahaushe

    Bori yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin bauta a lokacin gargajiyar Bahaushe. Baya ga Tsafi da Camfi, sai shi Bori da Hausawa suka yi Imani da shi a wancan lokaci na gargajiya. Wanda wannan hanya ce da ta samar wa Hausawa abubuwa da dama, baya ga hanyar bauta, Hausawa suna amfani da wannan hanya a matsanyin wata hanya ta samar musu da magani, da kuma kariya daga wasu abubuwan cutarwa. Baya ga lokacin gargajiya, Hausawa sun ci gaba da wannan hanya wajen samar wa kansu magani. Wanda daga cikin hanyoyin bautar gargajiya ba hanyar da ta ci gaba da karɓuwa kamar wannan a wajen Hausawa.

    4.0 Kammalawa

    Wannan aikin bayan an yi gabatarwa an É—an yi Æ™oÆ™orin kawo waye Bahaushe, sannan ma’anar bori da magani da ma’anar bori a taskar adabi daga Æ™arshe kuma bori a riwayar mawaÆ™an baka, da Karin magana da kuma sanin matsayinsa a wajen al’ummar Hausawa. Wanda nazarin ya tabbatar mana da cewa lallai Bori wani nau’i ne na magani, wanda yake nuna mana irin yadda bori ya yi tasiri a rayuwar al’ummar Hausawa, wanda suka É—auke shi a matsayin wata hanya ta samar da magani ga al’ummarta. Ta kula da hanyar adabin Hausawa ya Æ™ara tabbatar mana da hakan, domin a cikin waÆ™oÆ™insu da Karin maganganunsu duk akwai irin waÉ—annan maganganu da suke tabbatar mana da cewa bori wani nau’in magani ne a Æ™asar Hausa.A kowane É“angare na waÆ™a da Karin magana an É—an kawo misalai da za su sake tabbatar mana da haka.

    Manazarta

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    HAUSA: Kuna iya rubuto mana tsokaci ko tambayoyi a ƙasa. Tsokacinku game da abubuwan da muke ɗorawa shi zai tabbatar mana cewa mutane suna amfana da wannan ƙoƙari da muke yi na tattaro muku ɗimbin ilimummuka a wannan kafar intanet.