TAKARDAR DA AKA GABATAR A TARON ƘARA WA JUNA SANI NA ƘASA DA ƘASA, A KAN MAKAƊA IBRAHIM NARAMBAƊA TUBALI, WANDA SASHEN NAZARIN HARSUNAN NIJERIYA DA SASHEN NAZARIN ILIMIN HARSUNA NA JAMI’AR BAYERO SUKA SHIRYA. DAGA 15 ZUWA 17 GA SATUMBA, 2019.
Sakkwatanci: Gudummawarsa Da Tasirinsa A
Waƙoƙin
Narambaɗa
DAGA
NASIRU ABUBAKAR
SASHEN NAZARIN HARSUNAN AFIRIKA (ƁANGAREN HAUSA)
JAMI’AR AL-ƘALAM DA KE KATSINA (AUK)
A KAN TITIN DUTSIN-MA, P. M. B. 2137,
JIHAR KATSINAR NIJERIYA
www. nahamar. blogspot. com
Abstract
This paper is going to discuss the maximum contributions given by Sokoto dialect (Sakkwatanci) to the style of Maka]a Naramba]a singing. However, the paper will analyze the reflections of some Sakkwatanci words which Naramba]a used in some verses and its importance and influence in deliberation of his message. For examples: “Sarki kakanka ya yi, Sarki tsohonka ya yi…” and “…Wa]anga mazaizai na yau, Babu mai imai.” Sakkwatanci is wider than other dialects in Hausa that is why all Hausa singers have been using it in their singing to make their messages better and special. The method would be adopted in this research is transcribing of some Naramba]a songs and review of some relevant documents. However, the research would be carried out with adoption of Synchronic Linguistic Theory Framework.
Keywords: Contribution, Importance, Sakkwatanci, Influence, Words, Style, Song
1.0
GABATARWA
Sakkwatanci na ɗaya daga
cikin kare-karen harshen Hausa. A wasu lokuta masana kan kalli Sakkwatanci
da dangoginsa, su yi masu bugu ɗaya. Inda sukan kira su da Hausar Yamma.
Bugu da ƙari, shi irin wannan nua’i na karin harshen na Hausar
Yamma, ana jin cewa ya fi sauran kare-karen harshen Hausa yalwatar
kalmomin da ke ba wa mawaƙa damar
wakitawa, su ɓarje guminsu a harshe Hausa, a yayin da suke
gudanar da waƙoƙinsu. Abin nufi a nan shi ne, nau’in Hausar Sakkwatanci
ita ce kan iya ba mawaƙi ko
makaɗi damar sarrafa
harshen Hausa, kuma ya malƙwaya shi
yadda yake so a cikin salo, yayin da yake isar da saƙonsa.
Kamar yadda muka sani, makaɗa
Ibrahim Narambaɗa na ɗaya daga
cikin manyan shahararrun mawaƙan Hausa,
waɗanda
suka fito daga ɓangaren Hausar Yamma. Kasancewarsa ya naƙalci wannan nau’in Hausar, ya ba shi damar sarrafa
harshe sosai, a cikin waƙoƙinsa. Alal misali a waƙar Sardaunan Isa yana cewa, “Ai shigefa
babu azara babu ginshiƙi ka san
sai ta tuɗe…” A nan,
za a ga waɗannan kalmomi guda uku, sun ba shi damar
sarrafa harshe matuƙa. Inda ya
aiwatar da salon kambamawa da habaici cikin raha a lokaci guda. Abin lura a nan,
ba wai kawai don Narambaɗa ya fito daga karin harshen yamma ba ne, yake iya
sarrafa harshe da Sakkwatanci ba. A’a, duk mawaƙan Hausa suna amfani da wannan Karin harshen domin
su inganta salailansu. Ba don komai ba, sai don kasancewarsa faffaɗa kuma
mai yalwatattun kalmomi.
1. 1 KARIN HARSHE
Karin harshe yana
nufin ‘yan bambance-bambancen lafazi da na kalmomi da jumloli tsakanin rukunan
al’umma ko shiyoyin ƙasa mai harshe ɗaya. A ƙasar Hausa an lura da
cewa, kusan kowace tsohowar daula ko masarauta tana da irin waɗannan ‘yan bambance-bambance. A taƙaice, kowace masarauta
tana da karin harshe daban da na ‘yan’uwanta. Hasali ma, sunan masarautar shi
ke zama laƙabin karin harshen. Misali: Dauranci daga Daura, Kananci
daga Kano, Katsinanci daga Katsina, Zazzaganci daga Zazzau (Zarruƙ 2006:9).
Karin harshe, shi ne
harshe wanda ake amfani da shi takamaimai a wani ɓangare ko sashe na ƙasa. Ana gane shi ta
wajen lafazin kalmomi da jumloli tsakanin mutane (Wurma 2011:36).
Karin harshe a taƙaice, nau’i ne daga
nau’o’in harshe guda wanda ake amfani da shi musamman a wani sashe na al’umma. Alal
misali, a Hausa akwai karorin harshe da dama kamar Kananci, Sakkwatanci, Katsinanci,
Dauranci, Zazzaganci, Bausanci, Haɗejiyanci da sauransu a tarayyar Nijeriya. Kuma
kowannensu ya danganci sashe ne na al’ummar Hausawa inda ake amfani da shi (Sani
2009:2).
Saboda haka dai, za a iya cewa karin harshe ba
wani abu ba ne, illa kawai ‘yan bambance-bambancen lafuzza da ake samu tsakanin
al’umma masu amfani da harshe iri ɗaya (Abubakar 2019).
1. 1. 1 IRE-IREN
KARIN HARSHE HAUSA
Hausa tana da kare-kare
masu yawa saboda yawan masu magana da ita, da kuma bambancin wurin zama na masu
magana sakamakon ƙaura. A kan haka, ya sa za a raba kare-karen zuwa gida
biyu. Akwai kare-karen Hausa na Nijeriya, da kuma waɗanda ke akwai a
Jamhuriyar Nijar. Alal misali:
A Nijeriya A Jamhuriyar Nijar
Kananci =>
Hausar Kano Damagaranci => Hausar
Damagaram
Katsinanci => Hausar
Katsina Gobiranci
=> Hausar Gobir (Tsibiri)
Sakkwatanci => Hausar Sakkwato Adarci
=> Hausar Adar (Tawa)
(Wurma 2011:36 in
Abubakar 2019).
Ainahin ƙasar
Hausa ta raba ƙafa ne, ɗaya a
Nijeriya ɗaya a Nijar. Wasu
kare-karen ma, kamar Dauranci da Katsinanci da Gobiranci, suna giciye ne a kan
iyakar ƙasashen biyu. Saboda haka, kafin a ce ga
kare-karen Nijeriya ga na Nijar, wajibi ne a dubi inda cibiyoyinsu suke. Cibiya
dai tana nufin masarauta ko fadar masu wannan karin harshe. Ga misalin waɗanda
cibiyoyinsu suke Nijeriya:
Cibiya Karin Harshe
Bauchi Bausanci
Daura Dauranci
Kano Kananci
Katsina Katsinanci
Sakkwato Sakkwatanci
Zazzau (Zariya) Zazzaganci
(Zarruƙ
2006:10 in Abubakar 2019).
Waɗannan
kare-karen harshen Hausa da ke Nijeriya, akan sami wasu ‘yan bambance-bambancen
lafuzza da na kalmomi da na jumloli tsakaninsu. A wannan jadawalin da ke ƙasa,
mun zayyana wasu kaɗan daga cikin kalmomin kare-karen harshe
daban-daban da ke Nijeriya, kamar yadda Sani (2009) da Wurma (2011) da Zarruƙ
(2006) suka bayar da misalai a bayanansu. Har wa yau, a waɗannan ‘yan
misalan, a kowane karin harshe mun raɓa yadda ake furta
kowane lafazi a daidaitacciyar Hausa. Misali:
Kananci |
D. H. |
Gobirci |
D. H. |
Katsinanci |
D. H |
Sakkwatanci |
D. H. |
ebe |
ɗebe |
shibci |
shuci |
wan’in
|
wannan |
dibi |
duba |
iya |
yana |
dutci |
dutse |
hwaɗi |
faɗi |
arme |
aure |
waye
ye? |
wane
ne? |
bultsa |
burtsa |
zabbi |
zabi |
wagga |
wannan |
wa’yanda |
waɗanda |
shiggaba |
shugaba |
kwaɗɗo |
kwaɗo |
mina
na? |
mene
ne? |
Dauranci |
D.
H. |
Zazzaganci |
D.
H. |
Haɗejiyanci |
D.
H |
Zamfaranci
|
D.
H. |
ban
na |
ba
ni |
ƙarke |
ƙarshe |
aya |
haya |
ƙahwa |
ƙafa |
hyara |
shara |
bubba |
babba |
mayi |
mai |
lema |
laima |
hehu
|
shehu
|
matana |
matata |
bokati |
bokiti |
macce |
mace |
kamri |
kauri |
kadan |
Idan |
kwalɓa |
kwalba |
tamna |
tauna |
1. 2 SAKKWATANCI
Sakkwatanci yana nufin
nau’in Hausa da ake magana da ita a shiyar Sakkwato. Amma a wannan takarda idan
muka ce Sakkwatanci, muna nufin karin harshen yamma. Wanda ya ƙunshi
Sakkwatanci da dangoginsa. Kare-karen harshen Hausa masu dangantaka da Sakkwatanci
sun haɗa da: Kabanci
da Zamfaranci da Katsinanci da Gobiranci da Adaranci da Arewanci da Kurfayanci
da sauransu (Zarruƙ 2006:12).
Wannan nau’in na
Hausa, ya kasance mai yalwar kalmomi fiye da sauran nau’in karin harshen Hausa.
Ba da ka wannan takarda ta doki ƙirjin faɗar wannan zance ba, domin
akwai dalilai da dama da za su tabbatar da haka. Alal misali, gujiya a Sakkwatanci
a kan kira ta da kalmomi daban-daban, sakamakon yanayin da aka sarrafa ta. Misali:
Ƙwaruru: Akan kira
ta da wannan kalma idan tana ɗanyarta, kafin a sarrafa ta.
Shaɓulta: Wannan
kalmar da ake kiranta kenan, idan aka dafa ta da kwalfarta.
Lubbatu: Kalmar da
ake kiranta da ita kenan, idan aka cire mata kwalfa sannan aka dafa ta.
Ƙwaras-ƙwaras: Ana kiranta
da wannan kalma idan aka cire mata kwalfa, aka busar da ita kuma aka soya ta (Abubakar 2019).
Har wa yau, idan aka lura da
al’amarin adabi, za a ga cewa waƙa
ita ce babbar taska ko mu ce ma’adanar kalmomi. Saboda haka, a kowane harshe
ana ganin cewa, duk karin da ke iya ba mawaƙi
dama ya wakita ya yi budumbuduma a cikin kogin harshe, to shi ne karin da ake
ganin ya fi yalwar kalmomi. A nan kuwa, babu mai jayayya da ni idan na ce, babu
wani mawaƙin Hausa ko a da, ko
a yanzu, da zai iya rera waƙarsa,
ba tare da ya sa Sakkwatanci ba, muddin dai ta karɓa sunanta
na waƙa! (Abubakar 2019).
2. 0 NARAMBAƊA
Makaɗa
Ibrahim Naramɗa Tubali na ɗaya daga
cikin shahararrun mawaƙan baka
na Hausa waɗanda Sakkwatanci ya zame musu ado, a
wajen isar da saƙo a waƙoƙinsu.
Naramɗa ya
rayu a ƙarni na sha-tara zuwa na ashirin (19-20ƙ). Wato, daga 1875 - 1963 An haife shi a grin
Tubali na ƙaramar hukumar Isa da ke
Jihar Sakkwato a yau. Mahaifinsa Malam Maidangwale, shahararren ɗan
kokowa ne. Har wa yau, Narambaɗa ya tashi a matsayin haziƙin mutum mai basira, kuma tarihi ya nuna cewa, Ibrahim
Narambaɗa Tubali
ya yi karatun azure wajen wani malami Malam Shehu. A fagen karatu har ya sauke
Al-ƙur’ani Maigirma ya kuma ratsi littafan kratun
sani gwargwado (Bunza 1998).
Kamar yadda Gusau (1996) ya bayyana, tun
Narambaɗa yana ɗalibi
malaminsa ya yi hasashen cewa, duk sana’ar da ya shiga zai ɗaukaka a
cikinta. Inda har ya ce idan Narambaɗa ya shiga
harkar kiɗa, ko’ina sai an ji shi. Haka kuwa abin ya
tabbata, domin a lokacin da Makaɗa
Narambaɗa yake
lokacinsa, amonsa ya danne amon duk wani mawaƙI a ƙasar Hausa.
An ce Narambaɗa ya
fara kiɗin
sarauta ga sarkin ƙauyensu
Tubali, sai dai bai yi fice ba sai a shekarar 1927, lokacin da Tudu Muhammadu
Na’ammani ya ci sarautar Sarautar Gobir na Isa, Narambaɗa ya je
ya taya shi murna. Daga wannan lokaci ne aka tabbatar da Narambaɗa ya isa
ya zama mawaƙin sarki ko a ina. Daga nan
ya zama makaɗin Sarkin Gobir Muhammadu Na’ammani Isa (1927-1935)
bayan rasuwarsaata makaɗa Narambaɗa ya
koma makaɗin Sarkin Gobir Ahmadu Bawa (1935-1975) har
zuwa rasuwar shi Narambaɗa a shekarar 1960 (Bunza 1998).
2. 1 GUDUMMAWAR SAKKWATANCI GA WAƘOƘIN NARAMBAƊA
Karin harshen Sakkwatanci yana kan gaba
daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke ba da gagarumar gudummawa, ta fuskar salon
isar da saƙo a waƙoƙin Makaɗa
Ibrahim Narambaɗa Tubali. Babu shakka yadda Narambaɗa yake rutata
Sakkwatanci a waƙoƙinsa, ya taimaka ainun, wajen gina salailansa
kuma ya ƙara wa waƙoƙin kwarjini da armashi da ɗanɗano da ƙima a idon al’ummar Hausawa da masu jin Hausa. Daga cikin ‘yan ababen da wannan takarda ta
hasaso shi ne cewa, Narambaɗa ya sami gudummawar Sakkwatanci sosai wajen
aiwatar da salailan waƙarsa, waɗanda
suka haɗa da:
2. 1. 1 SAKAYA ZANCE
Sakaya zance yana nufin a ɓoye wata
magana ba tare da an fito fili an ambaci zancen ɓalo-ɓalo ba. Wataƙila saboda alkunya ko kuma don sarrafa harshe. Sau
da yawa Narambaɗa yakan yi amfani da irin wannan salon a waƙoƙinsa. Misali:
Jagora: Sarki kakanka
ya yi,
Sarki tsohonka ya yi,
To kai ko ka yi sarki,
Yara: Gidan Basharun Ummaru sun sani
Ko da ba ka nan su ka yin sarki.
A wannan ɗan waƙar
za mu ga cewa, maimakon Makaɗa Narambaɗa ya ce sarki
babanka ya yi sai ya ce tsohonka ya yi. A Sakkwatanci duk wani mutum mai ƙima a
idonka, ba za ka iya yin ƙememe ka ce masa babanka ya
yi kaza ba. Sai dai ka yi alkunya ka ce tsohonka ko makaifinka. Wannan ma shi
ya haifar da alkunyar da Sakkwatawa ke yi, idan aka raɗa wa yaro sunan maigida, sai
a ringa kiransa tsoho mace kuma tsohuwa.
2. 1. 2 DAIDAITA KARI
A nazarin waƙa an
yarda mawaƙi ya saɓa ƙa’idar harshe domin ya daidaita karin waƙarsa. Wannan shi ya sa bai zama dole ga mawaƙi ba, a ce sai ya yi amfani da daidaitacciyar
Hausa. Ba kawai Makaɗa Ibrahim
Narambaɗa ba,
dukan mawaƙan Hausa suna amfani
da karin harshen Sakkwatanci a waƙoƙinsu
domin inganta salailansu. Narambaɗa kuwa, kasancewarsa
ɗan
asalin karin harshen, ya ba shi damar wakitawa sosai don ya daidaita karin waƙarsa da shi. Misali:
Jagora:
Ai da takobi da garkuwa da mashi,
Yara: Mai sulke Dambo ho! Da yaƙi,
Ƙurya akwai mazan
faɗa da arna,
Masu gari mazan gabas tsayayye,
Sarkin Rwahi ya wuce a rammai.
A nan, za mu ga yadda
Narambaɗa ya yi
amfani kalmar gaisuwa irin ta Sakkwatanci (ho!) domin daidaita karin
waƙarsa. Saboda duk wata kalmar gaisauwa da aka yi
amfani da ita a nan ba wannan ba, Karin waƙar zai kare.
Jagora:
Sarkin Gobir na da Doki,
Irin Dokin ga da yay yi suna,
Yara:
Ga talitta komiy yi suna,
Ana tilas shagalin ganinai,
…………………………. .
Kalmar talitta da ganinai duk Sakkwatanci
ne. Duk Makaɗa ya yi amfani das u ne ya tada karin waƙarsa. Alal misali, da ya ce ana tilas
shagalin ganinsa to da karin waƙarsa ya
kare, kuma da raujinsa za ya sulluɓe. Saboda
haka sai ya yi amfani da Sakkwatanci ya tada karin waƙarsa.
Jagora:
Maganag ga ta doki da nib biyo,
Yara:
Ita ce taka kai wa ta birkito,
Sardauna
tsayayye na shamaki,
Ƙi fansa na
malam tsakin tama.
A nan ma, Narambaɗa ya rambaɗa Sakkwatanci ne, inda ya ce ita ce taka
kai wa ta birkito. Wanda ma’anarsa a jumlar, ita ce take kai da komo. Wanda
kuma faɗar hakan, zai
wargaza masa karin waƙarsa.
Jagora: Riƙa
dai kak ka sake,
Yara: Inda dud Alu ya kai ga riƙo
kai kakai.
A nan ma, wani
luguden Sakkwatanci
ne
Narambaɗa ya yi, domin ya tada karin
waƙarsa. Da cewa ya yi; riƙa dai
kar ka sake, duk inda mulkin Alu ya kai, naka ma za ya kai, da salon karin waƙarsa ya
rushe baki ɗaya.
2. 1. 3 SARRAFA HARSHE
Mawaƙi yakan
yi amfani da zalaƙarsa da
fasaharsa ya sarrafa harshensa, a yayin isar da saƙonsa a waƙa. Sakkwatanci
shi ne karin harshen tilo da ke yi wa mawaƙa wannan
gatancin, inda yake bas u dama su wakita su wataya a cikin kogin harshe, su
amayar da basirorinsu.
Makaɗa
Ibrahim Narambaɗa Tubali, ya ƙware
kuma ya zam kangaran a wannan ɓangaren, domin duk mahalukin da ke sauraren waƙoƙinsa, ya
san cewa, ya yi ado da Sakkwatanci sosai wajen sarrafa harshe. Misali:
Jagora:
Da a ce ku gaida ɗan Maitaru,
Gwamma a
ce Maitaru,
Yara: Kwak kashe kihinai sai ya nasa goranai
Na riƙa ka da girma
Audu ƙanen Maidaga,
Kanda mu san kowa kai munka
sani Sardauna.
A wannan ɗan waƙa
Narambaɗa ya yi
amfani da Sakkwatanci
ne ya yi
wa ‘yan sarauta shaguɓe. Inda ya yi amfani da kalmar maitaru
wadda ke nufin sarki ruwa amma kuma shaguɓe yake yi wa ‘yan sarauta
cewa, da a kira ka ɗan sarki ƙara a kira ka sarki. Sai kuma
ya ce, Kwak
kashe kihinai sai ya nasa goranai. Ma’ana kowa ya yi wa kansa yaƙi.
Jagora: Amadu ganɗon ƙasar
Isa,
Ban sarkin ƙasar
Isa,
Hakimman ƙasar Isa,
‘Yan sarkin ƙasar Isa,
Dud da ɗiyan dud
da ƙannai,
Ku bi shi ku bar kissa,
Yara: Wallahi in ganɗon yah hwashe,
Ba ku jin daɗi.
A nan kuma za mu ga Narambaɗa ya yi
amfani da wasu kalmomin Sakkwatanci, ya sarrafa harshensa, ya kambama
ubangidansa. Ganɗo shi ne
madatsa. Alal misali, yadda ake zagaye matattarar ruwa (dam) ko yadda mai kwaɓin ƙasa ke tattare ruwa a tsakiya ya zagaye su ta
yadda ba su iya fita, don ƙasar ta
tsima ta yi sauƙin kwaɓi, duk
ana kiransa ganɗo. Don haka da zarin wannan ganɗo ya
fashe, to rowan za su yi ɓarna.
Narambaɗa ya
kwarzanta ubangidansa da cewa, shi ganɗo ne ga
dukan masu hannu ga sarauta Isa. Saboda haka su yi masa biyayya yadda zai ci
gaba da zama cikin aminci, in ko ba haka ba, to fushinsa zai kais u ga shiga
matsala kamar irin wadda ake shiga idan ganɗon
matattarar ruwa ya fashe.
2. 2 TASIRIN SAKKWATANCI A WAƘOƘIN NARAMBAƊA
Kamar yadda bayani ya zo a Ƙamusun Hausa (2006), tasiri yana nufin muhimmanci
ko dangantaka ko ƙarfi. Ma’ana
ƙarfin wani abu a kan wani ko dangantakarsu ko
kuma muhimmancin da wani yake da a kan wani, shi ake kira da tasiri. Saboda
haka, ta wannan ɓangaren takardar za ta kalli irin yadda Sakkwatanci
ya yi katutu a waƙoƙin Narambaɗa, tare
da tasirin da Nahawu Taciya yake da shi a kansa.
2. 2. 1 TASIRI TA FUSKAR NAHAWU Nahawu hanya ce ta bayyanin
Ilimin Tsarin Sauti (phonology) da Ilimin Ginin Jumla
(syntaɗ) da kuma Ilimin Ma’ana
(semantics) a wani harshe na musamman (Generatiɓe
Grammar Wikipedia in Abubakar 2016). [1]
Nahawu Taciya kuwa, nazarin
ne na ƙwaƙƙwafi
da ke fayyace ƙa’idoji da
tsare-tsaren kowane harshe (Amfani 2004).
A nazari irin na
Nahawun Taciya, kowace jumla ko kalma ko sauti suna da ƙira ta baɗini (deep
structure DS) da kuma ƙira ta zahiri
(surface structure SS).
A dokokin Nahawun
Taciya, Chomsky (1957) ya bayyana cewa:
i. Kowace
Jumla tana da ƙira ta baɗni kuma tana
da ƙira ta zahiri.
ii. Dokokin samar da jumla (phrase structure
rules) su ke haifar da ƙira ta baɗini.
iii. Wasu
iyakantattun dokoki (finite set of elements & rules) su ke samar da jumloli marasa iyaka.
Amfani (2004) ya yi baynin
cewa, sauya wa tsarin jumla fasali (transformation) a Nahawun Taciya, wani
sauyi ne wanda ba ya haifar da canjin ma’ana. A nan, ana nufin fasalin jumla ko
kalma ko sauti ne kawai ake sauyawa, amma ma’ana da suke ɗauke
da ita ba za ta taɓa canjawa ba.
Hanyoyi Huɗu da
ake Bi, Domin Sauya wa Jumla Fasali (Four Process of Transformation)
A Nahawun Taciya akwai wasu
hanyoyi guda huɗu da ake bi domin sauya
fasalin jumla ko kalma ko sauti, ba tare da ma’anarsu ta canja ba. Hanyoyin sun
haɗa
da:
1. Ƙarawa ko Tsarmawa
(Addition/Insertion), wato a ƙara
wa jumla wata kalma ko a ƙara
wa kalma wani sauti daga ƙirarsu
ta baɗini
ba tare da ma’ana ta canja ba.
2. Shafewa (Deletion), wato
a shafe wa jumla wata kalma ko a shafe wa kalma wani sauti daga ƙirarsu ta baɗini
ba tare da ma’ana ta canja ba.
3. Ɗagawa daga Wani Wuri zuwa
Wani Wuri (Re-arrangement/Moɓement),
wato
wata kalma ta ɗaga daga wani muhalli a cikin jumla zuwa
wani daban. Ko kuma sauti a cikin kalma ya ɗaga
daga wani muhalli zuwa wani ba tare da ma’ana ta canja ba.
4. Musaya (Copying/Substitution),
wato
musanya wata kalma da wata a cikin jumla ko musanya wani sauti da wani a cikin
kalma, ba tare da ma’ana ta canja ba.
Saboda haka idan muka yi
la’akari tsarin Nahawun Taciya za mu ga yana tasiri sosai a Sakkwatancin da
Narambaɗa ke
rutatawa a waƙoƙinsa. A nan, za mu kalli tasirinsa a kan
wasu kalmomin waƙoƙinsa da kuma jumloli.
2. 2. 2 KALMOMI
Kamar yadda aka gani
Nahawun Taciya canja fasalin jumla ko kalma yake yi, ta hanyar tsamawa ko
shafewa ko musanyawa ko kuma canja muhalli. Saboda haka ba ya taɓa canja ma’ana.
Idan aka yi nazari da kyau, za a ga waɗannan dokoki suna
tasiri a kan kalmomin Sakkwatanci da Narambaɗa amfani da
su. Misali:
Jagora:
Duniyag ga ko bango nawa ta,
Inda dud mutum yake
mai girma,
Yara: Ya san Iya ɗan toron giwa.
A layin farko na wannan ɗan waƙar, kamata ya yi mawaƙin ya ce Duniyar nan
ko bango nawa ce, amma sai amfani da Sakkwatanci ya
janyo musayar ɗafin nasaba na /r/ da sautin /g/ kamar yadda
ya haifar da musayar wakilin suna nunau (nan) da kalmar harafi (ga). Har wa yau,
Sakkwatancin ya sababba musayar kalmar dirka (ce) da kalmar wakilin suna
(ta). Banda wannan ma, a layi na biyu an sami musayar sautin /k/ da sautin /d/
a kalmar dud maimakon duk.
Jagora: Na zaka barka da shan
ruwa,
Na zaka don in yi godiya,
Yara: Wata kyauta tana ba ni shawa,
Jikan Hassan dut ta yau ta hi.
Har wa yau shi ma
wannan ɗan waƙar,
sakamakon amfani da Sakkwatanci ya haifar da ƙari a kalmar
aikatau mai gaɓa ɗaya, wadda ta
fito a layin farko da na biyu zuwa kalmar aikatau mai gaɓa biyu. Haka
kuma a layi na uku an sami shafewar gaɓar da ke tsakiyar kalmar
suna inda ta koma shawa maimako sha’awa. Bugu da ƙari,
a layi na huɗu an yi
musayar sautin /k/ da sautin /t/ a kalmar harafi.
Jagora:
Magaji shadawa in hwaɗa maka,
Kway yi sarauta
ta zamani,
Ba shi yin kurum,
Yara: Zan ka magana,
Kai anka sani,
Kai anka naɗa,
An ba ka gidan ga mun ga ka yi shiu.
A wannan ɗan waƙa
kuwa, amfani da karin Sakkwatanci ya haifar da sauye-sauyen nahawu
daban-daban. Alal misali, a layi na farko an sami musayar sautin /f/ da sautin /hw/.
A layi na biyu kuwa, ƙarin sautin /y/ da
shafewar sautin /o/ aka samu a kalmar kway wadda a ƙirarta ta baɗini ita ce kowa.
Har wa yau, a layi na huɗu da na biyar an sami tsarmin sauti a kalmar
wakilin suna anka wadda take a matsayin aka a ƙirar
baɗini.
Bugu da ƙari
a layin ƙarshe an sami shafewar sautin /r/ a gaɓar ƙarshe
ta kalmar ƙarshe, inda aka yi amfani da Sakkwatanci
aka ce shiu wadda a ƙirarta ta baɗini ita ce shiru.
2. 2. 3 JUMLOLI
A nan, za mu kalli Jumlolin da Narambaɗa yake
amfani da su a ciki waƙoƙinsa ta fuska ma’ana. Babban dalilin da ya sa
hankalin wannan takarda ya karkata ta wannan ɓngare
shi ne, tasirin da Sakkwatanci yake yi a waƙoƙinsa.
Wanda a wasu lokutan idan mutum ba Basakkwace ba ne ko mai jin Sakkwatanci, zai iya
kasa fahimtar abin da Makaɗa Narambaɗa ke
nufi. Misali:
Jagora:
Zama ka san in an daƙile ni,
Yara: Don kaina wata ɓanna ni kai.
Jagora:
Baya ga wannan duk ɗan’uwan,
Yara: Da yab ɓatan ɓaci nai ni
kai
A wannan ɗan waƙa
kalmomin zama da daƙile da ɓannan da ni kai
da ɓatan da ɓaci duk Sakkwatanci
ne. A nan kuwa, duk wanda bay a jin Sakkwatanci da wuya ya fahimci
jumlolin nan. Amma a ma’anarsu tab aɗini abin da yake faɗa shi ne:
Jagora:
Don ka san in an tauye ni,
Yara: Don kaina wata ɓarna nake yi,
Jagora:
Baya ga wannan duk ɗan’uwan,
Yara: Da ya zage ni zaginsa nake yi.
Jagora: Bamin kokuwa
kodayaushe shi aka shammata,
Bai iya ba,
Yara: Ga wata kokuwa an wuce da shi,
Karsanai kakkaɓe mishi ƙasa.
Haka kuma a wannan kalmomin bami da shammata da karsanai
da kakkaɓe da mishi
duk Sakkwatanci
ne.
Ma’anar waɗannan jumloli a ƙirarsu ta baɗin
ita ce:
Jagora: Wanda bai
iya kokuwa ba kodayaushe shi ake ƙwara,
Bai iya ba,
Yara: Ga wata kokuwa an kayar da shi,
Yaransa ku shafe masa ƙasa.
Jagora:
Ai Shigefa babu azara kuma babu ginshiƙi,
Ai ka san sai ta tuɗe,
Mi aƙ ƙarfin
shigefa ba su ba.
A nan kuma kalmomin
shigefa da azara da tuɗe su ne Sakkwatanci, to amma da wahala
wanda bai fahimtar karin ya gane abin da Narambaɗa ke faɗa. A ƙirar
baɗini ta waɗannan jumloli
ita ce:
Jagora:
Ai rufin ɗaki babu itace kuma babu ginshiƙi,
Ai ka san sai ya zube,
Meye ƙarfin rufin
ɗaki ba su ba.
3. 1 SAKAMAKON
BINCIKE
Sakamakon wannan bincike ya
fito da wasu muhimman bayanai ta fuskar nazarin harshe da adabi, inda ya karkata
ga karin harshen Sakkwatanci a waƙoƙin
Narambaɗa. Abubuwan
da binciken ya zaƙulo su ne:
Matsayin Sakkwatanci
da gagarumar gudummawar da yake bayarwa wajen salon isar da saƙo
waƙoƙin Makaɗa Ibrahim Narambaɗa.
Tasirin Nahawun
Taciya a kan Sakkwatancin da Narambaɗa ke faman rutatawa
a waƙoƙinsa, ta
fuskar amfani da kalmomi da kuma tsarin jumlolinsa.
Sarƙaƙƙiyar
da ta dabaibaye fahimtar ma’anar jumloli da Narambaɗa yake saƙawa
a waƙoƙinsa, musamman
ga mutume da ba Basakkwace ba kuma ba mai jin Sakkwatanci ba.
Amfani da Sakkwatanci
da Makaɗa Narambaɗa ke yi wajen
daidaita karin waƙoƙinsa da sakaya
wasu zantuka da kuma sarrafa harshe.
3. 2
KAMMALAWA
A wannan takarda an tattauna
a kan bayanin kare-karen harshe Hausa. Kuma an yi bayanin cewa, karin Sakkwatanci shi ne wanda
ya ɗara sauran
kare-karen faɗi da kuma
yalwar kalmomi, wanda ya janyo kasancewar kowane mawaƙin Hausa yana
amfani da shi.
Haka kuma an bayyana
cewa Makaɗa Narambaɗa ya kasance
yana amfani da Sakkwatanci a salon isar da saƙon waƙoƙinsa.
Bugu da ƙari karin ya zama ado a salailansa ta fuskar
adabi da tsari nahawun harshen Hausa.
A ƙarshe
takardar ta yi bayanin irin rawar da Nahawun Taciya ke takawa a kalmomi da kuma
jumlolin da waƙoƙin Makaɗa Ibrahim Narambaɗa Maidangwale
Tubali suka ƙunsa.
MANAZARTA
Abubakar, N. 2019. “Sakkwatanci
da Rumbun Kalmomin Hausa” Takardar da
aka
Gabatar a Taron Ƙara wa Juna Sani, a
Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Afirika na
Jami’ar Al-Ƙalam da ke Katsina
Abubakar, N. 2016. Harshe da
Mawaƙa: Saresarin Nahawu a Bakin Shata. Katsina:
Takardar
da aka Gabatar a Taron Makon Hausa Jami’ar Al-Ƙalam
Amfani, A. H. 2004. “Lecture
note for ALH 207: Syntaɗ in Hausa” Department of
Nigerian Languages, Sokoto: Usmanu
Danfodiyo University
Bunza, A. M. 1998. “Naƙalin
Diddigin Jirwayin Rayuwar Narambaɗa Cikin Falsafar
Luguden Kalmomin Waƙoƙinsa”. Takarda
Sakkwato: Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo.
Bunza, A. M. 2009. Narambaɗa. Legos: Ibrash Islamic
Publications Centre Ltd.
Chomsky,
N. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Paris: Mouton Publishers the Hague.
Gusau, S. M. 1996. Makaɗa da Mawaƙan Hausa. Kaduna Fisbas Media Serɓices.
Sa'id, B. Ƙaraye, M. and Yalwa, L.
Ɗ.
(Editoci) 2006. Ƙamusun Hausa. Kano: Cibiyar Nazarin
Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami'ar Bayero.
Sani, M. A. Z. 2009. Siffofin
Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Kano: Benchmark Publishers Limited.
Wurma, A. G. 2011. Daidaitacciyar
Hausa da Ƙa’idojin Rubutunta. Kaduna: Olatunde
Rasheed Publishing Works.
Yahaya,
I. Y. 2002. Hausa a Rubuce: Tarihin
Rubuce-Rubuce Cikin Hausa. Zaria:
Northern Nigeria Publishing Company.
Zarruk, R. M. & Others. 2007. Sabuwar Hanyar Nazarin Hausa. Na 3 Ibadan: University Press Plc
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