Kwadago a Fannin Harshe Da Kimiyyar Harshe (Language and Linguistic Services)

An ciro daga littafin:

BIƊA DA TANADI A DUNIYAR INTANET
(Sana’o’i, Kasuwanci, Ƙwadago)

Na

Abu-Ubaida SANI
Abdulrahman ALIYU

Manazartar Littafi: Sani, A-U. & Aliyu, A. (2026). Biɗa Da Tanadi a Duniyar Intanet (Sana'o'i, Kasuwanci, Ƙwadago). Amsoshi Academic Publishers. ISBN: 978-978-62480-1-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21361768

Tuntuɓa Domin Samun Littafi: 

Dr. Abu-Ubaida Sani: Imel - abuubaidasani5@gmail.com | WhatsApp - 08133529736

Dr. Abdulrahman Aliyu: WhatsApp - 08036954354

4.1.1 Ƙwadago a Fannin Harshe Da Kimiyyar Harshe (Language and Linguistic Services)

Ilimin harshe[1] a nan yana ɗaukar ma’ana mai faɗi da ta haɗa da al’ada da adabi da kuma nahawun harshe. Sanin waɗannan fannonin ilimi shi ne yake ba wa mai ƙwadago a wannan fannin damar gudanar da ayyuka ba tare da tasgaro ba. Bunza (2017 SL. 1) ya jaddada muhimmancin naƙaltar al’adar harshe ga masu aikin fassara. Haka lamarin yake ga nau’o’in ayyuka da dama waɗanda suka shafi harshe da kimiyyar harshe.

Kimiyyar harshe ma wani fage ne wanda masanansa suke cin abinci ta hanyar amfani da iliminsu wajen samun ayyuka a intanet. Dangane da ma’anar ilimin kimiyyar harshe kuwa, "... wani muhimmin fage ne a wajen nazarin harsuna, wanda ke nazarin harshe a kimiyyance tun daga matakin furuci da tsarin sauti da ƙirar kalma da ginin jumla da kuma ma’ana" (Abbas & Umar, 2015 SL. 2).[2] A taƙaice ke nan, ilimin kimiyyar harshe ya shafi nazarin harshe baki ɗayansa, tun daga kan yadda ake samar da ƙwayoyin sauti har zuwa yadda ake nazarin ma’anar jumloli, har ma da alaƙar harshe da wasu harsuna na daban.

Akwai nau’o’in ƙwadago daban-daban da suka shafi kimiyyar harshe waɗanda Hausawa suke shiga a dama da su. Yawanci akan yi musu kuɗin goro da sunan ayyukan fassara. Wannan ne ma ya sa kamfanonin da suka gudanar da ire-iren ayyukan aka fi sanin su da suna kamfanonin fassara. A haƙiƙanin gaskiya kuwa, ayyukansu ba su tsaya kan fassara kaɗai ba. Sun shafi jerin ayyuka mabambanta da ake gudanarwa bisa mabambantan manufofi.

Kasuwan fassara tana matuƙar ci a duniya. A ciki har da ayyukan fassarar da suka shafi harshen Hausa. Binciken da Mordor Intelligence suka gabatar a shekarar 2024 ta nuna yadda kasuwar take matuƙar haɓaka. A yanzu haka kasuwar tana da darajar da ta kai ta dalar Amurka biliyan saba’in da shida da miliyan saba’in da takwas ($76.78). Ya zuwa shekarar 2029, zai iya ƙaruwa da kashi shida da ɗigo talatin da biyu (6.32%) inda zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan ɗari da huɗu da miliyan talatin da ɗaya ($104.31) (Mordor Intelligence Research & Advisory, 2024 SL. 2-3). Waɗannan alƙaluma suna nuni da cewa, kasuwar fassara ta kasance mai kawo kuɗi wadda ya kamata kada a bar Hausawa a baya wajen cin gajiyarta.

A kullum ana ƙara samun sababbin kamfanonin fassara a cikin gida Nijeriya da nahiyar Afirka da kuma uwa-uba a faɗin duniya baki ɗaya. Daga cikinsu akwai waɗanda suka sanya Hausa a cikin jerin harsunan da suke gudanar da ayyuka a kansu.[3] Misalan kamfanonin fassara waɗanda suke gudanar da ayyuka a kan harshen Hausa sun haɗa da:

a. Andovar (https://www.andovar.com/)

b. Bayan-Tech (https://bayan-tech.com/)

c. Cal Interpreting & Translations (CIT) (https://calinterpreting.com/)

d. Crowdin (https://crowdin.com/)

e. Datamundi (https://www.datamundi.be/cms/)

f. db Group (http://www.dbgroupintl.com/)

g. EA Language Solutions (http://www.ealanguagesolutions.com/)

h. Mars Translation (https://www.marstranslation.com)

i. Nile Bridge (http://nilebridge.com/docs/index.php)

j. One Hour Translation (www.onehourtranslation.com)

k. Packy Caruso – Language & Communication Services (https://packycaruso.weebly.com/)

l. Sawa Tech (https://sawa-tech.com/)

m. Translated (https://www.translated.net)

A ƙasa an kawo jerin nau’o’in ƙwadagon kan intanet waɗanda Hausawa suke cin gajiyarsu, waɗanda kuma suke ƙarƙashin rukunin ayyukan fassara.[4]

4.1.1.1 Bin Ƙwaƙƙwafin Ma’ana (Linguistic Evaluation)

Wannan nau’in aiki ne wanda ya danganci kimiyyar harshe. Ya shafi ƙoƙarin gano matsayin kalmomi a cikin harsuna daban-daban. Akan turo aikin bin ƙwaƙƙafin ma’ana cikin harshen Hausa domin gano matsayin wasu kalmomi a cikin harshen. Matsayin kalmomi a nan yana nufin zubin harufansu da yanayin furucinsu a harshen da ake aiki a cikinsa da kuma makamanciyar ma’ana ko ma’anoni da za a iya samu tsakanin sautin furucin kalmomin da wasu kalmomi a cikin harshen da ake bincike a cikinsa (misali yadda za a furta wata kalma a harshen Ingilishi ya yi kamata da furucin wata kalma a Hausa). Yana da kyau a fahimci cewa, wannan yana da bambanci da kalmomi masu kinin sauti da bambancin abajadi (homophones).[5]

Yayin da wata ma’aikata ko wani kamfani ko gwamnati suke shirin fito da sababbin shirye-shirye ko muhimman sunayen abubuwan da suka shafe su, akwai buƙatar gudanar da irin wannan aikin. Yadda ake yi kuwa shi ne, za a tura kalmomin zuwa ga masana harsuna daban-daban. Kowane masanin harshe, zai nazarci kalmomin ta fuskoki da dama. Hausa tana daga cikin harsunan da ake irin wannan bincike a cikinsu. A ƙasa an kawo misalin ƙwaƙƙwafin ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin sunan kamfani:

Jadawali Na 6: Misalin Bin Ƙwaƙƙwafin Ma'anar Kalmar Uber

Kalma: Uber[6]
	Tambaya	Amsa
1	Shin a cikin kalmar akwai harafin da zai yi wa Hausawa wahalar furtawa?	A’a
2	Shin kalmar tana da sauƙin furtawa ga Hausawa?	E, saboda ta yi kama da furucin kalmar ‘uba.’ Duk da haka, Bahaushen da bai sani ba zai iya furta ta a matsayin /ˈʊ.bər/.
3	Idan aka furta kalmar, shin akwai wata kalma da za ta bijiro a tunanin Hausawa?	E
4	Idan amsar tambaya ta 3 ta kasance ‘E’, shin ma’anar kalmar da za ta bijiro a Hausa tana da wata ma’ana mai sosa rai ko wadda ta saɓa wa al’ada?	A’a. Uba yana nufin “father.” Kalmar ba ta sosa rai ko saɓa wa al’ada sai idan an yi amfani da ita da manufar cin mutunci.

Bin ƙwaƙƙwafin ma’anonin kalmomi wani mataki ne mai muhimmanci ga manyan kamfanoni da ma’aikatu a faɗin duniya. Ta haka ne za su tabbatar da cewa kalmomin da suka yi amfani da su wajen sanya sunayen kayayyakinsu ba su kasance masu wahalar faɗa ko bayar da fassara mai aibu a waɗansu harsuna na daban ba. Hausawan da suka yi rajista da waɗansu daga cikin kamfanonin fassara suna da damar samun ire-iren waɗannan ayyuka.

Yanayin samun kuɗi a irin wannan aikin ya danganta da kamfani da kuma ƙwarewar ɗan ƙwadago a fannin. Biyan da ake yi yana kamawa tun daga kan dala goma ($10) har zuwa dala ashirin ($20) ko sama da haka a kowane awa ɗaya (1). Ma’ana a kowane aikin awa ɗaya da Bahaushe ɗan ƙwadagon kan intanet ya yi a wannan fannin, zai samu kwatankwacin wannan kuɗi. Wannan daidai yake da kimanin nera dubu goma sha shida zuwa dubu talatin da biyu (N16,000 - N32,000) a kuɗin Nijeriya.[7]

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[1] Harshe yana nufin baiwa da hikimar da ɗan’adam yake da ita ta magana. Ta haɗa da amfani da gaɓoɓin furuci wajen fitar da sautuka na musamman da suka bayar da ma’anoni na musamman ga masu sauraro da fahimtar su. Shi ne kuma yake bayar da damar yin tunani da mafarki da kwatancen zuci. Muhammad (2024 sh. 293) ya fassara ma’anar harshe da Anyanwu ya bayar da cewa: “Harshe yana daga cikin halaye na ɗan’adam wanda yake da tsari na musamman. Haka kuma, wata muhimmiyar hanyar ce wadda ɗan’adam yake amfani da ita wajen hulɗayya cikin al’umma.”

[2] Sa'idu (2019) ya ba da ma'ana makamanciyar wannan inda yake cewa: "Kimiyyar harshe nazari ne na harshe ta fannin sautinsa, kalmominsa, jumlolinsa da kuma gina kalmomi da sautan abubuwan da suka shafi maana har ma da walwalar harshe" (Sa’idu & Umar, 2019 SL. 2).

[3] Yana da kyau a lura da cewa, kowane kamfanin fassara yana da jerin harsuna da yake aiki a kansu. Ba kowane kamfani ba ne yake karɓa da bayar da ayyukan Hausa.

[4] Abu ne mai wahala a gane mafi muhimmanci a cikinsu, domin kuwa muhimmancinsu ya danganta da lokaci da buƙatun al’umma da kuma manufofin kamfanoni. A sakamakon haka, an jero su bisa tsarin abajadin sunayensu.

[5] Merriam Webster sun kawo ma’anar homophones a matsayin: “one of two or more words pronounced alike but different in meaning or derivation or spelling (such as the words to, too, and two).” (Merriam Webster, 2024a). Ma’ana: “… ɗaya daga cikin kalmomi biyu ko sama da haka waɗanda suke da makamancin furuci amma ma’anarsu ko tushensu ko abajadinsu daban.

[6] Ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin sunan kamfanin Uber Technologies Inc.

[7] An yi wannan lissafin a watan Yulin shekarar 2024. A lokacin kowace dala ɗaya tana matsayin nera dubu ɗaya da ɗari shida ($1 = N1,600).