How to Cite this Paper: Isah Abdulmumini & Ahmad Shehu Musa (2025). Punctuation in the Digital Age: A Comparative Study of Punctuation Use in Handwritten vs. Typed Essays among Undergraduate Students. Middle East Res J Linguist Lit, 5(1): 8-15. https://doi.org/10.36348/merjll.2025.v05i01.002
Punctuation in the Digital Age: A Comparative Study of Punctuation Use in Handwritten vs. Typed Essays Among Undergraduate Students
Isah Abdulmumini
Department of English and Literature
Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
isahmafara76@gmail.com
+2348065240196
&
Ahmad Shehu Musa
Department of English and Literature
Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
+2348036643716
Abstract
This study examines
the use of punctuation in handwritten and typed essays among 400-level students
of Federal University Gusau, aiming to provide a comparative analysis of their
punctuation proficiency across both formats. The data was collected from an
assignment submitted in Microsoft Word format via email to the course lecturer
of English for Specific Purposes during the 2023/2024 academic session.
Additionally, in-class test scripts on punctuation usage from students at
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, served as supplementary data. The research
employs Error Analysis, following the four-stage framework outlined by Ellis
(1994): (1) collection of learner language samples, (2) identification of
errors, (3) description of errors, and (4) explanation of errors. Findings
indicate that students make more punctuation errors in handwritten essays
compared to typed ones. The study emphasizes the need to enhance undergraduate
students’ proficiency in punctuation use and suggests that educators should
tailor their teaching strategies to address this weakness. Furthermore, both
handwritten and typed assignments play a crucial role in students’ academic
development and should be given equal importance.
Key words: Digital, Written Essays, Typed Essays, Punctuation,
Undergraduates
Introduction
In this age, when
graduates and the general public seek means of survival through various avenues
such as telecom services and computer-related fields, it is important that
university students are exposed to writing and presenting their assignments
using computers. This is the current practice in most developed and developing
countries worldwide. University students in Nigeria should not be an exception.
This initiative is supported by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board
and other external examination bodies by making it mandatory for every
candidate to use the internet when applying for admission and writing their
examinations. After graduation, all successful candidates from Nigerian
universities must also use the internet to apply for the one-year mandatory
national service in order to serve their fatherland. The same applies to almost
all business organizations, companies, and institutions seeking employees, as
they create online portals through which applicants can apply for available job
vacancies. All these processes are made possible by using computers. The manual
approach to tasks is gradually becoming a thing of the past. The researchers
believe that these and many other reasons make it necessary to compel
university students to learn how to use computers to prepare them for life’s
challenges after graduation.
On the other hand,
essay writing requires certain mechanics to meet academic standards and
effectively convey meaning to the target audience. This is where punctuation
marks play an important role in ensuring clarity and eliminating ambiguity. The
significance of this study is to improve proficiency in using English
punctuation in writing and to make teachers aware of areas of difficulty so
they can design their lessons based on students' needs. Additionally, the
present study also intends to recommend that learners use appropriate English
punctuation to organize their ideas systematically.
In view of the
foregoing, the researchers administered an assignment to 400-level students of
Federal University Gusau, which was required to be typed in Microsoft Word
format and submitted via email to the course lecturer handling English for
Specific Purposes in the English Department of the university. Meanwhile, the
same students and their counterparts from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, had
already written an in-class test on the use of punctuation marks for graduating
students. Their responses serve as the data for this research. This article,
therefore, analyzes the essays written by these students to conduct a
comparative analysis of handwritten and typed essays in the use of punctuation
marks.
It should be noted
that the students’ essays contain numerous errors; however, it is not the
intention of this article to conduct a discourse analysis of the essays.
Therefore, the sentences used as data for this research are presented exactly
as they appear in the students’ essays, regardless of grammatical and spelling
errors.
Literature Review
Many
scholars across the globe have written extensively on punctuation marks and
their usage in writing. Punctuation has existed since the invention of writing.
Researchers have presented different perspectives on the emergence of
punctuation marks and their initial purposes. Saenger (1997) argued that
punctuation marks were originally used to indicate points where the reader
needed to pause. Avcı (2006), in a study investigating punctuation mistakes
made by 8th-grade students, reported that students made several errors in
punctuation. Karagul (2010) examined students' use of punctuation marks and found
that they did not achieve the desired proficiency level outlined in the
curriculum. Arı and Keray (2012), in their study involving 8th-grade students,
found that students made fewer mistakes in multiple-choice questions but more
errors in the dictation method. Ozkar and Izci (2013) explored the relationship
between 5th-grade students’ reading attitudes and punctuation usage, revealing
a significant correlation between the two. More recently, Abdulmumini and Musa
(2024) published An
Appraisal of the Usage of Punctuation Marks by 400-Level English Students in
Selected Nigerian Universities, in which they analyzed the extent
of correct and incorrect punctuation usage among graduating English students
from two prominent Nigerian universities.
In
addition to the above studies, research has also extended to the influence of
language and medium on punctuation usage. Sani and Bakura (2023) examined the
use of the Hausa language in the 21st-century internet environment, which
highlighted a shift in linguistic practices on the internet. Although their
work focused on Hausa, it bears a relationship to punctuation use in digital
communication, as their study emphasized the evolving ways in which language,
including punctuation, is adapted in online spaces.
Further
research on education and punctuation highlights the importance of foundational
skills. Sani, Amina, Aishatu, and Abubakar (2017) explored the teaching of
reading skills in Nigerian secondary schools, emphasizing that effective
reading instruction can support students in learning punctuation rules. This is
particularly important as punctuation usage is often tied to comprehension and
sentence structure, both of which are reinforced by strong reading skills.
Lastly,
Tsaure and Sani (2024) explored the role of indigenous languages as mediums of
instruction in Nigerian primary schools. While their primary focus was on
language acquisition and educational outcomes, the study suggested that the
influence of indigenous languages on English-language learning could affect how
students use punctuation. This insight contributes to understanding the broader
socio-linguistic factors that may influence punctuation habits among Nigerian
students.
Importance of Punctuation
Carey (1978, p. 15)
states that the primary purpose of punctuation is to eliminate vagueness and
clarify relationships between words. Accordingly, ambiguity can arise from the
improper use of punctuation marks (Connelly, 2009). Scholars have defined the term
punctuation in various ways. Among them, Crystal (1999) describes punctuation
as an integral part of a language system that provides clues to the
organization of a text. Say (1998) highlights the advantages of punctuation,
stating that "punctuation marks, the symbols that assist the understanding
of written text, have usually been regarded as conventions, thus as being
outside the domain of pure linguistics… they have a singular function such as
helping reading aloud" (p. 1). Punctuation marks play a crucial role in
ensuring the comprehension of written expressions. Therefore, they should be
effectively taught, and students must learn to use them correctly.
Statement of the Problem
Scholars and
researchers regard writing as an essential skill and one of the most
challenging to master. This is primarily because it plays a central role in
completing theses, dissertations, essays, tests, and other academic activities.
Nigerian university students face numerous difficulties in writing their tests
and assignments. One of the most common yet often overlooked issues by both
learners and instructors is the proper application of punctuation. This
challenge is evident in nearly all student writings. Mann (2003) asserts that
learning punctuation marks poses significant difficulties. This article aims to
examine the frequency and accuracy of punctuation usage in handwritten and
typed essays among final-year English students at a Nigerian university and to
offer practical recommendations for improvement.
Methodology
The
subjects of this study comprise fifty (50) randomly selected 400-level
graduating students from the English Department of Federal University Gusau,
North-Western Nigeria, during the 2023/2024 academic year. To achieve the
study’s objectives, the researchers administered an assignment that required
students to type their responses in Microsoft Word format and submit them via
email to the course lecturer handling English for Specific Purposes.
Additionally, the same students and their counterparts from Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria, had previously written an in-class test on the use of
punctuation marks among graduating students. Their test scripts provided
another set of data for this research. This article analyzes the essays written
by these students to conduct a comparative study of punctuation usage in
handwritten versus typed essays.
For the
analysis, students’ use of punctuation marks was categorized into different
groups based on the nature of punctuation marks used or misused. The study
adopted the Error Analysis approach, which follows four consecutive stages as
outlined by Ellis (1994): (1) collection of a sample of learner language, (2)
identification of errors, (3) description of errors, and (4) explanation of
errors. This approach was deemed suitable for the study.
Theoretical Framework
This research adopts
Error Analysis (EA) as the theoretical framework for analyzing the data.
According to Mahmoodzadeh (2012), “EA could be defined as a procedure used to
identify, categorise, and explain the errors committed by L2 learners. It is
considered the most appropriate tool for analyzing learners’ errors.” EA is
conducted in four consecutive stages, as outlined by Ellis (1994, p. 48): (1)
collection of a sample of learner language, (2) identification of errors, (3)
description of errors, and (4) explanation of errors.
Collection of a Sample of Learner Language
At
this stage, learners' errors are influenced by several key factors. Ellis
(1994, p. 49) asserts that these factors are crucial in “collecting a
well-defined sample of learner language so that clear statements can be made
regarding what kinds of errors the learners produce and under what conditions.”
The factors are explained below:
Identification of Errors
There
are specific ways to distinguish between an error and a mistake. The first
involves assessing the consistency of the L2 learner's performance. If a
learner sometimes uses a correct form but later produces an incorrect one, it
is considered a mistake and can be self-corrected. However, if the learner
consistently uses the incorrect form, it qualifies as an error.
Description of Errors
This
stage follows the identification step, as no description can be made without
first identifying the errors. A thorough description of L2 learners’ errors
serves as a prerequisite for an accurate explanation of their mistakes.
Explanation of Errors
The
ultimate goal of Error Analysis (EA) is to explain errors, making this
stage the most critical in EA research. To develop effective remedial measures,
Sanal (2007) argues that analysts must understand the underlying mechanisms
that trigger each type of error. Understanding the nature of errors is
fundamental to second language acquisition (SLA). Ellis and Barkhuizen (2005,
p. 62) assert that “explaining errors involves determining their sources in
order to account for why they were made.”
Data Presentation
The
data extracted from students' essays regarding punctuation usage is categorized
into two sections: typed and handwritten. The first section focuses on typed
assignments.
Errors in Typed Essays
Several
errors have been identified in the students’ typed essays, as outlined below:
Misuse of the Full Stop
This
issue is observed in numerous instances, as demonstrated in the following
sentences:
- Write an essay on the uses of
punctuation marks to an English graduate in Nigeria.
- Write an essay on how you will
survive after National Service, considering the level of unemployment in
your country.
- Department of English and
Literature.
- Course Title: English for
Specific Purposes.
- Indeed. Proper punctuation is
not just about following strict rules, but also about understanding how…
- Punctuation marks are often
overlooked …
- A very serious evaluation
should be done to ensure that universities are not producing unqualified
teachers…
A
total of 19 students, representing 38% of the fifty participants, committed
this error in their essays.
Improper Use of Capital Letters in Proper Nouns
This
issue is demonstrated in the following examples:
- Federal university gusau
- Department of English and
literature
- Course title: English for
specific purposes
- punctuation can be defined as
the part of…
- Firstly, My expertise in
various crafts provides a unique advantage.
- Lastly, Breaking Stereotypes…
A
total of 26 students, representing 52% of the participants, were found to have
committed this error in their essays.
Misuse of the Colon
This
error is demonstrated when a candidate attempts to explain the functions of
punctuation, as seen in the following example:
- Indicating Pauses and
Intonation. Punctuation is used to
indicate…
A
total of 19 students, representing 36% of the participants, committed this
error in their essays.
Misuse of the Comma
This
error is evident in the following sentences:
- Financial discipline is crucial
when starting a business, and this saving strategy will provide me with…
- In a country like Nigeria,
where job competition is high, and effective communication…
- Surviving in Nigeria after
National Service can be challenging to many young people, especially those
who…
- Also, business loans and grants
should also be easily accessible to individuals who are…
- An essay on the uses of
punctuation marks to an English graduate in Nigeria,
A
total of 20 students, representing 40% of the participants, were found to have
committed this error in their essays.
Mistakes in Handwritten Essays
In
the handwritten essays submitted by final-year students, the following errors
were identified:
Misuse of the Full Stop
This
error is evident in the following examples:
- It is very important university
students should learn how to use punctuation marks in their writing
- It will be congested and join
thereby not giving the writing nice and understanding
A
total of 25 students, representing 50% of the participants, committed this
error in their handwritten essays.
Misuse of Capital Letters
This
error is demonstrated in the following sentences:
- federal university gusau
- punctuation marks help us to
identify…
- the graduates should learn how
to use punctuation because…
- Using punctuation marks is very
Important to all university students.
- To make grammatical writing
- To avoid being ambiguous in
writing
- To separate items in a list
A
total of 26 students, representing 52% of the participants, committed this
error in their handwritten essays.
Misuse of the Colon
This
issue is seen in the following sentence:
- The following are the reasons
why a university student should learn how to use punctuation marks.
The
colon is also misused in the following cases:
- Punctuation mark is an
anonymous standardized mark used to make meaningful writing as follow
- To clarify relationships
between words
- To show the writer’s tone
- To show emphasis
A
total of 21 students, representing 42% of the participants, committed this
error in their handwritten essays.
Misuse of the Comma
This
issue is evident in the following cases:
- Firstly punctuation marks in
writing make your writing…
- For a writing to be
self-explanatory and coherent punctuation is one of the major priority of
a writer.
- Therefore university students
should know how to use…
A
total of 21 students, representing 42% of the participants, committed this
error in their handwritten essays.
Incorrect Use of the Hyphen
This
error is demonstrated in the following sentences:
- Punctuation marks are very
useful and important in- writing.
- A student must not identify a
paragraph starting - with a capital letter.
- All these make our writing
beautiful and mea-ningful.
Additional
cases include: wh-en, writin-g, corr-ection, etc.
A
total of 17 students, representing 34% of the participants, committed this
error in their handwritten essays.
Misuse of the Apostrophe
This
error is demonstrated in the following sentence:
- Punctuation is very crucial to
any university student because it is important cannot be over-emphasised.
A
total of 11 students, representing 22% of the participants, committed this
error in their written essays.
Omission of the Semicolon
This
error is demonstrated in the following sentences:
- to make grammatical writing
- to avoid being ambiguous in
writing
- to separate items in a list
A
total of 15 students, representing 30% of the participants, committed this
error in their written essays.
Incorrect Use of the Dash
This
error is demonstrated in the following sentence:
- University students should
learn how to use– punctuation marks in their writing.
A
total of 7 students, representing 14% of the participants, committed this error
in their written essays.
Analysis and Discussion
This
section analyzes the data derived from the students’ essays. As explained in
the introduction, the aim of the research is to compare the use of punctuation
in the written and typed essays of students.
The
frequency of errors for each punctuation mark is presented in the table below:
Table 1: Frequency of Punctuation Errors
Punctuation |
Typed |
Hand-written |
Difference |
Full
Stop |
19
(38%) |
25
(50%) |
6 |
Capital
letter |
26
(52%) |
26
(52%) |
- |
Colon |
18
(36%) |
21
(42%) |
3 |
Comma
|
20
(40%) |
21
(42%) |
1 |
Hyphen |
2
(4%) |
17
(34%) |
15 |
Apostrophe
|
Nil
|
8
(16%) |
8 |
Semicolon
|
Nil |
15
(30%) |
15 |
Dash
|
Nil |
7
(14%) |
7 |
Source: Field work,
2024
From
the data presented above, it is clear that the hand-written essays contain more
frequent punctuation errors compared to the typed essays. These errors will be
explained in the following paragraphs, and the correct versions of the
sentences will be provided.
Use of the Full Stop
Several
errors, including omission and incorrect usage, were recorded for this
important punctuation mark. Consider the following sentences:
- Write an essay on the uses of punctuation marks to
an English graduate in Nigeria.
- Write an essay on how you will survive after
National service, considering the level of unemployment in your country.
These
sentences serve as titles for the students’ essays, but they mistakenly include
full stops at the end. Students need to understand that titles of articles do
not require a full stop, as they are meant to represent an issue to be
discussed, not full sentences. Moreover, when dealing with titles of books,
novels, articles, or essays, even if they resemble a phrase or sentence, they
should never end with a full stop (Michael, 2014, p.15).
The
third sentence below displays the same error, where students incorrectly place
a full stop after the name of their department. In research writing,
particularly for articles, the name of a department is not a sentence and
should not end with a full stop:
- Department
of English and Literature.
Similarly,
sentence 4 below reveals another error, where many students mistakenly use a
full stop after writing the course title:
- Course
title: English for Specific Purposes.
Sentence
5 demonstrates another strange error, where a single word is followed by a full
stop. The word "Indeed"
cannot stand alone as a sentence and should not be followed by a full stop:
- Indeed. Proper punctuation is not just about
following strict rules, but also about understanding how…
Abusing the Capital Letter
Sentences
8, 9, and 10 illustrate the second category of errors found in the students'
typed essays, where capital letters are incorrectly used:
- Federal university gusau
- Department of English and literature
- Course title: English for specific purposes
All
of these are proper nouns, which, according to writing norms, should begin with
capital letters. Unfortunately, some of these words are written in lowercase.
This error is especially surprising given the students' academic level and
their field of study. Over twenty students have exhibited this issue.
Sentences
11 and 12 present another case where the capital letter is abused. In these
instances, a comma is followed by a capital letter, and the words following the
comma are not proper nouns:
- Firstly, My expertise in various crafts provides a
unique advantage.
- Lastly, Breaking Stereotypes…
Abusing the Full Stop (Again)
In
sentence 14, the full stop is wrongly used instead of a colon:
- Indicating Pauses and Intonation. Punctuation is
used to indicate…
In
this case, a colon should have been used because its role is to provide an
explanation rather than terminate the sentence.
Abusing the Comma
Sentences
15 and 16 below demonstrate another error in the incorrect use of the comma:
- Financial discipline is crucial when starting a
business, and this saving strategy will provide me with…
- In a country like Nigeria, where job competition is
high, and effective communication…
In
the students’ hand-written essays, the misuse of the comma is also common.
Consider sentences 17 and 18:
- Firstly, punctuation marks in writing make your
writing…
- For writing to be self-explanatory and coherent,
punctuation is…
The
comma should not be used in any of these contexts, as the conjunction following
the comma makes its usage unnecessary. Commas are used to separate ideas or
elements within a sentence, making comprehension easier by indicating a brief
pause. Generally, commas show that the words before it are grammatically and
meaningfully linked to those that follow. Despite being the most frequently
used punctuation mark, the comma is the most problematic because it serves
multiple functions (Partridge, 2005, p.13).
HAND-WRITTEN ERRORS
This
section of the research addresses the errors found in the students'
hand-written essays. The first category involves errors related to the use of
the full stop. Consider the following sentences:
- It
is very important university students should learn how to use punctuation
marks in their writing
- It
will be congested and join, thereby not giving the writing clarity and
understanding.
Both
sentences are missing full stops at the end, which is a serious error. In
academic writing, even at the secondary school level, the omission of the full
stop is considered an unpardonable offense.
Capital Letter Errors
The
second category involves the incorrect use of capital letters. For instance:
- federal university Gusau
- punctuation marks help us to identify…
These
errors occur because proper nouns, such as "Federal University
Gusau," should begin with capital letters, as per standard writing rules.
Similarly, the first word in a sentence, such as "Punctuation,"
should also begin with a capital letter.
Colon Usage Errors
The
third category involves errors related to the incorrect use of the colon.
Consider the following sentences:
- The following are the reasons why a university
student should learn how to use punctuation marks:
- Punctuation marks are anonymous standardized marks
used to make meaningful writing as follows:
In
both examples, the colon is misused. A colon is typically applied to introduce
a list or explanation, not following an introductory phrase that already serves
that purpose. Moreover, there would be no use of a colon following introductory
words like "for instance," "namely," or "such
as," as they already function similarly to a colon (Straus, 2008).
Hyphenation Errors
Next,
hyphenation errors are common in the students' hand-written essays. For
example:
- Punctuation
marks are very useful and important in- writing.
- A
student must not identify a paragraph starting - with a capital letter.
- All
these make our writing beautiful and meaningful.
In
these examples, hyphens are incorrectly inserted where they are not needed. A
hyphen is used to join words together, particularly in compound adjectives
(e.g., "well-known"), but it is unnecessary in these contexts.
Apostrophe and Semicolon Errors
Another
error category involves the apostrophe and semicolon usage. Consider the
following sentences:
- Punctuation
is very crucial to any university student because it is important, and
this cannot be over-emphasized.
- -to
make grammatical writing
- to avoid ambiguity in writing
- to separate items in a list
In
the second example, semicolons should be used instead of commas to separate
items in a list of equal importance or strength. Unfortunately, many students
fail to apply the semicolon, which is a serious error. According to Stilman
(1997), "one of the uses of the semicolon is to separate items in a list.
Normally, a comma detaches elements within a list, but there are some lists
that are complicated. In such cases, using a semicolon makes the list much
easier to read and understand."
Dash Errors
Finally,
the use of the dash is often misunderstood by students. For instance:
- University
students should learn how to use– punctuation marks in their writing.
In
this sentence, the dash is misused. It is important to recognize that a dash is
slightly longer than a hyphen and serves to make an interrupting statement or
provide emphasis. A hyphen, on the other hand, is used to form compound words
and should not be confused with the dash. In this case, a full stop (period) is
the appropriate punctuation mark, as the sentence ends here. Additionally, when
a parenthetical sentence is included, it should be enclosed in dashes.
Punctuation |
Wrong |
Correct |
Full
stop |
Punctuation
marks are often overlooked … |
Punctuation
marks are often overlooked. |
A
very serious evaluation should be done to ensure that Universities are not
producing unqualified teachers… |
A
very serious evaluation should be done to ensure that universities are not
producing unqualified teachers. |
|
Capital
letter |
Federal university gusau |
Federal University Gusau |
Course title: English for specific purposes |
Course title: English for Specific Purposes |
|
Colon |
The
following are the reasons why a university student should learn how to use
punctuation marks. |
The
following are the reasons why a university student should learn how to use
punctuation marks: |
|
|
|
Comma |
Financial
discipline is crucial when starting a business, and this saving strategy will
provide me with… |
Financial
discipline is crucial when starting a business and this saving strategy will
provide me with… |
In a country like
Nigeria, where job competition is high, and effective communication… |
In
a country like Nigeria, where job competition is high and effective
communication… |
|
Hyphen |
Punctuation
marks are very useful and important in- writing. |
Punctuation
marks are very useful and important in writing. |
|
A student must not
identify a paragraph starting - with a capital letter. |
A
student must not identify a paragraph starting with a capital letter. |
Conclusion
The
research has found that students tend to make more punctuation errors in their
written essays than in their typed essays. This can be attributed to
carelessness and a lack of basic understanding of certain punctuation marks.
The article emphasizes the need for immediate action to address these errors,
especially since essays are typically written by hand before being typed. In
some areas, particularly rural regions, teachers may not have access to
computers, and where computers are available, unreliable electricity can make
them difficult to use. Both written and typed assignments play a vital role in
students' academic success, and neither should be regarded as secondary. Both
are necessary for academic progress, and their significance extends even beyond
graduation.
Acknowledgments
Our
sincere gratitude goes to the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) Abuja,
Nigeria for providing funds and sponsoring this research in the grant
allocation no: TETF/DR&D/CE/UNI/GUSAU/IBR/2024/VOL.1. Our appreciation also
goes to the authorities of Federal University Gusau and Ahmadu Bello University
Zaria for their support and encouragement.
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