‘Transitional Home’ in Perspectives: A Critical overview of Home and Housing for the Dead among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria

    For Citation: Umar Muhammad Jabbi & Abubakar Bawa (2024). Transitional Home in Perspective: A Critical Overview of Burial Practices and Grave Construction among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria. Middle East Res J. Humanities Soc. Sci, 4(4): 129-133.

    ‘Transitional Home’ in Perspectives: A Critical overview of Home and Housing for the Dead among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria

    By

    Umar Muhammad Jabbi (PhD

    Department of History and International Studies
    Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
    Phone no. 08039273172
    Email; umjabbi@gmail. com

    And

    Abubakar Bawa
    Postgraduate Student
    Department of History
    Sokoto State University, Sokoto
    Phone no. 07036496176
    Email: Bawaabubakar2015@gmail. com

    Abstract

    Throughout its history the world view of the Hausa people of Northern Nigeria has been that death is a mere transition from one form of existence to another. This underscores the significance of the construction of a structure to house their dead ones and any other thing they require in the course of their ‘everlasting sleep’ that will last for centuries and thousands of years. The dead were deposited in a special way and at times with some assorted varieties of goods as an indication of their social position in the society. The coming of Islam brought in clear and uniform guidelines for disposal of the dead and other funeral activities. However, important personalities in the society have their ‘transitional homes’ elaborately built. ‘Transitional homes’ are generally well kept with plants and trees and regular maintenance. It is regarded as part of the human community. The paper intends to examine the belief system, the funeral practices and grave construction among the Hausa people to uncover how these influenced the Hausa man’s conception of ‘transitional home’ for the Dead. Extensive literature review as well as observation and discussion with the custodians of some Cemeteries will be the source of data for this research. This will clearly bring to light the fact that, transitional homes are seen as part of the human community requiring building, frequent visitations, protection and care.

    Keywords: Cemetery, Death, Funeral, Hausa, Islam, Transitional home, Northern Nigeria

     Introduction

    The fact that, Death is a definite occurrence that every living thing including humans will encounter, make funeral practices and procedures to be found in every human culture. The differences of funeral practices between one community and the other are mostly based on deep conceptual and faith based differences. Burial Practice of abandonment, river discards and fire- burials have been reported among some societies (Gundu, 2012, 27). However, most human societies build structures to house their dead ones. The structures may vary from one society to the other but they all expresses the ideas and aspirations that underlie their construction (Gundu, 1988, p. 88). In Hausaland since the pre-Islamic period up to the period after the establishment of Islam in the area, the burial facility normally constructed was considered to be a temporary place of sojourn for the deceased before the final abode is reached. It is this that underlies the use of the concept of ‘Transitional home’.

     

    Hausaland simply refers to the area where Hausa culture predominates. Adamu (2010) in line with Smith’s (1976) geographical definition gave the territorial expanse of Hausaland as, ‘stretching from Azbin in Air mountain area in the north a few Kilometres south of Kufena and Turunku in Zazzau in the South and from the middle of the Niger valley in the West to the eastern boundaries of Niger republic and Northern Nigeria in the east (Adamu, 2010, p. 15).

    Prior to the period of Islamic contact, the Iskoki belief system which involved the worship of various spirits of natural phenomena, was the basis upon which the entire social and political order in Hausaland rested. The Islamic contact however, brought in another religious beliefs system which together with the old Iskoki belief systems continued shaping the societies in the area (Augi, 1984, p. 225).

    Burial Buildings

    The world view of the Hausa people was that building has applicability both in life as much as in death. Even the coming of Islam into the area did not change this conception; death is believed to be a mere transition from one form of existence into another. It was partly as a result of this conception that in pre-Islamic Hausaland, the dead was buried in a sub-surface rectangular grave with assorted varieties of goods like Guinea com, salt, narrow-necked calabash containers (Goruna) filled up with wine for food, bows and arrows, knives, cowries etc. with the believe that these will help the deceased before he stabilises and become use to his new environment (Ibrahim, 1982, p. 238).

    A research on Hausa culture among Hausa communities that have not embraced the Islamic ways of doing things have indicated that, among these communities there is no definite orientation for burial facilities or specific direction that the bodies of the deceased is made to face. All these are linked to the size and nature of the place. There have been reports of horizontal and vertical graves with the bodies’ inserted standing or lying on their sides. (Sarkin Sudan, P. 329&notes). Similar situation have been reported in relation to some neighbours of Hausaland that have not wholely embraced the Islamic burial practices such as the Kamuku, Dakarkari and the Katab observ (Meek, 1931, p. 74 & Mansur, 2010, p. 87).

    Ethnographic studies carried out by Meek and Temple in some parts of Hausaland have indicated that; the usual pre-Islamic Hausa mode of interment was that, graves were dug in the shape of a glass-flat-bottomed bottle, in other words like an inverted “T” about three to six feet in depth. The corpse is passed through a narrow, well-like opening and extended at the bottom, where it is laid on its left side with the left hand under the head facing the west in the case of women, while the men were laid on their right side facing the east. Then it is enclosed with a large flat stone and is subsequently filled with earth (Temple, 1965. p. 91, Meek, 1971, p. 122). However, Meek (1971, p. 122) has asserted that, ancient Hausa kings of Gobir, Daura and Katsina were buried in a sitting position. This view point is further corroborated by the reports of an excavation on mound sites at Durbi ta-kusheyi in Katsina carried out by Palmer (1922). The mounds were believed to be tombs of earlier kings. The revelations on the sites indicated that, the human being in the grave was unturned in either a sitting or kneeling position.

    Moreover, on the issue of a specific place reserved for the burial of the dead ones like the cemetery, a research conducted by Sarkin Sudan (2008) on the burial practice of non-Islamised Hausa communities in northern Nigeria have indicated that, there is no specific place for burial, this was ascribed to the fear of the cultist or enemies whom it is believed might try to exhume the body and use part of it for some spiritual activities aimed at harming the community members or the direct family of the elderly and deceased (p. 327). The author further pointed out that adults above 40years are normally buried inside their living rooms and at times the place is floored so that nobody could recognize the exact place where the body is buried. The young ones on the other hand are buried at the backyard of their houses or inside their farms. (p. 328)

    Sarkin Sudan (2008) further observed that the grave is dug deep and wide such that, if an average sized adult entered it will reach his waist. (. p. 329). After the body is laid into the facility, it is covered with wooden, grasses or ceramic materials before earth is put on to cover the grave. After the burial, animals such as rams and goats are slaughtered on top of the grave and the meat is shared. It is believed that, this sacrifice will make the deceased happy that his people showed him love despite his death (p. 331)

                                                                                                                    

    The Coming of Islam into Hausaland

    The religion of Islam was said to have reached Hausaland through trade contacts with North Africa and Kanem Bornu Empire- a close neighbor of the area with political, cultural and economic ties . Islam was in Kanem Borno as early as the 8th century A. D. Moreover, the activities of Wangarawa, Fulani and Kunta Muslim migrants and scholars into Hausaland contributed immensely to the spread and consolidation of Islam in the area. Bunza (2014) quoting from M. A. Alhaj states that:

    The Wangarawa came from Malle bringing Muhammedan religion. The name of their leader was Abdulrahman Zaite. Shayk Abdulrahman Zaite whose original intention was to perform pilgrimage was accompanied on his journey by very large contingent of followers including about 3, 636 erudite scholars. When in Hausaland the Wangarawa first passed the lands of Gobir, Azben and Katsina before they finally settled in Kano. Some followers close to Abdulrahman chose to settle in Gobir and Katsina for one reason or another. (Bunza, 2014, p. 11)

    The city-states of Katsina and Kano were said to be the earliest part of Hausaland to have come under Islamic influence. The City of Katsina is located along the trade route from Timbuctu to Borno down to Egypt. The coming to power of Muhammadu Korau during the second half of the 15th century is described as representing a climax of Islamisation of the Kingdom. (Ubah, 2001, p. 169) His successor Ibrahim Sura(1493-8) was said to be an active Muslim . The first to have accepted Islam among the rulers of Kano was Sarkin Kano Yaji (1349-1385 A. D). After him came Muhammad Rumfa who was described by Smith as a Mujaddid, a reformer and developer of Islamic society in Kano (Smith, 1976, p. 190) Rumfa went as far as consulting a scholar of international fame: Muhammad bn Abdul-Karim al-Maghili on how to rule his domain in accordance with Islamic law. In response al-Maghili wrote a treatise on the art of governance for his use. (p. 192)

    The religion of Islam continued to spread to other areas of Hausaland such as Zazzau, Kabi, Gobir among others. In Kebbi it was said that Muhammad Kanta (1516-1554 A. D) and some of his chiefs accepted Islam. (Balogun, 1980, p. 216) In general, by the end of the15th century Islam have become institutionalized and the practice of the tenets of the religion widespread.

    Impact of Islam

    The religion of Islam is a complete way of life. It regulates all aspects of life of the faithful be it economic, social, political and cultural. The coming of Islam into Hausaland significantly influenced the traditional life of the people in many other ways. It influences their norms and values, their arts and crafts, their social organization and political life and affects their architectural and space planning practices.

     Islam introduced burial facilities and practices which are common to everybody irrespective of the socio-economic and political status of the deceased. The size of the grave is normally determined by the size of the body to be buried as Islam prohibits the practice of grave goods. The dead are normally buried in the graveyards. Only in specific cases is it allowed to bury one in his house.

    Despite the long history of Islam in Hausaland, the old practice of burying of the dead ones at the back of rooms or houses continue to prevail. As observed Bawa (2011) even in Sokoto the headquarters of the 19thcentury Islamic revolution in Hausaland, the establishment of the first Muslim public graveyard occurred only in the 20thcentury necessitated by 1963/64 sectarian crisis that claimed many lives (Bawa, 2011, p. 11). Before this period the only two cemeteries in existence were the one used to bury people who died in Sokoto Hospital who had no relations in the town and the European cemetery service personnel and members of the auxiliary formation who died in the course of the first and second World Wars (Bawa, p. 17 ). Similarly, the efforts of the Secretary to Northern Provinces through a circular titled’Public burial groiunds’ of 1945 (Med/30, no, 150/1945) sent to all residents to discuss with local authorities on the subject could not yield the desired results.

    With the Islamic influence three funeral rites were performed before burying the deceased, these included, washing the dead body, shrouding and prayers. The process of washing the body is carried out in three, five or seven circles. Warm water together with grounded leaves of Magarya (Zizyphus mauritania), or soap were used with water in the process of washing the corpse and scent was applied to ward off undesired odours. The body is then shrouded in plain and thick sheets of clothes (most preferably Whites) and perfumed with incense (Jibali, pp. 96&110-111). After these processes, the dead body is placed on a bier (Amuku/makara) and carried to the point where prayers are to be observed and placed in front of those who will participate in the prayer. The prayer is normally conducted in an open space. The Imam (leader of the Prayer) stands opposite the shoulders of the female dead body or the middle of the male one, with the head on his right side and the face is made to face eastwards to the direction of the Qibla (sacred Mosque in Mecca) while the rest of the worshippers line up behind him in rows one behind the other (Madauci et al, p. 24). After the funeral prayer, the body is ready for burial. The corpse is then carried on the bier and the members of the community escorts the body of the deceased to the place of burial to honour and show respect to the deceased (Jibali, p. 130-133).

    The land reserved as burial ground is usually allocated by the authorities or in some places donated to the community by some spirited individuals in the society as Sadaqa(charity). Similarly, the grave digging tools such as diggers , shovels, buckets and other grave construction materials are usually provided by some individual members of the society or the members of the society could be mobilise to provide them through communal effort (Gayya)

    Islam introduced two methods of grave construction, the Lahad and the Shaqq. The applicability of any of the methods depends upon the nature of the soil, but Lahad is invariably the most preferred in Hausaland. The usual practice was to construct one or two shallow rectangular ditches along the North and South axis, using cornstalk in measuring the height and breath of the deceased as a guide. The length of the ditch is made slightly longer than the length of the corpse, and the width is between one and a half to two feet (Jabbi, 2014, pp. 108-109). In the case of Lahd another hole large enough to accommodate the body is dug under the eastern side of the rectangular grave walls. The corpse is deposited inside the grave (Hau: Kushewa/kabari) directly on the ground not in a box or a coffin. The deceased is laid on its right hand side the head on the southern side and the face made to face the direction toward of the Qibla (the direction of the holy Ka’aba in Mecca) which is the East, in Hausa land. In the case of a situation of massive death all at a time as a result of warfare or an accident, mass graves containing several bodies of the deceased are deposited in a single grave. (Muhammad. p. 214) The grave structure is then covered using short pieces of wood or pieces of broken pots to create the ceiling structure. The interstices are then covered using branches of some trees or thatches. The grave is then mounded using the extra soil that was dugout from the grave so that it will not be flat (Madauci et al, p. 250). After these, the people will recite some prayers for the deceased before going back home to receive condolences (Jibali, p. 229).

    Cemetery as Home

    The Islamic conception of death has it that, the stay of the body in the grave is a transition between the life on earth and the day of resurrection when all the dead will be raised for the final Judgement day (when all will be rewarded for their actions on Earth). It is often referred to as Barzakh (a waiting place) in Islamic parlance. A Qur’anic verse summed up human life processes thus; ‘’from it (earth) did we created you and unto it shall We return you. And from it shall We bring you out once again’ (Q. Chapter20, verse, 55, p. 800). This clearly indicates that the cemetery is a transitional home for the dead, after the earthly life, waiting for the day for resurrection and Judgments.

    Moreover, inside the grave it is believed that life is restored to the dead body and is subjected to questioning about his faith. A saying ascribed to the Prophet of Islam Muhammad clearly explains the belief in what transpires during the period of the stay of the body inside the grave as:

    When a person is placed in the grave after his death, and when his family members and friends leave the grave, the dead person can hear the steps of the leaving crowd. Two Angels come to the person in the grave, they will make him sit up and they will ask him questions concerning his faith. If the Angels found him to be a hypocrite or a non-believer, they will beat him with Iron rods. He will cry so much that everything in the universe except Jinn and human being will hear his crying (Imtaz Ahmad p. 33-34)

    The cemetery becomes the dwelling place of the decease where family members, friends and well-wishers pay visits and supplicate for the deceased. Entry into the Cemetery is supposed to be done with respect and greetings to the inhabitants of the place. The normal practice is as one enters the cemetery he will say: ‘Peace be upon you the dwellings of believing folks. Certainly, we will follow you when Allah wills. O Allah Forgive the dwellers of this cemetery’ (p. 258)

    Graveyards of important personalities in the society such as the 19th Century Jihad leaders and later Political leaders like the Tombs of Shehu Usman Danfodiyo in Sokoto, that of Abdullahi bn. Fodiyo in Gwandu, Caliph Muhammadu Bello in Wurno, Ibn al-Sabbag (Dan Marina) and Ibn Takum in Katsina and Malam Aminu Kano in Mumbayya House Kano among others are well kept in very simple buildings with clean sand and clean clothes at times with religious inscriptions. The graves of such personalities are usually located inside their dwelling houses. Whether this practice is in line with the tradition of the prophet Muhammad who was said to have been buried inside his house where he died or is an attempt to secure the bodies from unwanted happenings? Is a field left to Muslim jurisprudents to decide and provide a clear verdict. What is clear is that, those graves are separated in a built space for reverence and for easy identification . This type of cemeteries are considered as important religious or political centres attracting pilgrims and tourist. For example, the Shehu’s tomb is located inside his personal house in one small square ground plan room decorated with a black cloth with Arabic inscriptions. Inside the same room are the graves of two of his sons, Hassan Dan Shehu and Sambo. The walls were pierced by small openings. Inside the room is also found the calabash jug (Shantali) that the Shehu used in keeping water. Moreover, inside the compound is the School (Jangirde) of the Shehu where he taught his students from far and wide. The cemetery (Hubbare) is a highly revered place where pilgrims from Nigeria and neighbouring countries come for blessings and prayers. The Hubbare today is a public cemetery where a number of Sultans and some prominent scholars were buried. The overseer of Hubbare (Mai budin Hubbare) holds the key to the Hubbare and serves as guide to visitors coming to Hubbare and is entrusted with the responsibility of reporting any problem affecting the Hubbare to the Sultanate council (Bawa, p. 16). The custodian of the Hubbare is assisted by some guards.

    Relevance and Significance of Home for the Dead

    A cemetery provides a hygienically safe and good way of disposing corpses. The depth of the grave and the manner it was constructed prevents any discomfort to the living in the form of smell, spread or outbreak of some other diseases through the activities of wind or rain water flowing from the area resulting from improper burial. It also secures the human body from animal carnivores that could easily destroy the corpse, something that could have negative impact on human dignity and security on earth.

    In many places in Hausaland cemeteries are fenced with walls for security reasons and wells are normally constructed within the cemetery to ease water access during grave building. In addition, trees most particularly neem trees are allowed to grow within the perimeter of the cemetery wall building, as in some places, they do provide important roofing materials for the grave.

    The Cemetery is a place meant to revere the dead. It is normally well kept with trees and attendants were assigned to look after the affairs of the place. And in case the attention of the general public is needed for some major maintenance work the attendant do normally inform the leaders of the community who will mobilise their members for the job. There is a religious belief in Hausaland that some calamities could occur in a community as a result of non-maintenance of the cemeteries. In some places the local and or State governments through the Ministries of Religious affairs or other religious organisations like the Hisbah take charge of the maintenance of the cemeteries. Recently the Jigawa State government voted 1. 4billion Naira for the construction and renovation of Mosques and the fencing of graveyards in areas across the state (Vanguardngr. com) Similarly, on Second May, 2024 the Sokoto State executive council approved the construction of drainages to Tudun Wada cemetery to save the place from gully erosion(Vision F. M News, 4. 00p. m, 14-03-2024) The Cemetery is regarded as part of human community, that explains the use of the phrase when entering the gate of the Cemetery ‘Peace be upon you, the home of the community of believers’. And the living members of the community believe that they are also on their way coming soon to join them. It is for this that the Cemetery is a highly revered place and the entire community considers it as their responsibility to take care of the place. In fact, in Hausa parlance it is often referred to as Gidan Gaskiya (the true home)’as oppose to life on earth which is seen as transitory and deceitful. Members of the community such as relations, friends and other well-wishers will have a place to pay visit and supplicate to their dead ones

    Conclusion

    Since time immemorial the Hausa people considered the cemetery as simply a transitional home for their dead ones in the course of the long journey of life. Death is not believed to be the end of human existence. It is in the light of this belief that a number of rituals are associated with the death of a person and the grave is specially constructed, built, maintained and honoured with visitations and prayers. In fact, visitations to the inhabitants of the cemetery more particularly the revered religious leaders are believed to be a means of getting some favours from God. The cemetery is indeed part of the living community that is preserved and jealously guarded and protected from incursion by any unwanted element.

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    Vision F. M News 4. 00pm, 04-05-2024

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